The Global Humanitarian Assistant Report

The Global Humanitarian Assistant Report
INTRODUCTION
The Global Humanitarian Assistant Report (GHA) (2015) states that in 2014, the Ebola virus in Western Africa, the crisis in Syria, South Sudan
and Iraq has severely affected millions of people. GHA (2015) further state that between the year 2013 and 2015 over 58 million people have been
forced to flee their homes due to violence or persecution. Natural disaster and Hazards has affected over 107.3 million people. Because of this there
has been an increase in Humanitarian aid assistance and hence Humanitarian aid or relief workers have been deployed to the affected areas.
United Nation Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA) (cited in ReliefWeb, 2008) describes humanitarian aid workers as, ''...all
workers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, stress and panic attacks in trauma related incidences.
Several themes arose from these articles; National and Expatriates HAWs, Training and preparedness, Direct and indirect exposure to trauma, Gender
and Age, Psychosocial support, pre–screening for mental health and Religious, Spiritual and Cultural beliefs.
Research Question
Are humanitarian aid workers working in war–torn areas for prolonged period of time (6–12 months) more likely to suffer from Post–Traumatic Stress
Disorder(PTSD) than those working for short period of time(less than 3 months) ?
METHODS
For this review, 4 databases were used; Medline, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Nlm.nih.gov (2015) defines Medline as "the U.S.
National Library of Medicine (NLM) premier bibliographic database that contains more than 22 million references to journal articles in life sciences
with a concentration on biomedicine." Nlm.nih.gov (2015) describes PubMed as "service of NLM that Provides free access to Medline... and
Includes additional selected life sciences journals not in Medline.'' Library.ethz.ch (2015) describes Web of science ''a comprehensive interdisciplinary,
bibliographic database with article references from journals, books, proceedings out of: Sciences and Technology, Arts and Humanities and Social
Sciences.'' Google Scholar is a free search engine that provides scholarly literature like articles and journals.
For each
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Syrian Immigration
The people of Syria are being killed by bombs, chemical weapons, starvation and dehydration ("What's Happening"). The U.S has donated 4.5 billion
dollars in aid since the conflict has begun (Long), but merely providing money does not suffice for proper aid. Syrian people's homes and livelihoods
have become diminished into nothing but rubble. One million people have applied for asylum in Europe; however, the United States must rise up and
offer resettlement opportunities to this war–torn community, as well. The benefits reaped from opening borders to Syrian borders are not just limited to
maintaining America's core purpose of freedom and opportunity for all, but they also extend to fulfilling economic and strategic interests.
Turkey has taken ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the early 18th century when Europeans escaped religious persecution and onwards, America has become the epitome of its self–acclaimed
freedom and opportunity that it provides to everyone. However, there have been many cases in which the U.S. has contradicted its core values out of
fear, including the time America turned away the St. Louis ship carrying desperate Jewish refugees escaping the horrors of the Holocaust–a quarter of
the occupants would be killed by Nazis. Presently, America is making the same mistake with Syrian refugees. It is unreasonable to fear those who live
every single day of their lives in

Womens Security
I. Ensuring Women's Security in Post–Conflict Zones
Currently in the world ensuring women's security is a huge and difficult task. Especially in post–conflict zones where women have a limited access to
help or prevention against domestic and physical violence, rape, and early/forced marriages. Minister for Foreign Affairs of Burkina Faso stated about
the issue " the violence against women in conflict zones was persisting, and that women and girls were increasingly targets of some of the most
abominable and inexcusable abuse and treatment." he continued, stating "The consequences of such violence were severe, including unwanted and
early pregnancies, the spread of HIV/AIDS, psychological trauma –– and all of that was if they even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To find solutions to the lack of security for woman we need to value each country's sovereignty while addressing the issue.While respecting culture we
must advocate for the woman in the unsafe, horrible conditions they endure in the post–conflict zones. The more influential need to help the less
influential, and the rich need to help the poor. This is not a specific country's problem that we are facing but the whole worlds issue. The Ministry of
Women's Empowerment (MPF) has developed strategies to help ensure women's safety, including proposing acts to fill the regulatory vacuum, mainly
in the fields of social exclusion, banishment, sexual harassment and forced marriage; and promoting the ratification of legal instruments that will help
empower women; support, counselling and assistance to women, particularly to victims of violations. Working with each other we can make these
post–war zones safer for women one step at a time.
II. Promoting Non–Governmental Organizations' Access to Conflict Zones for Humanitarian Aid
Humanitarian aid is an important impartial aid for people in need all over the world. NGOs started gaining reputation and importance in the early
1990's, and both the number of nongovernmental organizations and their involvement in national and international policy–making have increased
tremendously over the last

Conflict Between Sudan And Sudan
ARMED CONFLICT IN SOUTH SUDAN INTRODUCTION Sudan gained its independence in 1956 after it has been ruled by a succession of unstable
civilian and military governments. By the risks of unresolved constitutional tensions between Sudan and the South part, it then turned into a full–scale
civil war for 50 years in 1955 to 2005. It result the separation into two countries in July 2011 after 98 per cent of Southern voters were in favour of
independence, which made the Republic of South Sudan as the newest country in the world. After being independent, Republic of South Sudan came
into existence amid great challenges and marked a major milestone and fresh opportunity for South Sudanese. Nevertheless, massive state–corroding
corruption, political instability within the ruling party, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and determined tensions with Sudan over the
sharing of oil revenues, internal displacement caused by tribal conflict and fighting between government and militias and food security made South
Sudan vulnerably returning back the conflict. Moreover, the areas along the border between South Sudan and Sudan were affected by conflict since
the former declared independence in 2011, which are Abyei, the Blue Nile region and South Kordofan. Conflict in South Sudan started in the capital,
Juba at 15 December, initially among members of the Presidential Guard. The Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) split between forces loyal to
the Government and forces loyal to

Application of IHL in Darfur Essay
The contemporary era has made conflict an international priority, a world phenomenon, and a global concern for the welfare of all states. Ostensibly,
war has existed for quite some time, and the current global hegemony has not conclusively provoked further conflict, but rather, developed mechanisms
to protect those affected by the circumstances of an armed conflict. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) was devised by the Geneva Conventions, a
paramount composition of accords that followed the Second World War in a historical juncture that would persuade political powers of the world that it
was necessary to establish a customary structure to the time of war. Predominantly, the conditions of the non–militants, or civilians, as well as the ...
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Throughout the existence of IHL, and IHRL, it has been ambiguously defined, and moreover, the responsibility of applying it, has been dubious, as
international tribunals, such as the United Nations' (UN) International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the International Criminal Court (ICC), have
encountered significant international pressure for its conduct, and threat to national sovereignty. Despite the coherent accountability to protect
civilians, militants, and otherwise humanitarian workers, the responsibility is frequently absent, as it is unclear as to who is responsible for applying
it, or whether there are sufficient means to apply it. The recent humanitarian crisis in Darfur, Sudan, is evidence to the previous, as IHL failed to protect
innocent civilians from an armed conflict, and inherent humanitarian failures. Ultimately, IHL failed as a result of coercion from the Sudanese
government, after an indictment by the ICC against their President, Omar al–Hassan Bashir. Thereafter, the responsibility and burden of applying IHL,
and IHRL, were obscure, as political activists demanded an international

