An HbA1c test is used to check diabetes or pre-diabetes conditions in patients. Pre-diabetes condition shows an increased blood sugar level that means a person is at risk for getting diabetes. In case a person already has diabetes, an HbA1c test can help the doctor to monitor their condition and blood sugar levels.
Perform the A1C test at least two times a year in patients who are meeting treatment goals (and who have stable glycemic control). Perform the A1C test quarterly in patients whose therapy has changed or who are not meeting glycemic goals. A1C testing should be performed routinely in all patients with diabetes. The frequency of A1C testing should be dependent on the clinical situation, the treatment regimen used, and the clinician’s judgment. Some patients with stable glycemia well within target may do well with testing only twice per year. Unstable or highly intensively managed patients (e.g., pregnant type 1 diabetic women) may require testing more frequently than every 3 months.
Perform the A1C test at least two times a year in patients who are meeting treatment goals (and who have stable glycemic control). Perform the A1C test quarterly in patients whose therapy has changed or who are not meeting glycemic goals. A1C testing should be performed routinely in all patients with diabetes. The frequency of A1C testing should be dependent on the clinical situation, the treatment regimen used, and the clinician’s judgment. Some patients with stable glycemia well within target may do well with testing only twice per year. Unstable or highly intensively managed patients (e.g., pregnant type 1 diabetic women) may require testing more frequently than every 3 months.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin, also called Glycated Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c, or HbA1c, refers to hemoglobin which is bound to glucose. Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test is performed to measure the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin in blood which reflects the average blood glucose over a period of past two to three months (8 - 12 weeks).
For more information, visit
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/glycosylated-hemoglobin-1611
Is group of tests that are used to diagnose diabetes or its complications , it includes:
Blood glucose
4 types: FBS, PPBS, RBS, OGGT
Microalbuminurea
Ketones
HbA1C
Insulin
ICA (islent cell antibody) for type I
C-peptide
Please correct me if anything wrong and to improve myself.
Thanks & Regards
Niranjan
9790861629
Marketing Manager - Professional Services
HITECH DIAGNOSTICS
Biochemical kidney function tests with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
An illustrative presentation on Biochemical kidney function tests with their clinical applications for medical ,dental, pharmacology and biotechnology student to facilitate easy-learning.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin, also called Glycated Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin A1c, or HbA1c, refers to hemoglobin which is bound to glucose. Glycosylated Hemoglobin Test is performed to measure the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin in blood which reflects the average blood glucose over a period of past two to three months (8 - 12 weeks).
For more information, visit
https://www.1mg.com/labs/test/glycosylated-hemoglobin-1611
Is group of tests that are used to diagnose diabetes or its complications , it includes:
Blood glucose
4 types: FBS, PPBS, RBS, OGGT
Microalbuminurea
Ketones
HbA1C
Insulin
ICA (islent cell antibody) for type I
C-peptide
Please correct me if anything wrong and to improve myself.
Thanks & Regards
Niranjan
9790861629
Marketing Manager - Professional Services
HITECH DIAGNOSTICS
Biochemical kidney function tests with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
An illustrative presentation on Biochemical kidney function tests with their clinical applications for medical ,dental, pharmacology and biotechnology student to facilitate easy-learning.
If you want to understand how decisions are made at a VC firm it is important to understand the staff who work there. Here is a guide but you can also read more at this blog post: https://bothsidesofthetable.com/how-to-improve-your-odds-of-getting-to-yes-with-a-vc-land-and-expand-b46a0a102a07
What is The Best Medicine For Diabetes?Vidzarisehigh
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Fightdiabetes.com is a health information website that seeks to inform, educate, discuss, guide you regarding diabetes and connect you to the community online.
A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate, Protein and Lipid. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
Welcome to Diabetes Freedom! A high-converting offer your health audiences will love. Super high EPCs from all types of health, weight loss and survival lists.
Diabetes Freedom is sweeping up volume traffic from Facebook and Native networks and converting super well from email lists. Thanks to the unique angle, it’s the ideal offer to generate curiosity for many millions of diabetic or prediabetic men and women.
A blood glucose test measures the level of glucose (sugar) in your blood. The test can involve a finger prick or a blood draw from your vein. Healthcare providers most commonly use blood glucose tests to screen for Type 2 diabetes, which is a common condition.
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Importance of measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended for
the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes. However, various epidemiological studies conducted different parts of the
universe have shown significant discordance between HbA1c and glucose-based tests. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is
assumed to be the gold standard for monitoring glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus disorder. The Glycated
hemoglobin (HbA1c) assay provided an accurate, precise measure of chronic glycemic levels, and associates with the risk
of diabetes complications.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional prospective study. A total of 868 individuals attended to the medicine
outpatient clinic at Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College, Saharsa, Bihar between Jan 2016 to Dec 2016 were selected for
the study after screening a large cohort visited OPD. The results of FPG, OGTT, and HbA1c for 868 individual were
analyzed as well as all grouped as diabetic patients, glucose intolerant (pre-diabetes) patients, and non-diabetic patients
according to new ADA criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes.
Results: Diagnostic sensitivity of all diabetic criteria were 80.33% for A1c; 75% for OGTT and only 41.87% for FPG
respectively.
Conclusion: The proposed A1c diagnostic criteria have greater diagnostic than FPG and 2-h OGTT regarding a diagnosis
of diabetes mellitus disorder.
Key-words- Glycated Hemoglobin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Oral glucose tolerances test (OGTT), Diabetes Mellitus,
and Pre- diabetes
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Introduction
A haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test measures the average level of blood sugar
or glucose in haemoglobin. Those who have diabetes need to go through this
test every 3 to 6 months to observe if their levels are within range. In case a
person’s HbA1c levels are increased, it is the warning sign of diabetes which
is a chronic health condition and can lead to serious problems such as nerve
damage, kidney, or heart disease. The upcoming slides will explain the HbA1c
blood test in detail.
3. What is it used for?
An HbA1c test is used to check diabetes
or pre-diabetes conditions in patients. Pre-
diabetes condition shows an increased
blood sugar level that means a person is
at risk for getting diabetes. In case a
person already has diabetes, an HbA1c
test can help the doctor to monitor their
condition and blood sugar levels.
4. Why do people need an HbA1c test?
People may need this test in case they
experience symptoms of diabetes. These
signs and symptoms may include
increased urination, fatigue, increased
thirst, and blurred vision. A doctor may
also prescribe an HbA1c test in case a
person is at a higher risk of getting
diabetes. These risk factors may include:
• High blood pressure
• Being overweight
• Physical inactivity
5. What does the test result mean?
The HbA1c blood test normal range is
below 5.7% that means the person does
not have diabetes. However, in people
with diabetes, the test result can show
6.5% or higher level of blood sugar and in
the case of pre-diabetes, the level can be
between 5.7% and 6.4.
6. Conclusion
Those who have anaemia or any other blood disorder may find less
accurate results with an HbA1c blood test. In case a person has a blood
disorder but at risk for diabetes too, the doctor may prescribe different
tests.
