Perform the A1C test at least two times a year in patients who are meeting treatment goals (and who have stable glycemic control). Perform the A1C test quarterly in patients whose therapy has changed or who are not meeting glycemic goals. A1C testing should be performed routinely in all patients with diabetes. The frequency of A1C testing should be dependent on the clinical situation, the treatment regimen used, and the clinician’s judgment. Some patients with stable glycemia well within target may do well with testing only twice per year. Unstable or highly intensively managed patients (e.g., pregnant type 1 diabetic women) may require testing more frequently than every 3 months.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin, also called Glycated Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c, or HbA1c, refers to hemoglobin which is bound to glucose. Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test is performed to measure the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin in blood which reflects the average blood glucose over a period of past two to three months (8 - 12 weeks).
For more information, visit
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/glycosylated-hemoglobin-1611
Glycosylated Hemoglobin, also called Glycated Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c, or HbA1c, refers to hemoglobin which is bound to glucose. Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test is performed to measure the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin in blood which reflects the average blood glucose over a period of past two to three months (8 - 12 weeks).
For more information, visit
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/glycosylated-hemoglobin-1611
Please correct me if anything wrong and to improve myself.
Thanks & Regards
Niranjan
9790861629
Marketing Manager - Professional Services
HITECH DIAGNOSTICS
Test for pancreatic and intestinal functions are very important for clinical evaluation gastro intestinal disorders . So it will e useful for medical and allied professional students and practitioners.
billirubin production billirubin transport and metabolism, different laboratory methods of billirubin estimation ,normal and abnormal levels of billirubin, different classification and types of jaundice and liver diseses, liver functioning, enterohepatic circulation, billirubin production and degradation, benefits and diseases of abnormal level of billirubin
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin RatioASHIKH SEETHY
For MBBS Biochemistry Practical. Explains various methods of protein estimation and estimation of AG ratio, conditions leading to alterations in AG ratio etc.
This slide briefly imparts the knowledge of Amylase and Lipase enzymes. The clinical importance, calculation, concentration, sources and principle of amylase estimation are the major components of uploaded slide.
An HbA1c test is used to check diabetes or pre-diabetes conditions in patients. Pre-diabetes condition shows an increased blood sugar level that means a person is at risk for getting diabetes. In case a person already has diabetes, an HbA1c test can help the doctor to monitor their condition and blood sugar levels.
Please correct me if anything wrong and to improve myself.
Thanks & Regards
Niranjan
9790861629
Marketing Manager - Professional Services
HITECH DIAGNOSTICS
Test for pancreatic and intestinal functions are very important for clinical evaluation gastro intestinal disorders . So it will e useful for medical and allied professional students and practitioners.
billirubin production billirubin transport and metabolism, different laboratory methods of billirubin estimation ,normal and abnormal levels of billirubin, different classification and types of jaundice and liver diseses, liver functioning, enterohepatic circulation, billirubin production and degradation, benefits and diseases of abnormal level of billirubin
Serum Protein and Albumin-Globulin RatioASHIKH SEETHY
For MBBS Biochemistry Practical. Explains various methods of protein estimation and estimation of AG ratio, conditions leading to alterations in AG ratio etc.
This slide briefly imparts the knowledge of Amylase and Lipase enzymes. The clinical importance, calculation, concentration, sources and principle of amylase estimation are the major components of uploaded slide.
An HbA1c test is used to check diabetes or pre-diabetes conditions in patients. Pre-diabetes condition shows an increased blood sugar level that means a person is at risk for getting diabetes. In case a person already has diabetes, an HbA1c test can help the doctor to monitor their condition and blood sugar levels.
Glucose tolerance test- Indications, contraindications, preparation of a patient, precautions, types of GTT, normal curve, diabetic curve, renal glycosuria, lag curve, Criteria for diagnosis of DM
Mediland is a group of Laboratories and Pathologists headed by Mediland Diagnostic & research Institute. Promoted with as primary objective of establishing super specialty diagnostic centre for various disease diagnosis and management.
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Importance of measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended for
the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes. However, various epidemiological studies conducted different parts of the
universe have shown significant discordance between HbA1c and glucose-based tests. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is
assumed to be the gold standard for monitoring glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus disorder. The Glycated
hemoglobin (HbA1c) assay provided an accurate, precise measure of chronic glycemic levels, and associates with the risk
of diabetes complications.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional prospective study. A total of 868 individuals attended to the medicine
outpatient clinic at Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College, Saharsa, Bihar between Jan 2016 to Dec 2016 were selected for
the study after screening a large cohort visited OPD. The results of FPG, OGTT, and HbA1c for 868 individual were
analyzed as well as all grouped as diabetic patients, glucose intolerant (pre-diabetes) patients, and non-diabetic patients
according to new ADA criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes.
Results: Diagnostic sensitivity of all diabetic criteria were 80.33% for A1c; 75% for OGTT and only 41.87% for FPG
respectively.
