THIS POWERPOINT CONTAIN REACTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS WITH MACHANISM OF THE FOLLOWING 1. CONDENSATION 2. ALDOL CONDENSATION 3. CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION 4. CANNIZZARO REACTION 5. CROSSED CANNIZZARO REACTION 6. BENZOIN CONDENSATION 7. PERKIN CONDENSATION

1. BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
CORPORATE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, BHOPAL
VISIT MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL – PHARMARISING
OR VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI
REACTION OF CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS
1. CONDENSATION
2. ALDOL CONDENSATION
3. CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION
4. CANNIZZARO REACTION
5. CROSSED CANNIZZARO REACTION
6. BENZOIN CONDENSATION
7. PERKIN CONDENSATION

2. 1. CONDENSATION
2. ALDOL CONDENSATION
3. CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION
4. CANNIZZARO REACTION
5. CROSSED CANNIZZARO REACTION
6. BENZOIN CONDENSATION
7. PERKIN CONDENSATION
CONTENT
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

3. condensation reaction is the combination of two
molecules to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of
a small molecule such as water.
CONDENSATION
condensation of two amino acids to give a peptide bond.
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

4. Aldol condensation occurs in aldehydes having α-
hydrogen with a dilute base to give β-hydroxy
aldehydes called aldols. This reaction is most commonly
known as aldol condensation. If the condensation reaction
occurs between two different carbonyl compounds it is
called crossed aldol condensation.
An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in
organic chemistry in which an enol or an enolate ion reacts
with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or
β-hydroxyketone, followed by dehydration to give a
conjugated enone.
ALDOL CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

5. EXAMPLE -
CONTI…
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6. Step-1:
In reverse order, The hydroxide ion deprotonates the aldehyde.
MECHANISM OF ALDOL CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

7. Step-2:
Here Enolate ion 1 adds to the unreacted aldehyde.
CONTI…
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8. Step-3:
Alkoxide ion 2 is protonated by water.
CONTI…
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9. Step-4:
A small amount of aldol is converted into enolate ion (4) by hydroxide ion
CONTI…
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10. Step-5:
Here Enolate Ion(4) loses a hydroxide ion
CONTI…
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11. The condensation reaction between two different molecules of
an aldehyde or ketone in a protic solvent such as water or alcohol
constitutes the crossed aldol reaction. When condensation is
between two different carbonyl compounds, it is called crossed aldol
condensation.
CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION
+
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

12. The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is
a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of two
molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and
a carboxylic acid.
CANNIZZARO REACTION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

13. Mechanism Step 1
A nucleophile such as a hydroxide ion is used to attack the carbonyl group of the given aldehyde,
causing a disproportionation reaction and giving rise to an anion carrying 2 negative charges.
MECHANISM OF CANNIZZARO REACTION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

14. Mechanism Step 2
This resulting intermediate can now function as a hydride reducing
agent. Due to its unstable nature, the intermediate releases a
hydride anion. This hydride anion proceeds to attack another
aldehyde molecule. Now, the doubly charged anion is converted into
a carboxylate anion and the aldehyde is converted into an alkoxide
anion.
CONTI…
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

15. Mechanism Step 3
In this final step, water offers a proton to the alkoxide anion which
gives rise to the final alcohol product. The reaction can proceed
since the alkoxide is more basic than water. Now, the carboxylate
ion gives rise to the final carboxylic acid product when acid workup
is used (the acid workup is required since carboxylate is less basic
than water and therefore cannot obtain a proton from water).
CONTI…
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

16. CONTI…
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

17. Aldehydes with alpha hydrogen atoms undergo deprotonation due to the
strongly alkaline conditions of the reaction, leading to enolates and/or aldol
reactions of these enolates were beta-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones are
obtained.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the reaction produces only 50% of the
required alcohol and carboxylic acid at ideal conditions.
This is why the crossed Cannizzaro reaction is more commonly used.
A sacrificial aldehyde is combined with a more valuable chemical and
formaldehyde is used as a reductant, oxidizing it to sodium formate.
The required alcohol is obtained from the reduction of the other aldehyde
chemical.
Since 2 different aldehydes can be completely converted into the required
product, the yield of the valuable chemical is increased.
CROSSED CANNIZZARO REACTION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

18. CONTI…
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19. Benzoin condensation reaction can be defined as the reaction
between two kinds of aromatic aldehydes especially benzaldehyde,
in the presence of some catalyst (either nucleophile or heterocyclic)
to form an aromatic parent compound.
Condensation reactions are mainly used to create carbon to carbon
bonds, polymers, new monomers, production of polypeptides, etc.
The benzoin condensation reaction is nothing but the coupling
reaction that occurs between aldehydes for the formation of parent
benzoin. In this case, the benzaldehyde is involved in this
homocoupling process.
BENZOIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

20. CONTI…
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21. Step 1: Formation of a Cyanohydrin
Step 2: Formation of a Nucleophiles from the Cyanohydrin
Step 3: Reaction of the New Nucleophile with the Second
Equivalent of Benzaldehyde
Step 4: Regeneration of the Catalyst
MECHANISM OF BENZOIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

22. MECHANISM OF BENZOIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

23. EXAMPLE OF BENZOIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

24. The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction developed
by English chemist William Henry Perkin that is used to make cinnamic acids. It
gives an α,β-unsaturated aromatic acid by the aldol condensation of
an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride, in the presence of an alkali salt of
the acid. The alkali salt acts as a base catalyst, and other bases can be used
instead.
One notable application for the Perkin reaction is in the laboratory synthesis of
the phytoestrogenic stilbene resveratrol.
PERKIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

25. MECHANISM OF PERKIN CONDENSATION
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI

26. THANK YOU
FOR WATCHING
BY – VISHAL SINGH SOLANKI