2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS):
• It is any solid materials (un-dissolved) present in the water, such as
impurities - sand - inorganic materials - algae - sediment - silt - plankton,
etc.
• It is solid particles suspended in water that is trapped by the filter.
• It may lead to various complications during the injection process or
damage to the reservoir.
• Larger particles have a higher density and tend to settle.
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3. The effect of suspended solids during the injection process:
• The solids suspended in the water hinder it during the injection process,
which may lead to the blocking of the injection well backpressure.
• It may lead to the accumulation of suspended matter to the formation of
scale or corrosion in the well.
• It affects the properties of the reservoir because solid materials lead to a
decrease in porosity and poor permeability.
• This leads to a decrease in the speed of liquid flow and its transmission
within the rock pores.
• Injection water should be appropriately treated prior to injection to
decrease damage. 3
Effect of suspended solids on porosity in the reservoir.
4. Treatment water disposal of suspended solids:
➢ Filtration:
1- Coarse filter: Coarse filters are used to remove suspended large solids
from injected water in order to prevent blockage, physical damage, and
abrasion of pipelines and other facilities.
Removal of big-size particles usually above 80 µm present in water.
2- Fine Filters: Coarse filters are used to remove suspended small solids
from injected water.
Removal of small-size particles up to 2 µm present in water.
➢ Addition of a chemical (coagulant) that is dosed into the inlet of the
filter to help in the coagulation of suspended solids.
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5. Seawater treatment system before injection into the well:
1- Seawater lift pump: Seawater is lifted by seawater lift
pumps and pumped to the filters.
2- Filtration: The seawater is then passed through filters to
remove suspended solids.
The filter elements are automatically cleaned in a continuous
backwash cycle with filtered water while operating.
3- De-oxygenation: The filtered water is passed through de-
oxygenation towers to reduce the oxygen level to 200 ppb
and the oxygen scavenger chemical further reduces the
dissolved oxygen to a permissible limit of 20 ppb.
This prevents internal corrosion of equipment and pipelines.
Ideally, there should be (Nil) dissolved oxygen in the injection
water.
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6. Sea water treatment:
4- Chemical injection: A chemical injection system is
provided for storing and injecting various chemicals into
the water flood stream at various points in the system.
5- The treated water is pumped with the help of booster
pumps and main injection pumps to the water injection
network.
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