Conclusion: The proposed A1c diagnostic criteria have greater diagnostic than FPG and 2-h OGTT regarding a diagnosis
of diabetes mellitus disorder.
Key-words- Glycated Hemoglobin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Oral glucose tolerances test (OGTT), Diabetes Mellitus,
and Pre- diabetes
The expediency of using glycated hemoglobin to assess the level of diabetes' compensation. Present-day parameters of carbohydrate metabolism' evaluation are presented.
Safety and Efficacy of Sulfonylurea Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes MellitusApollo Hospitals
In subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic control will be established while patients use sulfonylurea drugs during the course of the disease. However, data regarding direct comparison between various sulfonylureas in this regard are lacking. Weight loss usually improves blood glucose levels for people with type 2 diabetes. However, many also need oral medications or insulin.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects how the body converts food into energy. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. In type 1 diabetes, the body doesn't produce enough insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. In type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin.
High blood sugar levels associated with diabetes can cause a range of health problems, including nerve damage, kidney disease, and heart disease. Managing diabetes involves monitoring blood sugar levels, taking medications, and making lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly.
If you have diabetes, it's important to work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that meets your individual needs. This may include regular blood sugar testing, taking medications as prescribed, and making lifestyle changes to help manage your condition.
Gestational Diabetes is a kind of diabetes that only pregnant women get.If a woman get diabetes or high blood sugar when she is pregnant, but she never had it before, then she has gestational diabetes.
The organism possesses powerful mechanism to avoid immune auto aggression, The acquired ability of the immune system to avoid responsiveness to self antigens is defined as ‘ tolerance’ It is obtained by the cooperative efforts of central and peripheral mechanisms, which allow a rapid and efficient removal of pathogens ( Virus and Bacteria ) in the absence of self-recognition, It is a dysfunction of the immune system. The immune system protects you from disease and infection. Sometimes, though, the immune system can produce autoantibodies that attack healthy cells, tissues, and organs. This can lead to autoimmune disease.Autoimmune diseases can affect any part of the body
A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
Diabetes tends to lower good cholesterol levels and raise triglyceride and bad cholesterol levels, which increases the risk for heart disease and stroke. This common condition is called ”Diabetic Dyslipidemia.”
14th/ November, this day is commemorated as World Diabetes Day, led by the International Diabetes Federation and World Health Organization started in 1991
Alzheimer’s Disease It is the most common type of Dementia. Dementia- This is a common term which is used to explain a variation of diseases and condition that flourish when nerve cells in the brain (called neurons) die or no longer function normally. Due to death or not functioning properly neurons causes changes in memory, behavior and ability to think clearly. Every year we are celebrating Alzheimer Disease Awareness on day of 21st September
This presentation is made to provide the knowledge and awareness of children diabetes. The signs which are shown in this presentation is very common and we generally avoid this when our children told to us . We think that they are making reasons for not going to school or completing his homework. Kindly don't ignore this signs.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. 12/21/2014 2sakshikumaridubey@gmail.com
The Discovery
The hemoglobin protein is a long chain of amino acids that folds upon itself to form a three-dimensional structure
capable of performing a specific task.
In the 1960s, hemoglobin was all the rage in biological research.
Haemoglobin's job is to carry oxygen from the lungs through the blood to all the tissues in the body so cells can do their
version of breathing.
Researchers discovered that there is more than just one type of hemoglobin and that some haemoglobins are linked to
disease. Sickle cell anaemia, for example, is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene that results in a malformed
protein. The discovery of sickle cell hemoglobin, named hemoglobin S, set off a race to find additional versions of
hemoglobin related to human disease.
In 1968 Samuel Rahbar recognizes that hemoglobin A1C is elevated in people with diabetes.
Scientist Rahbar called this “The diabetic component of hemoglobin."
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What Is It
Scientists around the world were studying hemoglobin using a different separation method called chromatography.
They soon discovered several subtypes of hemoglobin A. "They could see a big peak of hemoglobin A, and all these little
peaks,“
In those little peaks were five new haemoglobins named A1a, A1b, A1c, A1d, and A1e, based on the order in which they
emerged from the chromatograph.
Rahbar found that the A1C molecule made up from 7.5 to 10.6 percent of the total hemoglobin in people with diabetes,
while it constituted only 4 to 6 percent of hemoglobin in those without the disease, again establishing the link between the
A1C molecule and diabetes.
Chemically, it differed from plain hemoglobin A.
They discovered that the A1C molecule was essentially hemoglobin A—they have the same sequence of amino acids—but
with one critical difference: a glucose molecule stuck to one end.
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The number of hemoglobin A proteins that become tethered to a glucose molecule, forming the A1C molecule, is
proportional to the concentration of glucose in the blood.
The A1C was a game changer because it reported on the average blood glucose over two to three months (because the
lifetime of a red blood cell is about two to three months). Before the A1C test, patients could eat well and exercise for two
days before an exam and get a stellar blood glucose result.
In 1975 Anthony Cerami and colleagues suggest that A1C is related to blood glucose control.
