1. BIOTECHNOLOGY:PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
Biotechnology deals with using
LIVE
organisms or Enzymes from
organisms to produce products and processes useful to Humans.
*
PARTS of Biotechnology*
*
Invitro fertilization leading
to 'TEST-TUBE BABY
* syn. of gene
*
Developingof DNA
vaccine.
*
correction of
Defective Gene.
2. Accordingto EFB (European Federation of Blotechnogy)
BIOTECHNOLOGY-
most modern
-
Biotechnology comprises
Both traditional
science today. modern molecular Bio-
technology
-integration of
natural
science & organisms,cells
PART
A
Beneficial for Human
being.
3. principle of Biotechnology:-
-Two main
principle -
Genetic Engineering
Bioprocess Engineering.
* GENETIC ENGINEERING A
Paul Bestoften consider Father of
Genetic Engineering & Awarded Nobel prize.
-
It is
define as the Direct manipulation of Genome (DNA&RNA) of
organisms.
-
It also involve the Tsanster of
New Genes to improve the function
4. or trait into Host
organisms
and thus changes the
phenotype of the Host
organisms.
*
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING * [MICROBIAL
Contamination FREE]
maintenance ofsterilecondition > PRODUCTS ARE
· Antibiotics
·
vaccine
in chemical engineeringprocess
-
to enable growth of onlydesired ·
Enzyme
⑥
microbes for
manufacture of ·
Hormone
Biotechnological products · Blood clotting FACTOR
(a
⑧
5. conceptual Development of the perinciples ofgenetic
Engineering:-
* Traditional Hybridization used in plants and Animal breeding
leadsto -
undesirable gene along
with desired traits.
·
Genetic Engineeringincludes - creation of
Recombinant DNA
↓
using
of gene closing & Gene Transfer
without introducingundesirable genes into TARGET
organisms
6. =>
A piece of
DNA -
introduced into Alien (Foreign)
organisms organisms
would NOT
be able to
multiply
itself in the
organisms]
-
When it gets integrated into the Genome of the
Recipient
start multiply into the
organism]
BC
ofDNA in an
organisms it needs to be a
part of
a
chromosome which has a
specific sequence known as 'OR
/
origin of Replication
7. Alien DNA is linked with the ORIGIN of
Replication
This is known as CLONING or makingmultiple Identical
copies of
anytemplate
DNA.
*
PLASMID * *Extra chromosmal when Introduce
·
self Replicating into
Host
organisms
·
circular part it can
·
Double strand DNA
Replicate.
·
Transferable
·
present in Bacteria
·
(salmonella typhimurium)
- -
8. ·
Cohen &
Boyes
in
1972, Isolated the antibiotic Resistance
gene
by cuttingout a piece of
DNA from PLASMID
of
salmonella typhimusium
he
cutting of DNA at specific locations became possible
with the Discovery of the molecular scissorRestriction
Enzymes.
9. the cut piece of DNA was then
linked with the plasmid DNA
·DNA is transferred into
↳
E.coli, it could Replicate
using New Host DNA
PLAsmid can be used as VECTOR
[Polymerase Enzyme make its to deliver the alien piece of
multiple copies] DNA into Host
·
Ability to
multiply copies of ⑭
Antibiotic Resistance Gene Alien piece Foreign DNA start
in E.coli called clowning Replicating along with PLAsmid
Resistance gene. inside the HOST.
10. steps of Recombinant DNA
Technology
Identification of DNA with Desirable genes.
2. Introduction of the Identified DNA into the Host.
3. Maintance of Introduced DNA in the Hostand Teausfes
of the DNA to its
progeny
11. Tools of Recombinant DNA
Technology
Key Tools:-
*
Restriction Enzymes
*
Polymerase Enzymes
*
DNA ligase Enzymes
*
VECTORS
* Host
organisms.
12. Restriction Endonuclease Enzyme (molecular scissors)
· 2E
Discovered
byARBER
RANa Term Restriction
Smith Means Inhibition
· most of
RE-Syno inside Bacteria ofPathogens inside
BACTERIAL
· Ist RE =
HIND CESS
·
RE
belongto a larger class of
Enzymes calledNucleases
·
RE
naturally Found inside the BACTERIA.
14. -
Ist RE HIND-
1, Always cut DNA molecules at a
particular
point
by Recognizing a
specific sequence of
six
base pairs
-
This specific
base sequence is known as the Restriction sequence
For findI.
15. Pallidsomic sequence in DNA
-the pallindrome in DNA isa
Each Restriction Endonuclease
sequence of Base pairs that
Recognises a specific pallindromic
Reads came on two strands nucleotide sequence in the DNA
when orientation of Reading ·
Pallindromes are Group of letters
is kept the same that form the same words when
51-GAATTC-31 READ both Forward & Backward
31-CTTAAG-51
eg MALYALAM
16. Restriction Enzymes cut the strand of
DNA a little
away from the centre of the pallindromic sequence
· Restriction Indonucleases are used in Genetic Engineeringtoform
Recombinant molecules of DNA which are
composed of DNA from
diferent sources or Genome.
when cutthe same Restriction Enzyme
the Resultant DNA
fragments have the
same kind of
sticky and can be join
together with the Help ofDNALIGAGES
