This document discusses laminar flow characteristics including: 1. Laminar flow occurs in orderly layers with no intermixing between fluid particles. 2. Velocity is nearly constant in magnitude and direction within each layer. 3. Viscous forces dominate over other forces, damping any disturbances. 4. Shear stress is calculated using Newton's law of viscosity and the no-slip condition causes non-uniform velocity across a flow section.

1. VISCOUS FLOWS
LAMINAR FLOW
Definition: The flow in which the particles of fluid behave in orderly
manner with out intermixing with each other and the flow takes place in
number of sheets, layers or laminar, each sliding over the other is called as
laminar flow.
Characteristics of Laminar Flow:
1. Particle of fluid behave in disciplined manner. No inter-mixing of particle.
2. Flow takes place in layers which glide over one another.
2. Velocity of flow at a point is nearly constant in magnitude and direction.
3. Viscous force plays an important role in fluid flow (as compared to
other forces).
4. Shear stress is obtained by the Newton’s Law of Viscosity. 5.
Any disturbance caused is quickly damped by viscous forces
6. Due to No-slip condition, velocity across the section is not uniform.
Velocity gradient and hence, the shear stress gradient is established at
right angles to the direction of flow.

2. Hagen Poiseuille Equation

4. • LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH A CIRCULAR PIPE
• Shear Stress Distribution:
• shear stress is maximum.
to = (p/x)(R/2)
• VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS
• u=(1/4μ)(- p/x)(R2-r2)

5. • (R2/4μ)(- p/x)= umax
• u= umax [1-(r/R)2]
• DISCHARGE AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
• , uav =[umax/2]
• Pressure Drop over a Length of Pipe
• (p1 – p2) = [32μuL/D2]
• f = [16 / Re]
• POWER REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN THE FLOW
• (P) = rgqhf

6. LAMINAR FLOW BETWEEN PARALLEL
PLATES – BOTH PLATES FIXED

7. • (p/x) = (t/y)
• Velocity Distribution:u = 1/2μ (–p/x) [ty – y2]
• Umax= B2/8μ (–p/x)
• DISCHARGE AND AVERAGE VELOCITY
• uav = (2/3) Umax
• PRESSURE DROP OVER A GIVEN LENGTH OF
PLATES
• (p1 – p2) = [12μ uav/B2] L
• SHEAR STRESS
• (t0) = (– p/x) (B/2)