2. CONTENT LIST
• Introduction
• There are some problems in the source of water must be removal
• Solids (sands)
• Suspendedsolids
• Dissolved solids
• Dissolved gas
• Biological material
3. INTRODUCTION
• In many operations worldwide,
surface waters are injected into
producing formations to
enhance oil recovery.The types
of surface waters used range
from seawater (salt water) to
lake water (brackish) to river
water (fresh water).
4. INTRODUCTION
Surface water injection is an attractive option for the following reasons:
• In many cases, surface water is easily accessibleand readily available without
high-cost well-drilling and well-completion activities.
• Most surface-water supplies can be used without having to pay fees or taxes.
• The use of surface water creates very little environmental impact or concern.
Treatmentof surface water for injection requires a specially designed system
made up of various components to remove or control any contaminants in the
water.
5. THEREARE SOME PROBLEMS INTHE SOURCE OF
WATER MUST BE REMOVAL :
• Solids (sand)
• Dissolved gas (oxygen)
• Biological material (plankton
and bacteria)
• Suspendedsolids
• Dissolved solids (sulfate)
6. SOLIDS (SANDS)
Solids : solids tend to have a rigid shape, as the atoms or molecules of matter in the
solid state are generally compressed and tightly connected through chemical bonds.
Problems that causes : solid materials block the pores of rocks,disrupt the injection
process,and can stop the production process.
Treatment : coagulation,it is positive charge is added to the water so that the negative
charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in the water can join. During sedimentation,
flocs settle to the bottom of the water because they are heavier than water. Filtration,
these filters remove dissolvedparticles and germs, such as dust, chemicals,
parasites, bacteria, and viruses.
7. SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Problems of Suspended Solids:
• It takes up a large amount of water volume,which makes the quantity unreal and runs out
quickly.
Treating : solids in water that can be trapped by a filter.
8. DISSOLVED SOLIDS
(SALINITY , DENSITY , CONDUCTIVITY , IONS)
Problems of dissolved Solids:
• The salts and minerals dissolved in the water increase the viscosity of the water and
make it heavier.
• It hinders its movement while passing between rock pores .
Treating : Add water free of salts and other minerals until the salts are reduced.
Transferring water from one tank to another and leaving it for a period of time.
9. DISSOLVED GAS (OXYGEN)
Surface water (fresh or saline) will contain dissolved oxygen that must be removed by the water-
treating facility.
Problems that causes: corrosionproblems in the facilities and bacteria-plugging problems in an
injection reservoir.
The following are capable of removing these dissolved gases:
• chemical scavengers
• gas stripping
• liquid extraction
10. BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
(PLANKTON AND BACTERIA)
Surface water contains biological constituents (primarily bacteria) that can
contaminate the water-injection system. Because bacteria have the ability to
multiply rapidly into colonies, they can:
• cause plugging of surface and downhole equipment and injection-well formations
• promote corrosion of surface piping and downhole tubulars
• generate H2S that can cause pitting corrosion
Treating : chemical biocides,the most common of which is chlorine.