In the late 1970s, companies developed the first commercial tests of hemoglobin A1C
A1C was much, much better than self-monitoring" at predicting who was at high risk for diabetes complications
A1C as the gold-standard marker of long-term health in people with type 1 diabetes.
People with diabetes maintain an A1C of 7 percent or less.
People with diabetes have an A1C blood test two to four times a year. Doctors and patients use the number to make
decisions about medication selections and dosages and to assess the effects of lifestyle changes on blood glucose levels.
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In 1980 The American Diabetes Association first recommends A1C Tests
Blood glucose varies a lot over the course of a day, and even testing with a meter several times a day doesn't provide a
complete picture.
Then came Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs), which test glucose levels every few minutes.
Researchers finally had a way to see if A1C coincided with average blood glucose.
In 1993 The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial establishes A1C as a valuable clinical marker in people with type
1 diabetes.
In a 2008 study, 507 people, some with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and others without the disease, wore CGMs for three
months. The researchers used the 2,700 glucose measurements they obtained from each participant during that time to
calculate his or her average blood glucose, then compared the value to the measured A1Cs. The average glucose levels
aligned with the A1Cs, showing the A1C test's validity. Now, A1C test results can be translated in terms of an estimated
average glucose
HbA1c is a useful indicator of how well the blood glucose level has been controlled in the recent past (over two to three
months) and may be used to monitor the effects of diet, exercise, and drug therapy on blood glucose in people with
diabetes.
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In 1998 The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study establishes A1C as a valuable clinical marker in people with
type 2 diabetes.
Translating A1C
The A1C is a measure of average blood glucose over the previous two to three months.
The chart below gives the estimated average glucose for a given A1C, in the same units
seen on a blood glucose meter.
A1C (%)
5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12%
97mg/dl 126mg/dl 154mg/dl 183mg/dl 212mg/dl 240mg/dl 269mg/dl 298mg/dl
(eAG) Estimated Average Glucose (mg/dl)
It is recommend using it to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes .
An A1C of below 5.7 percent is considered normal, while A1C levels of 6.5 percent and above call for a diagnosis of
diabetes. Levels between those two percentages signal prediabetes.
In 2010 The American Diabetes Association recommends using the A1C to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes.
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HbA1C is the measures the amount of glucose attached to a protein called Hemoglobin.
ADA standards consider A1C values less than 7% as a satisfactory control for people for diabetes.
A1C fluctuated proportionately with fasting, postprandial and mean glucose over the past 8-12 weeks.
Intensive treatment to achieve A1C goals are associated with decreased diabetes complications in patients with type 1 or
type 2 diabetes.
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment that gives blood its red color and is also the predominant protein in red
blood cells.
About 90% of hemoglobin is hemoglobin A (the "A" stands for adult type).
Although one chemical component accounts for 92% of hemoglobin A, approximately 8% of hemoglobin A is made up
of minor components that are chemically slightly different.
These minor components include hemoglobin A1c, A1b, A1a1, and A1a2. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a minor
component of hemoglobin to which glucose is bound.
HbA1c also is sometimes referred to as glycosylated or glycosylated hemoglobin or glycohemoglobin.
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Most Asked Questions About Diabetes
What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a disease.
Can you ‘catch’ diabetes?
No
At what age do you get diabetes?
Anyone can get diabetes at any age
What type of people get diabetes?
Anyone may develop diabetes
How can I tell if I have diabetes
The symptoms of diabetes include:
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Feeling Tried
Passing Urine Frequently
Feeling Constantly Thirsty
Blurredvisionitching of the skinor genital area
Slowhealing infections
Numbness and tingling in the hands of feet
Sometimes these problems come quickly, other times slowly.
People with type 2 diabetes oftenfeel unwell for long periods without knowing
Why?
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Can Diabetes be cured?
As yet thereis no cure. However, excellent treatment is available.
Diabetes can’t be cured; however it can be managed throughlifestyle, tablets or
insulinalong withhelp and advice fromyour doctor and other health professionals.
Perform the A1C test at least two times a year in patients who are meeting treatment goals (and who
have stable glycemic control). Perform the A1C test quarterly in patients whose therapy has changed or
who are not meeting glycemic goals. A1C testing should be performed routinely in all patients with
diabetes. The frequency of A1C testing should be dependent on the clinical situation, the treatment
regimen used, and the clinician’s judgment. Some patients with stable glycemia well within target may
do well with testing only twice per year. Unstable or highly intensively managed patients (e.g.,
pregnant type 1 diabetic women) may require testing more frequently than every 3 months.
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Red Blood Cells are freely permeable to glucose
molecules
Glucose irreversibly attaches to hemoglobin to
form Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
Because Red Blood Cells have a life span of 120
days, glycated hemoglobin reflects glucose levels
over the preceding 2-3months
The HbA1c fraction is abnormally elevated in
people with chronic hyperglycemia
A HbAlc >6.5% is diagnostic of diabetes if
confirmed by repeat testing