Humanitarianism Is A Complex Task
Humanitarianism is a complex task; there is no universal definition. It's noble that you've decided to dedicate yourself to serving those from all abroad
who most need your support. But it's important that we think about humanitarianism from various perspectives. It'll ensure you dedicate yourself to the
realm of humanitarianism that best suits your viewpoints and beliefs. We can understand humanitarianism by framing it against three categories: pure,
alchemical, and intervention. Pure humanitarianism can be understood through the work of MSF – individuals who strive for neutrality to gain
permission to serve in hostile environments. This form of humanitarianism seeks to help those in need while relegating the importance politics. ... Show
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Humanitarian organizations "must be in certain areas that the donors are paying attention to." These organizations are essentially controlled by
financial interests. MSF, a pure humanitarian organization, can operate in volatile regions. Certain donors might not see real value in placing their
money in uncertainty that an unstable region presents. NGOs dependent on donor financing will not be able to adequately support the people of these
regions who are in dire need of aid.
In continuing to define pure humanitarianism by explaining what it is not, we'll delve into institutionalization. We can understand contemporary
humanitarians by "their commitment to defending their own institutional interest, as well as the degree to which that commitment influences the way
they conceive of providing help to people in need." Humanitarian actors might not be willing to provide aid if it means violating their own interests.
This further takes away from the goal of humanitarianism of providing universal aid. Increasingly bureaucratic humanitarian organizations are
becoming more subjective in who can be helped and how interests can be elevated as a result.
Alchemical humanitarians ask the question, "what [happens] after survival?" Beforehand, humanitarian organizations would simply "close shop and
head for the next disaster..." Alchemical humanitarians sought to find the causes that led to disasters

Zaire and Rwanda Essay
The refugee massacre that occurred in the years between 1994 and 1996 in Zaire demonstrates a worst–case–scenario of refugee camp militarization. It
is by no means a typical case of refugee warriorism, however, it does exemplify an opportunity structure that fosters an environment conducive for
militarization. The massacre of refugees in Zaire stems from the Rwandan genocide of 1994 which witnessed the deaths of 200,000 to 1 million ethnic
Tutsi and moderate Hutu.2 The conflict ended in the victory of the ethnic– Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and the defeat of the ethnic–Hutu
Forces ArmГ©es Rwandaises (FAR). Consequently, 1.72–2.1 million Hutu refugees fled the country into Burundi, Zaire, Tanzania, and Uganda.3 Dr.
Emizet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They forced refugees back in to Rwanda by gun–point and cut off access to food.8 By May 1997, aid workers discovered that the majority of the refugee
camps had completely emptied and finally after the AFDL took Kinshasa, it gave the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) sixty
days to repatriate any remaining (surviving) Hutu refugees.9
Tanzania and Rwanda Like Zaire, Tanzania was severely affected by huge population influxes stemming from the situation in Rwanda. Prior the
major influx in the 1990s from Rwanda and Burundi, Tanzania had an open door policy towards refugees and was a haven for asylum seekers.10
President Julius Nyerere not only encouraged an open door policy, but he also encouraged refugee warrior movements against colonial regimes. He
saw refugees as vital sources of labour and also as freedom fighters. However, this changed following the end of Nyerere's reign and refugees were
subsequently re–categorized from freedom fighters to threats to Tanzania's insecurity. This policy shift partly results from the scope of the crisis
(Tanzania was hosting 85% more refugees in 1994 than it was the previous year)11, economic and political restructuring of the government and a
revamped security–first attitude from the

The Intervention Of The Usa Into Somali The Causes Of...
The American Intervention in Somalia:
The Causes of Humanitarian Failure
Abstract:
This paper is an analysis of the 1991 humanitarian intervention of the USA into Somalia. The concept of the "humanitarian" mission is embedded into
the analyses of the American rhetoric concerning their newfound concern for the area. The military and cultural reasons for the failure are mentioned,
as well as the habitual rejection of UN guidelines for it. In fact, this is an excel;lent example of a botched program that seems destined to become the
future norm.
The 1991 US intervention into Somalia was a failure. The reasons for this are not hard to find, and are inherent in any adventure of this type. Ignorance
of local conditions, strategic demands ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, not all parties were interested in UN or US help, which is another condition. Importantly, it states:
The peacekeeping operation must be part of a more comprehensive strategy to help resolve a conflict. This often includes political, economic,
developmental, institution–building, humanitarian and human rights elements, which must involve other parts of the UN system–both UN bodies and
Member States–and other international organizations (UN 2003 pg 6).
Though containing the word "humanitarian," this is the normal definition of such intervention. The commitment of any of the parties was
questionable. That the intervening party have an "achievable mandate" is another condition, one again, very foggy in 1991. it also explicitly states that
"peace is not made overnight" and strongly suggests that any mission must be long term and require outlays of substantial resources. No party at the
time was prepared for that, nor would the populations in these areas approve it. Explicitly addressing the Somalia failure, the UN Handbook states:
Political work in UNOSOM meant being catapulted from one extreme to the next, wavering between efforts to promote peace and rebuild the
government and relapses into chaos and violence. . . In the end, their efforts were in vain. International resolve waned and the UN was forced to pull
out (UN, 2003,

The Syrian Conflict Of 2011
The Syrian conflict began in March of 2011 and is currently ongoing as of December of 2016. In 2015, Russian President Putin has allied with the
Syrian President Bashar al–Assad to combat against rebel forces. As a result, innocent civilians, in particular civilians of Aleppo, and humanitarian
workers are victims to bombardments. In September 2016, Secretary John Kerry negotiated a cease–fire agreement between the United States and
Russia, in order to allow aid convoys to provide relief. The cease–fire agreement was supposed to apply to Russia, Syria and the United States.
However, on September 19, 2016 eighteen out of thirty–one convoys were attacked by an airstrike. The attack resulted in the death of 21 civilians and
one Syrian Arab Crescent member (Hennessy–Fiske, 2016). Some immediately assumed Russia was responsible and should be held accountable for
breaking the agreement. However, President Putin and Bashar al–Assad rejected the claim. While the attack was undergoing investigation, the UN
suspended aid to Syria. The International Committee of the Red Cross postponed an aid convoy set to deliver supplies in Syrian towns. The Syrian
Arab Red Crescent also postponed aid relief, but this is only temporary. The MSF published a statement on their website, which states, "This is
another example of wholesome disregard for the basic rules of war in the Syrian conflict" (Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2016).
Organizations such as the ICRC, SARC and MSF are supposed to be

