Class 12 chapter 11

2. Definition of
Biotechnology
Principles of
Biotechnology
Tools of Recombinant DNA
technology
Processes of Recombinant DNA
technology

3. Definition of
Biotechnology
Biotechnology deals with
techniques of using live
organisms or enzymes from
organisms to produce products
and processes useful to
humans

4. Definition by
European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB)
The integration of Natural
science and organisms,
cells, parts thereof and
molecular anlogues
for products and services

5. Principles of
Biotechnology
Genetic
Engineerin
g
Maintenance
of sterile
Environment

6. Genetic
Engineering
Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material
(DNA and RNA) , to introduce these into host organisms
and thus
change the phenotype of the host organism

7. Maintenance of sterile
environment
Maintenance of sterile ambience in chemical
engineering processes to enable growth of only the
desired microbe/ eukaryotic cell in large quantities for
the manufacture of biotechnological products like
antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes etc.

8. 3 basic steps in genetically modifying an
organism:
Identification of DNA with desirable
genes
Introduction of the identified DNA into the
host
Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer
of the DNA to its progeny

9. Tools of Biotechnology
Restriction
Endonuclea
se Enzyme
Cloning
Vectors
Competent
Host

10. 1963: 2 Enzymes are responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophagein
Escherichia coli were isolated
The enzyme which adds methyl groups: Deoxyadenosine methylase (DAM)
The enzyme which cuts DNA: Restriction Endonuclease
First endonuclease found was Hind II
Eco RI
Eco: Escherichia coli (Name of the bacteria)
R: RYstrain
I: Roman number indicating the order in which enzyme was isolated from the
bacteria
RE recognizes palindromic sequences: DNA sequence of base pairs thatreads
same on the 2 strands when orientation of reading is kept thesame.

14. Features required to facilitate Cloning in
Vector
Origin of
replication
(Ori)
Selectabl
e
marker
Cloning
Sites
Vectors for
cloning in
Plants and
Animals
Vectors used for preparing recombinant DNA (Inserting DNA of
our choice/ desired gene) are known as Cloning Vectors

15. Sequence from where replication starts is known as Ori
This sequence is also responsible for
controlling the copy number of the linked
DNA.
So if many copies are to be recovered the
vector must have high copy number
Any piece of DNA when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate
within the host cells.

17. Site where DNA to be cloned isinserted
in the vector
This is usually a restriction enzyme site
present in any of the selectable marker
site
Ex: BamH I restriction enzyme site is the
cloning site for the selectable marker
tetracyclin

18. Selection of the recombinant is done by insertional inactivation:
Inactivation of the removed gene due to new insert

21. In order to force bacteria to take up the plasmid the bacterial cells must firstbe
made competent by treating them with calcium ions

22. Methods of introduction of rDNA in Host
Heat
Shock
Microinjectio
n
Bollisti
c
Metho
d
Use of
disarmed
pathogen

26. Process of Recombinant
DNA technology
Isolation
of
genetic
material
Cutting
of DNA
at
specific
location
Amplificat
i on of
gene of
interest
using
PCR
Insertion of
recombinan
t DNA into
the host
cell/
organism
Obtaining
the
foreign
gene
product

27. Lysozyme Cellulase Chitinase
Bacterial
cells
Plant
cells
Animal
cells
Ribonucleasese
+ Proteases
Isolated DNA

30. Bioreactors are used to yield appreciable quantities of productto
produce in large quantities

34. The processes like separation and purification of biosynthetic
product before it is ready for marketing as a finished product is
known as Downstream processing
Steps of Downstream processing
Formulation of product with preservatives
Clinical trials of drugs/ formulations
Strict quality control testing for each product