3. JALKAL VIBHAG Nagar Nigam , Kanpur
The municipal limit of Kanpur Nagar is about 780 sq. km. About 80% is covered by water
supply and about 60% is covered by sewerage system.
Prior to the creation of Kanpur Jal Sansthan water supply and sewerage services were
looked after by local Municipal Corporation.
The working / administrative set up of JalKal Vibhag is decentralized in Six Zone. Each zone
is headed by Executive Engineer who is responsible for water supply, sewerage.
www.jalkalkanpur.in
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8. PRE-CHLORINATION
It is the process in which chlorine is added to breakdown
the heavier particle in the smaller fraction present in the
raw water.
Example:- WASTE OF SUGAR PLANTS(MOLASSES), PLANTS &
TREES
0.2mg/liter, is the concentration of chlorine used in JAL KAL
NIGAM in the PRE-CHLORINATION
9. 1-WATER IS DELIVERED BY PUMPS INTO A SUMP.
2-CHLORINE GAS IS MIXED WITH THE SUMPS IN SUCH A WAY
THE GAS IS BUBBLED FROM DOWNWARD DIRECTION.
3-GAS PIPE OF CHLORINE WAS PLOTTED IN RECTANGULAR
SUMP IN SUCH A WAY THAT: ALL CORNERS , AND MIDDLE OF THE
SUMP WHERE IN DIRECT CONTACT OF CHLORINE .
#- Its not allowed to stay in the Pre-chlorination chamber for long time due to
TOXICITY which chlorine contains.
10. COAGULATION
Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge
The colloidal particles are negatively charged and alum is added as a coagulant to
create positively charged ions.
A chemical compound “ALUM” is added as the coagulation agent.
Dosing
JAR Test
Rapid & slow mixing
in constant volume
11. It’s the self explaining flow diagram
Iron and aluminum salts are the most widely used coagulants but salts of other metals such
as titanium and zirconium have been found effective.
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13. Flocculation is "a process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of
a dispersion form larger-size clusters".
Flocculation
Flocculation is a mixing technique that promotes agglomeration and assists in the
settling of particles. The most common used coagulant is alum, Al2(SO4)3 • 14 H2O.
Al2(SO4)3 • 14 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 6 H+ + 3 SO4
2- + 8 H2O
Flocculation is affected by several parameters, including mixing
speeds, mixing intensity, and mixing time
Polymer physically forms a bridge between two or more particles,
uniting them into a random three dimensional structure that is
loose and porous.
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15. Sedimentation
Sedimentation is a process using gravity to remove suspended solids
from water.
Clarifiers are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous
removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation
Points regarding SEDIMENTATION.
Its open tank process.
The particle size.
The temperature of the water.
The extent of impurities
The external climatic condition.
17. POST-CHLORINATION
The settled water is again treated with CHLORINE for
removal of ODOR , COLOUR , TASTE.
It is the addition of chlorine to the water in order to
prevent microbial growth. Ideally, there should be 0.2 to 0.1
parts of Chlorine per Million parts of water.
It also reduces the load on the FILTRATION unit , by
maximum elimination of the impurities (unwanted
component).
18. FILTRATION
1-Water flows through a Filter designed to remove particles
in the water.
2-The filters are made of layers of sand and gravel, and
some filter units with crushed Anthracite(to eliminate
odor).
3-Filtration collects the suspended impurities in water and
enhances the effectiveness of disinfection.
4-The filters are routinely cleaned by Backwashing.
19. BACK WASHING
1- The WATER is filled in the filter bed as initial steps.
2-The air with high velocity is allowed to pass through these BED.
3- Due to high velocity, the dirt particles trapped inside the filter
media jumps out of the void into the outer surface.
4- Water is allowed to discharge from the BED, which agglomerate
or takes all the impurities along side and move into the sump.
5- The air is again passed to dry the bed for its REUSE.
20. REVERSE OSMOSIS V/S TREATED WATER
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a partially permeable
membrane to remove ions, unwanted molecules and larger particles from drinking
water. Its maintain the T.D.S level to 100mg/l
They recover only 5 to 15% of the water entering the system. The remainder is discharged as
waste water
A reverse-osmosis unit delivering 19 L of treated water per day may discharge between 75–340
L of waste water daily
1. RO Purification Removes All Essential Minerals from Water
2. RO Purification Reduces the pH Level of Water
According to a WHO report published in 1980, de-mineralized water or low-
mineral water is not considered ideal and its regular consumption may result in a
deficiency of some essential minerals