Application Of Admission As Refugees Essay
On September of 2015, the image of 3–year–old Aylan Kurdi went viral. "The toddler's lifeless body on a Turkish beach had reverberated across the
globe" (Parkinson & George–Cosh, 2015). Aylan's family had "fled the brutal civil war in their native Syria and only attempted the boat crossing
after Canada denied their application of admission as refugees. The image led to an astonishing outpouring of support for Syrian refugees" (Hein &
Niazi, 2016). President accepted 10,000 Syrian refugees." (Hein & Niazi, 2016). But "In the US, the governors of 31 of 50 states issued orders to
prevent the resettlement of Syrian refugees and by a vote of 289 to 137 the US House of Representatives approved legislation to ban the admissions of
all Syrian and Iraqi refugees" (Hein & Niazi, 2016). "Kansas is among those 31 states that do not welcome Syrian refugees" (Hein & Niazi, 2016). On
November 16, 2015, Governor Sam Brownback issued the Executive order No. 15–07 stating:
"No department, commission, board, or agency of the government of the State of Kansas shall aid, cooperate with, or assist in any way the relocation
of refugees from Syria to the State of Kansas. This order includes, but is not limited to, the Kansas Refugee Program, the refugee Resettlement Program,
and the Refugee Social Service Program administered within the Kansas Department for Children and Families, and the Kansas Refugee preventive
Health Program administered within the Kansas Department of Health and

Stable Somalia
Struggles for a Stable Somalia: Are Peacekeepers Necessary? Problem Statement Since its independence, Somalia has encountered one opposition after
another. Boarder disputes, internal struggles, unstable government, civil war, lawlessness, massive famine, tribal warfare, increased terrorism,
peacekeeping failures, and piracy all have shaped the state of Somalia to become what it is today. This case study seeks to explore the reasons behind
the various failures, struggles, and difficulties past Somalia has encountered, the challenges present Somalia faces, and the recommendations a future
Somalia can look forward to as a unified nation under a stable and successful economy. Background of the Topic Somalia was created in 1960 when
Italian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, with the old transitional government replaced with the Federal Government of Somalia, the outlook of Somalia appears to be more positive.
Nevertheless, situations continue to remain fragile as internal oppositions toward the government increase. More than that, the current president seeks
to neglect internal issues but rather focus his attention on international aid and humanitarian assistance to unite his broken country. As a result, both
economic and physical security have severely declined in the past one year. The Shabab attacks increased and became bolder. Mogadishu has
witnessed a number of attacks by the terrorist party, al–Shabaab, within the past year. These attacks targeted high–profile civilians including a UN
compound on 19 June 2013 and a courthouse on 15 April 2014, not to mention raids on a restaurant and against Turkish aid workers earlier this year
as well. Moreover, explosions and violent raids by the terrorist band have erupted elsewhere in Somalia, including a targeted attack on a police station in

Egg Framework
many western politicians and media sources the ammunition to further propagate Islamophobia by exploiting the attack. Danso in his study highlights
how a society accepts and welcomes its new members goes a long way to influence the life chances of the newcomers in their new country. He
examines how "if refugees are accepted not as full members of the new society, but as 'unwelcome others', it may create a condition of social exclusion
leading, ultimately, to dysfunctional integration for the refugee community" (Danso, 2002. p. 7). Anti–refugee rhetoric's hinder individuals from access
to opportunities, which may affect them from complete membership and participation in Canada. Danso highlights how a feeling of acceptance by the
receiving society will determine if the refugees 'sink or swim' (Dano, 2002, p. 7). He also explores the initial stages of resettlement and how harmful it
is if refugees are placed in circumstances where they find themselves in conflict situations with the new society who views them as competition for...
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Environmental building action is defined as being "concerned with moving society as a whole towards protection norms which will present or limit
current and future violations and abuses" (Barnes, 2009, p. 28). This correlates to refugee resettlement because social workers need advocate for
protection strategies that are politically, socially, culturally, institutionally, economically and legally conducive to the full respect for the rights of
Syrian refugees in Canada. It is visible that advocacy is a primary protective practice for social workers. Consequently, social workers have the
responsibility to challenge these anti–refugee rhetoric's in order to establish non–discriminatory refugee policies, advancement in law and legal
practice, and the development and promotion of religious–tolerant society in

317 Days
Analytical Essay For my analytical essay I choose I was held captive for 317 days by Vincent Cochetel. I choose to do this talk for my video
because the idea that people seem to think that they can attack humanitarian aid workers truly disturbing. Before seeing this video I never realized
that the aid workers who help during wartimes in countries were so badly treated. This opened my eyes to the fact that there are more and more
people thinking they can attack aid workers. In my opinion this video is something that all people need to see, and need to appreciate the people
putting their lives on the line to help people working in war torn countries. It is also my opinion that people need to open their eyes and work against
the killing of aid workers and to find justice for those that have been killed,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This video goes over the kidnapping, release, and aftermath of Vincent Cochetel. It starts out that Vincent gets sent to do aid work for the people in the
war in Chechnya which lasted from 1994–1996. Afterward while there was still unrest, and violence in Chechnya Cochetel was sent to provide
comfort to those still suffering in the country. To be careful, and make sure that he was not abducted the UN took care to make sure that he wasn't
hurt. But unfortunately he was kidnapped in January of 1998. Cochetel was kept in the darkness for most of the day only given fifteen minutes of
light in order to eat and drink. With nothing to do but sit in the darkness and think he slowly began to lose his sanity in the darkness of the pit. The
guards were cruel, and would do mock executions if they were bored, annoyed, or drunk. Tormented by the thoughts of his family, and colleagues
Vincent slowly begins to lose his nerves and the

Civil Unrest in Syria in Mid-March 2011 Essay examples
The violent civil unrest that broke out in Syria in mid–March 2011 continued to expand and increasingly impacted civilians throughout 2012. Syrians
and migrant workers alike have been affected by the armed conflict, causing a critically large number of people to be forcibly displaced from their
homes and to seek protection in other regions and neighboring countries. The level of security risk, lack of basic resources and quality of available
information are factors that continue to determine when and where Syrian nationals and migrants decide to move. Most of the affected populations
have been internally displaced prior to being forced to move across borders into safer zones in Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. Shelter, food, water
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, at the beginning of the conflict IOM estimated that there were between 120,000 and 150,000 migrant workers in Syria, of which some
15,000 would need evacuation assistance. Finally, an escalation of violence has meant that previously stable Palestinian settlements in the region have
recently come under attack. This has triggered additional and concurrent displacements, resulting in nearly 360,000 Palestinians, as well as 94,000 Iraqi
and other refugees, also being in need of humanitarian support, according to recent assessments. Fluctuating security and access conditions have
resulted in many displaced persons remaining in precarious secondary displacement conditions; many of the internally displaced are documented as
already on their third or fourth relocation. Such extreme instability has called for a continuous reassessment and evaluation of the critical needs of
those displaced nationals and migrants and the appropriate humanitarian response. The need for emergency migration management services, including
life–saving evacuation of migrant workers in Syria and its neighboring states, are expected to continue. This revised appeal highlights IOM's emergency
humanitarian assistance that is anticipated to be delivered in Syria and its neighboring countries (Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey) between January
and June 2013. IOM has worked closely with partners and authorities in

Cultural And Political Causes Of The Darfur Genocide In Sudan
INTRODUCTION
Genocide is defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. "The 'Darfur Genocide' refers to the current
mass slaughter and rape of men, women, and children in Western Sudan" (Mitchell Hamline School of Law). Not only are these atrocities happening,
but the Darfurians are being force from their land and into refugee camps, mainly in the country Chad, but also other countries like Ethiopia or Kenya.
Darfur genocide causes can be found both culturally and politically. The cultural and political causes come from the same source of that being an
underdeveloped country with no effective government protecting the rights of the Darfurians. Darfurians were violently pushed around, physically and
mentally, with the western world not stepping in to assist. Although eventually, both Britain and the United Nations came to the same conclusion that
the atrocities occurring in Darfur were genocide and "one of the world's worst humanitarian crises" (Thomson Reuters). Genocide occurred in Sudan in
the Darfur region starting in 2003 and continues today. The long–standing divide between Arab herding tribes and the African farming tribes and the
political opportunism arising from the environmental calamity led to the genocide in Sudan.
CAUSES
a.Political Cause. Politically, Darfur genocide is rooted in the government's role of funding, "Janjaweed or devils on horseback," who destroyed the
Darfurians by "burning villages, looting

The Tragic Day of September 11, 2001
The day of September 11, 2001 began as an ordinary day. Nobody anticipated that it would be the day the terrorist group Al Qaeda would attack
America. People didn't expect to see their loved ones for the last time that morning. Nobody believed so many would die, in one of the plane
crashes, in the falling rubble, or by collapsing towers. While the Twin Towers were hit by two planes, the Pentagon was also attacked, and Flight
93 crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. Nobody thought that it was a morning that would cause the world to grieve. The planes that the terrorists
hijacked that would crash into the Twin Towers, a field in Pennsylvania, and the Pentagon were full of fuel and all heading towards California. At
8:00 am, American Airlines Flight 11 left Boston, heading towards Los Angeles. United Airlines Flight 175 left Boston at 8:14 am, going to Los
Angeles. At 8:20 am, American Airlines Flight 77 left Washington, headed for Los Angeles. United Airlines Flight 93 left Newark, New Jersey at
8:42 am, headed towards San Francisco. None of those planes reached their final destination. On an average day, 35,000 people were in the Twin
Towers by 9:00 am. On September 11, 2001, at 8:45 am, each tower held 5,000–7,000 people. At 8:46 am, American Airlines Flight 11 slammed into
the 94–98th floors of the North Tower. 3,000 calls were made to 911 in the first ten minutes after the crash. Within 17 minutes after the first crash,
1,000 police, fire, and rescue workers swarmed

Determining a Strategy for the Refugee Crisis in Syria
Summary Balancing humanitarian concerns with U.S national interests is essential in determining a strategy for the refugee crisis in Syria. According
to the UN Refugee Agency, there are approximately 2.5 million refugees, more than half of which are children. Not only do such atrocities conflict
with the moral fiber of democracy, but also present serious risks to the economic well–being and security of the United States. Current research as well
as historical reference illustrate that U.S foreign policy being implemented in the region is ineffective and at times counter–productive. If issues
regarding the refugee crisis are not dealt with promptly, the potential for Syrian cooperation is greatly decreased, and the likelihood of civil war
expanding to neighboring countries is significantly greater. Based on expert opinion, the following recommendations should be taken into
consideration: 1.Develop security partnerships with entities that will demilitarize refugee areas. 2.Implement Information campaigns to combat militant
propaganda. 3.Assist countries that have incurred an influx in refugee migration. 4.Re–structure the Syria Accountability Act (2010) to achieve modest
policy goals using smart sanctions. Background December 12th 2003, Congress passed the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration
Act. The purpose of this act was to end Syria's longstanding support for terrorist networks, eradicate Syrian occupation in Lebanon, and stop Syria's

Technology In Haiti
Mobile devices, social media, and mapping technologies are here to stay. We are becoming a very connected world through our modern technologies
and the results are amazing when they are involved with humanitarian aid. Haiti is an example where humanitarian aid changed and improved because
of mobile devices and modern technology. Through the use of SMS text and social media, information stays where it is needed in the community.
Haiti's earthquake proved the importance of mobile devices and information staying in the community. People used mobile devices to find love ones,
let aid workers know where they were buried, and shared important data about happenings in Port–au–Prince and the country. Outside volunteers
provided a much needed service

Essay On Operation Restoration Hope
IntroductionIn early 1991, Somalia fell into a state of civil war, precipitating a catastrophic famine (Baum 188). Almost two years later, in late
November 1992, following a year in which the United States first resisted intervening altogether and then did so only relatively modestly, President
George H.W. Bush decided to launch a large–scale, American–led military intervention termed Operation Restoration Hope (Baum 188). Less than a
year later, amid rapidly deteriorating public and congressional support for the mission, President Bill Clinton announced his intent to end U.S.
involvement in Somalia (ibid.). While there were successes under the Bush administration's limited aims to alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Somalia,
the Clinton... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
involvement in Somalia was the product of a growing humanitarian crisis in this warring state in the 1990s. Somalia achieved its independence in
1960, and in 1969 the Somali army launched a coup that established a dictatorship under Mohamed Siad Barre (Dept of State). Barre's dictatorship
favored members of his own clan through a process where he made "parochial selections" from his Marehan clan to fill most high–level government
and military posts; this "clan–based policy" reinforced inter–clan differences and rivalries, and soon Somalis in less–favored clans began to oppose
Barre's rule (Rutherford 5). In 1990, Barre's opposition unified against him, and after joining forces, the combined group of rebels drove Barre from
Mogadishu in January 1991 (Dept of State). No central government reemerged to take the place of the overthrown government: warlords, clan elders,
and former government officials "jockeyed to preserve or increase their authority" and could not figure out what type of government they wanted or
who would be its leaders (Rutherford 15). A humanitarian crisis of began to unfold as most of the country descended into a state of lawlessness, where
"heartless warlords and hopped–up teenage gangs reigned over helpless innocents" (Crocker 4). In addition, the vulnerability of the Somalia people was
intensified further by a severe drought, which resulted in a catastrophic famine that left thousands dead or malnutritioned (Dept of State). This state of
chaos laid the groundwork for subsequent U.S. aid and military

A Brief Note On Lebanon War Of 2006
Name: Jana eid ID: 20150810 Instructor: Alexandra Adams Research paper (IHL) Subject: Lebanon war of 2006 July 2006 an unforgettable date for
all the Lebanese and Israeli citizens, 12 July was the beginning of the visible war between these two parties and which was semi–finished in 14 august
or in other words after a month from its beginning.one of the main reasons behind letting the volcano between these two parties to explode is the
reply of Hezbollah by firing rockets at Israeli borders towns and this was a because of a clear alteration of an anti–tank missile attack on two protected
Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of border town. And this act resulted in death of some Israeli soldiers as well as adduction of some others and
they were taken by Hezbollah, and Hezbollah refused to release any of them except if an exchange of Lebanese prisoners is done with Israel. Israel
refused to do so and by that Israel didn't hesitate to start a war with Hezbollah and decided to continue what she have begun with and started to fire
rocket to Lebanese towns with no fear that she is harming citizens with no fault other that they are Lebanese. Hezbollah here didn't also hesitate to
calm down the problems but replied to the Israeli by firing more rockets on their towns and by that both Lebanese and Israeli towns were on fire. This
war resulted in death of thousands of Lebanese citizens and hundreds of Israelis, since both of the two parties have used weapons which cause

Humanitarian Crisis : Icrc And Msf 's Safety Compromised
Humanitarian Crisis: ICRC and MSF's safety compromised due to Syrian Conflict
Introduction
In September 2016, Secretary John Kerry negotiated a cease–fire agreement between the United States and Russia, in order to allow aid convoys to
provide relief. However, on September nineteenth, 18 out of the 31 convoys were attacked by an airstrike. The attack resulted in the death of 21
civilians and one Syrian Arab Crescent member (Hennessy–Fiske, 2016). Some immediately assumed Russia was responsible and should be held
accountable for breaking the agreement. However, Russia and Bashar al–Assad rejected the claim. While the attack was undergoing investigation, the
UN suspended aid to Syria. The International Committee of the Red Cross postponed an aid convoy set to deliver supplies in Syrian towns as well as
the Syrian Arab Red Crescent, but the SARC is only temporarily. The MSF published a statement on their website which states, "This is another
example of wholesome disregard for the basic rules of war in the Syrian conflict" (Medecins Sans Frontieres, 2016).
Organizations such as the ICRC, SARC and MSF are supposed to be protected during times of war. In a very broad aspect, they are protected under
humanitarian law, which is a part of International law. Humanitarian law protects those who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities
(ICRC, 2004). The law also restricts the use of warfare against these individuals.
In 1863, Henri Dunant founded the

Immigration Divisive Topics
In the year 2016 the topic of immigration still proves to be a politically divisive topic. In a nation founded by immigrants, it is absurd a consensus is
never reached on the topic of immigration. Immigration is the defining reason the U.S. is as prosperous as it is today. World War II, the Vietnam War,
and the World Trade Center attacks were three pivotal moments in U.S. history that forced politicians to change theirimmigration policy, for better or
for worse. Though a politically divisive topic, immigration has undoubtedly been a driving factor in American history that has built the country known
today.
From its conception, the U.S. has always been accepting of people from other countries, In the early 1800's immigrants accounted for ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been countless times those with strong party identities have refused to work with those of the opposite party due to the fact they are from
the opposite party. When politicians work past party lines, comprehensive bills can be drafted and laws can be enacted. President Ford, for example,
was a strong opponent of "liberal immigration laws" until he signed the 1975 Migration and Refugee assistance to aid in the evacuation of nearly
150,000 Southern Vietnamese seeing Southern Vietnam would quickly fall to the Communist North (Cohn). This further illustrates the point that
comprehensive immigration reform can only be reached if politicians put their strong party identities aside and work across party lines. If it were not
for President Ford seeing the refugee crisis as a humanitarian problem rather than another political issue, nearly 150,000 people would be forced to
compromise their entire lives to the Communist

Judicial Branch Essay
Libya is a country east of Egypt with just over 6,000,000 people. Libya's first ruler was King Idris I, he was elected after World War II when the
people were looking for a new leader. He was Libya's only King. He established embassies with many large countries such as the U.S. and also
allowed U.S. military to come in to restore and maintain the rights of the Libyan people in his first decade as a king. After King Idris I died in
1969, Libya fell apart. A new ruler, Gaddafi, began destroying Libya and its government. In 1972 tensions increased so much between the American
and Libyan governments the American ambassador was removed from the embassy in Tripoli. In 1979 all American embassy workers were removed
after an attack. In 2011 the people... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The legislative branch is a unicameral house with 200 members, 32 of the 200 seats are reserved for women to be elected. The legislative branch
is the most powerful branch, it controls laws being made, who becomes an ambassador and where they are located, and the development of Libya
as it progresses into its new era. While major steps have been taken to progress Libya into the modern era, Libya still has a long way to go. A
judicial branch hasn't been established yet due to chaos breaking out. In 2012 a U.S. Ambassador, Chris Stevens, was assassinated in an attack
against military forces coming in to help. In order to stray from the chaos and protect the ambassadors the embassy was relocated from Tripoli to
Tunisia. Libya's government is now being revamped to fit the modern era. Along with the three branch system that give a check and balance to the
Libyan government, Libya also has a head of government like the U.S. The major difference is the head of the Libyan government is a Prime Minister
instead of a President as well as the legislative branch being unicameral instead of bicameral like the

The Anti-Chinese Movement
The United States has changed over time in its treatment of welcoming immigrants from Europe, to a scapegoating, prejudice, racist, nativism and
xenophobia society for immigrants from other countries. An example of this is the Anti–Chinese Movement; Chinese workers had played a very
important role in building the railroad in the West, but as soon as the work was finished. Xenophobia began to set in among the white settlers, which
allowed stereotypes about Chinese customs to flourish eventually leading to Sinophobe. Finally, in 1882 Congress enacted the Chinese exclusion act,
which outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years. This is one example how the United States society treats immigrants, moving into present–day time
illegal and legal immigrants

International Relations And Forced Migration
Michelle Angulo
International Relations and Forced Migration
Hilary Term
February 28, 2014
Under what conditions are refugees a security threat? For whom?
In their work, Refugees and Forced Displacement, International Security, and Human Vulnerability, Edward Newman and Jan van Selm describe how
mass and forced displacement of populations have been used as a weapon during conflict: "refugee flows are demonstrably a source of [...international
conflict] through causing instability in neighbouring countries, triggering intervention, and sometimes providing a basis for warrior communities
within camps that can form the source for insurgency, resistance, and terrorist movements" (p. 5). It is Newman and van Salem's mention of warrior
communities within refugee camps that elucidate the potential security threat refugees may impose on states and/or individuals. This essay illustrates
how the militarization of refugee camps by "warrior refugees" who recruit within the refugee community and exploit humanitarian aid, pose a
significant security threat to the sending state, the humanitarian community, and refugees who are susceptible to being used as military weapons
during a conflict (ibid.). It also uses the Rwanda case study to demonstrate how a receiving state that does not have the means and/or desire to police
military leaders within refugee facilitates the security threat as well.
Sarah Kenyon Lischer (2005) describes in her book, Dangerous Sanctuaries, how the

Chemical Weapons And The Use Of Chemical Weapons
Use of chemical weapons: Since 2014 Syrian forces have been using chemical weapons on a regular basis. Both air–dropped and rocket–assisted
munitions are used to target civilian areas: when deployed as a weapon, the dispersal pattern of gas found in chlorine bombs cannot be controlled,
rendering the weapons indiscriminate. Use of chlorine munitions appears to be confined to Syrian forces, and not involve Russian forces (HRC, 2017:
12). Consequently two barrel bombs allegedly containing chlorine gas were dropped by suspected government aircraft on two residential
neighborhoods controlled by non–state armed groups in Saraqeb city, Idleb province On 1 August2016. Reportedly there at least 28 civilians were
killed. On 4 April 2017, several planes dropped bombs on the village of Khan Sheikhoun, about 50 miles south of Idlib city. More than 80 people were
killed and hundreds suffered symptoms consistent with reaction to a nerve agent (Amnesty, 2017: 350).
This is clear violation of Rule 74 of the Hague Declaration. The use of chemical weapons is prohibited in international armed conflicts in a series of
treaties including the Hague Declaration. The prohibited chemical weapons include Azphyxiating Gases, Chlorine and Phosphorus etc. There another
international treaties relating prohibition of chemical weapons are the Geneva Gas Protocol, The Chemical Weapons Convention and the Statute of the
International Criminal Court.
Siege of civilian areas and denial of humanitarian

The Civil War Of Libya
INTRODUCTION
In February 2011, intense fighting broke out when a revolution hit Libya. This revolution led to the removal of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi who was
the leader of Libya from 1969 through to 2011 and erupted into an on–going civil war since 2014 causing security instability (Bruce St John, 2008).
Since 2014, over 840,000 civilians have fled their homes to become refugees in neighbouring countries in an attempt to avoid violence and seek
protection (Kisangani, 2012). Major humanitarian challenges being faced by the AU are providing adequate medical treatment, shelter and food for the
refugees.
BACKGROUND
After the removal of King Idris by Libyan military forces led by General Gaddafi, the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) constituted the
Libyan African Republic, which saw the end to monarchy rule in Libya (Vandewalle, 2012). With public education being free and compulsory for
both male and female children in Libya, the RCC also provided free medical care for the people of Libya. Though free housing was not achieved
during Colonel Gaddafi's rule, Libya's per capita income grew past $11,000, which was achieved by controversial international policies that increased
oppression in Libya (Asiedu, 2002).
After the civil war in 2011, there have been conflicts between the local armed forces and communities. A significant example was the emergence of the
National Transitional Council (NTC) that emerged after a fierce battle in Bani Walid: a former Gaddafi

What Caused the Darfur Genocide? Essay
On February 26, 2003, two Darfuri rebel movements– the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement took up arms against
the Sudanese Government, accusing the failure to protect sedentary people from attacks by nomads and the marginalization of the area in Darfur.
Darfur is a region in the western part of Sudan, where it is home to 6 million people from around 100 tribes. In response to the attack, the Janjaweed,
which is the government–supported Arab tribesman, raided non–Arab villages in Darfur to create a Pan–Arab state by eradicating all the non–Arab
farmers from the land. The Darfur genocide arose when the Sudan Liberation Movement and the JEM, which is the largest rebel group in Darfur,
entered Al–Fashir, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term "genocide" is defined as, "any one of a number of acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial
or religious group." Although the Sudanese government states that they were simply putting down an armed insurance, as in they were just trying
to defend itself, there are strong evidence that indicates that the violence in Darfur is an occurrence of genocide. Innocent villages were not only
burned down but innocent people were also raped and killed. While up to this time the Sudanese government declares that their slaughters were
motivated by rebel activities, more indication of ethnical cleansing is displayed. For example, rebel activity is much higher among the Zaghawa
than the Massaleit but it is said that there were more racial epithets in attacks on Massaleit and the attacks are much deadlier. Additionally three
things that could predict killing and rape of the Africans in Darfur were through sex, hearing racial epithets and whether one was Arabian or not.
While African women were more likely to get raped and killed, African men were killed instantly. Rape was not simply a tool to terrify Darfurians
but was also used to alter the race of children. One way to make the child Arab was merely by having an Arab father so raping an African woman was
operated to alternate Arab children for African children. Moreover when racial

The Crisis in Darfur, Sudan Essay
The Crisis in Darfur, Sudan
Genocide, the attempt to destroy a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity, remains alive and well. The definition of genocide as given in
the Webster's Dictionary is 'The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.' This definition depicts the
situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small and poor central African country.
What makes this crisis particularly shocking is the structural character of the violence: villages have been torched, and civilians have been deliberately
targeted by bombing, summary executions, massacres and systematic rape as part of a strategy of fear instigated by the Sudanese military and the
so–called Janjaweed, armed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The front lines between Sudanese government and rebel forces, humanitarian presence has brought stability and tranquility as long as it has coincided
with the disengagement of the warring parties. In Jebel Marra, for instance, the deployment of aid agencies was connected to guarantees from rebel
forces to stay away from IDP locations and access roads, to avoid potential counter–attacks from government troops (ironically, but unintentionally, also
serving the interests of government forces).
To understand what is happening here let?s go back to the history of Hutu and Tutsi in Rawanda and how the dominant group wants to control the
minority groups. In the early 1900?s, the Tutsi were placed in positions of power by Belgium, because they looked ?whiter?. Governed by Belgium?s
racist way of thought, ethnic identity cards were introduced. The Catholic Church supported the Tutsi and the new social order and educated the Tutsi
and imposed their religion on them. Though the population of Rwanda was ninety percent Hutu, they were denied land ownership, education, and
positions of power. In the 1950?s, the end of the colonial period, the Hutu overthrew the Tutsi government. The Hutu maintained the practices of ethnic
division, and the Tutsi were forcibly removed from positions of power. Many Tutsi fled from Rwanda and were not allowed to return. Many Tutsi that
stayed in Rwanda were killed. Supported by Uganda, the Tutsi

Genocide In Darfur
Concerning the ethnic minorities of Burma, I believe that we are in a period where carefully analyzed humanitarian input can have a successful
impact. Unlike the genocide in Darfur, we're aware of a developing situation where large–scale genocide has not taken place yet. History further lends a
hand in paralleling the cordoning in society of minorities such as the Rohingya with that of the black African minorities in the Nuba Mountains of
Sudan. Lessons gained in the events in Sudan should be considered in defending the minorities of Burma who are facing human rights violation. The
first step is "early engagement" and awareness. Advocacy before a potential genocide of Burmese minorities will focus international attention on the
Burmese government. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Sudanese government refused to allow NGOs into the Nuba Mountains, where genocide by attrition was taking place. However, "a London–based
human rights group, African Rights, played an instrumental part in both reaching out to the Nuba as well as bringing their plight to the attention of the
international community." African Rights was able to gain access to the Nuba Mountains and provide valuable communication logistics to the Nuba,
which provided a window to the international community of the human rights violations carried out by the Sudanese government. Similarly, Burmese
minorities such as the Rohingyas have been separated from the larger Burmese society. They have very little rights and sustenance. A scenario eerily
familiar to that of the Nuba people. We need to insert humanitarians within these cordoned communities to document human rights violations. The
international community will have a more difficult time ignoring tangible documentation. Moving this groups work beyond university campuses and
onto the ground in Burma is critical to preventing this potential

A Brief Note On The International Staff And The Movement...
For highly insecure contexts, these standard measures may be enhanced or adapted. In doing so, agencies will differentiate between approaches to
transporting staff versus moving goods or cash, particularly for long supply routes. There are however exceptions, such as in contexts like Syria where
international staff need to be present to negotiate checkpoints in the movement of assets.
Road security in high–risk settings requires advance preparation, substantial logistics capacity, programming flexibility, adaptability, and increased
resources. Planning is also time–consuming and can result in a decision to not move, meaning that the process of assessment, and its related logistics,
has to start over.
Agencies have invested in a range of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As one interviewee explained, 'This is the canary idea: if the Land Cruiser is stopped, he can alert the car behind him.'
A low–profile approach is increasingly favoured by some organisations in insecure areas.
To mitigate against strong surveillance and opportunistic targeting, they will eschew the standard white 4x4 vehicles and instead use taxis or rented
vehicles, rotate license plates, or only approve travel on public transport.
Specific vehicle types can also be important where some vehicles make less–desirable targets for theft and carjacking, including vehicles that require
specific training to drive or hard–to–get spare parts, or that stand out and are easily identifiable. To reduce the likelihood of carjackings in Darfur, one
NGO used pink cars because they were unattractive and no one wanted them; another utilised a truck that required specialised training to drive. Vehicles
that have hard–to–get spare parts are seen as effective but can also be expensive for the agency to maintain.
Alternating routes is a standard practice but made more difficult in small urban areas where alternatives are limited for getting to places that need to be
visited frequently. In Mogadishu and cities throughout Afghanistan, for example, changing route, day, or time of travel, as well as the number of staff
and where they sit in

Goobacks South Park Analysis
Through the South Park episodes "Goobacks" and "Last of the Meheecans", the issue of immigration and its effects on the United States is explored.
One perspective this is seen from is through jobs and how many immigrants migrate with the hope of getting a better job; however, this can
potentially lead to American workers losing their jobs to immigrants who are willing to work at a lower rate. This is the perspective seen in
"Goobacks", in which people from the future begin travelling back in time to find work, beginning with low–skill jobs before eventually taking more
skill–based jobs, including Randy Marsh's position at the U.S. Geologic Survey (Parker). In a later episode, Mexican immigrants in the United States
begin moving back to Mexico as many had come to believe that it was worse in America performing low–skill and low–paying labor, causing a
"Reverse Immigration Crisis" as now there is no one to perform these jobs (Parker, "Last of the Meheecans"). This scenario is based upon the
assumption the Mexican immigrants perform work that is deemed low–skill and thus employers can more easily get away with paying them less.
Overall, South Park highlights the complex relationship the American job market has with the issue of immigration. Looking through a different
perspective, South Park also touches on the humanitarian aspect of perspective, mainly that immigrants are trying to escape a worse life. As previously
mentioned, in "Last of Meheecans" Mexican immigrants begin

What Is Feed The Future
Background
The mission of the U.S. Department of State is "to shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just and democratic world and foster conditions for
stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere" (U.S. Department of State 2016). Food security is a problem that
plagues much of the developing world. The U.S. government's global hunger and food security initiative "Feed the Future" (FTF) aims to put an end to
global hunger by giving people the tools they need in order to feed themselves. Feed the Future works in nineteen different nations across the globe but
does not include Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan or Yemen. According to theUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, unlike the other countries at risk, it is not a single rebel group that is causing food security issues. South Sudan is a nation that has been
in civil conflict since 2013 and both the government and rebels are to blame for creation of famine: "Government and rebel forces attack civilian targets
much more frequently than they attack each other. They target means of survival of civilian populations deemed to be unsupportive" (Clooney and
Prendergast). Targeting the civilian population includes doing things such as "cattle raids" which "result in complete impoverishment of entire
communities and unleash cycles of revenge attacks that poison relations between neighbors and entire ethnic groups" (Clooney and Prendergast). The
South Sudanese government has also stopped humanitarian aid, the "UN reports 967 denials of humanitarian aid" ("Famine menaces 20m people in
Africa and Yemen"). Also, the country is suffering from hyperinflation only making matters

United States Role In The Middle East Essay
The United States' Role in the Middle East
Every day the already–complex situation in the Middle East grows more difficult to solve.
The state of terror and violence that exists in many parts of this strategically invaluable region
brings into focus many controversial issues and questions. Many experts wonder: What can the
world do to stop terrorism? How can unstable nations create strong, stable, and long–lasting
governments? Has United States policy failed the region? While current policy is not a complete
disaster, the United States should significantly reduce both direct and indirect military
intervention and instead engage diplomatically or by funding humanitarian aid programs.
The majority of policy makers in the United States believe that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first, and likely most
prevalent, example is the 2003 invasion in Iraq, which "triggered tremendous...violence" in the
region (Shamoo). This violence, which still occurs today, exists largely because of U.S.
involvement and is an extremely negative effect of military involvement in the Middle East. The
United States should at least allow the Middle East to have the basic human need for freedom

from violence, and because this operation does not accomplish that its negatives outweigh its
positives. Another case where direct intervention failed is Libya, where U.S. airstrikes aided
Moammar Gadhafi's removal from power in 2011. While the intervention looked successful
early on, the region "quickly descended into anarchy" and violent attacks (Myre). Again direct
military intervention brought widespread violence in the country it was meant to help. The
violence in this case also violates the human right to live safely, proving that direct intervention
leaves negative impacts on the countries who receive it. In short, the direct intervention's
significant harm proves that it should be scaled back. Indirect military intervention, which

Humanitarian Aid, Conflict and Politics
Humanitarian Aid, Conflict and Politics Introduction Aid donors often want to ensure that the aid they provide reaches and supports the target
population in countries affected by war (Chr Michelsen Institute, & Bergen 2). However, with civilians working as both strategic targets and
"militarized" actors targets in the modern–day conflicts, the issue of humanitarian organizations providing relief services in war–torn areas has
increasingly been politicized. Factions targeting the civilians in war torn regions see any aid to civilians as "opponents" supporting the enemy (THE
ELLIOTT SCHOOL INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 3). The factions view the provision of assistance
and resource to the civilians as materially supporting hence supporting one side involved in the conflict. This viewpoint goes against humanitarian
relief organization's "provide aid but take no side" credo. Worse, the politicization of relief or aid may cause those representing non–governmental
organizations (NGOs) and agencies on the ground to be turned into strategic targets by opposing factions in the conflict. Hostile factions attack
representatives of the agency, local and international Non–governmental organizations in the field with a view to obtaining goods and services and to
prevent aid from reaching the targeted civilian population by that faction (THE ELLIOTT SCHOOL INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT GEORGE
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY 3). Besides, destruction of aid infrastructure and robbery

Afghanistan and Somalia
Afghanistan and Somalia have had many terrorists emerge over the span of twenty years in order to evoke disorder in the world. The United States
(U.S.) has been attempting to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat terrorists (A person, group, or organization that uses violent action, or the threat of violent
action, to further political goals; frequently in an attempt to coerce a more powerful opponent) associated with al–Qaida and its affiliates ("U.S.
Relations With Afghanistan"). For example, during the Battle of Mogadishu the U.S. attempted to capture Mohamed Farrah Hassan Aidid's foreign
minister Omar Salad Elmi and his highest political advisor, Mohamed Hassan Awale. In Afghanistan, the U.S. made a long
–term commitment to help
Afghanistan build a secure state with a democratic government that respects human rights ("U.S. Relations With Afghanistan"). In both Afghanistan and
Somalia the U.S. has intervened sequentially to provide assistance and aid and has successfully done so.
Diplomatic relations with Somalia have been established in 1960 with the U.S., after its constituent parts' independence from Italian and British
administration. Somalia's elected government was replaced with a coup with military rule that reflected ideological and economic need for the Soviet
Union. Somalia began to be contingent on the U.S. for military equipment and economic aid after the war with Ethiopia in the 1970s. Civil war within
the 1980s directed the downfall of Somalia's vital government

Genocide in Darfur Essay
The Holocaust of Today: Genocide in Darfur By definition, genocide is "the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political,
or cultural group." According to Eric Reeves, writer for the Sudan Tribune, genocide "encompasses not only the killing of members of a national,
ethical, racial, or religious group, as such, but also deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or part." Whatever genocide may be defined as, it is the most grotesque form of massacre known to man. Millions of people are
killed daily by hate groups in league with government organizations much like the Nazis of Adolf Hitler's Germany in the 1930s and 1940s. One of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This group works alongside Sudanese soldiers in an attempt to eliminate non–Arab Africans from the region. More than two and a half million people
have been displaced as villages are raided and burned to the ground. The defenseless villagers, if caught, are slaughtered mercilessly. If they are
fortunate, they might run fast enough to escape the Janjawid soldiers. The refugees seek sanctuary in expatriate camps in Chad and others hide within
the Darfur region among the fallen trees and in make–shift shelters. In the camps alone, two hundred and fifty thousand survive on less and less as
resources are depleted. Even in the camps, the people are not free from the fear that haunts them. Many of the camps have come under rebel attack and
thousands have died as a result. Unfortunately, no one is out of harm's way. Any non–Arab is subject to Janjawid attack with little or no chance to flee.
Regrettably, the Janjawid does not target males selectively. The number of women and girls that have been abducted, raped, and tortured is unknown.
Eighty percent of the people in Chad refugee camps are these women. Because they have been displaced, driven from their homes by force, they are
extremely vulnerable to assault. These unfortunate women and girls are most often victims of sexual abuse rather than outright murder. These women
suffer from physical and mental anguish with little or no medical care and an impossibly

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of International Law And...
International law and weapons:
Introduction:
Nuclear weapon disarmament is an act of reducing and abolished the weapon to have safe world. The nuclear weapons created between 1939 and
1959. The started to create the nuclear weapon in the cold war. Nowadays there are more than thousand weapons around the world threaten the life of
the individual and global security. Today more than nine countries have nuclear weapons and five more have US nuclear weapons on their soil. Many
country has used the nuclear weapons against next country in the war. The first weapon used in the world was in 1942 was a process of nuclear fusion.
The disadvantages and the harmful impacts of the nebular weapons made the International Law put some norms for which circumstances the country
can use and have the weapons. So the International law started to establish the norms to secure the world from the disadvantages of the weapons,
second the goal to reduce the level of the threat among the neighbors. These were some of the rules that established for using the weapons. And there is
an obvious connection between the humanitarian law ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the establishment of the norms the weapons could us in any circumstances. So the international law limited the reasons of using the weapons
against other states. And other organization would like to avoid this kind of issue among the states. Today however such killing are increasing in the
battle and the reasons is the weapons maximize the number of the victims and the dead people. The court noticed that for the privilege to apply to the
present condition of the law of the Charter on the utilization of power and the law material in equipped clash, specifically compassionate law, must
consider the one of a kind qualities of atomic weapons, and specifically their dangerous limit, their ability to bring about unbelievable human enduring,
and their capacity to harm to the coming

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