This document provides information about coal and petroleum as natural resources. It discusses that coal formed from decaying plant matter that was trapped underground for millions of years. There are different types of coal based on carbon content and quality. Petroleum is formed from decaying marine organisms and is extracted as crude oil, which is refined into useful products like gasoline, diesel and others. It also mentions that fossil fuels like coal and petroleum are exhaustible resources and conservation efforts like alternative energy sources can help reduce their usage and pollution.

1. Class- 8 chapter 5
COAL AND PETROLEUM

2. What is resource?
• A resource is a source or supply from which a benefit is
produced and that has some utility.
• These resources are classified into two types:
*Natural resource (the resources which are available in
nature. Example : WOOD, FABRICS
*artificial resource ( the resources which are made by
humans in industries and factories. Example : METAL,
TEXTILES

3. Types of natural resources
• Natural resources are of 2 types:
• Exhaustible natural resource: resources
which are available in limited quantity and
can be finished in future is called as
exhaustible natural resource.
Example : water, trees
• In-exhaustible natural resource: resource
which available in excess quantity and
cannot be finished in future is called as In-
exhaustible natural resource.
• Example : Sunlight, air

4. Fossil fuels
•The fuels which are formed by
the dead remains of living
organisms.
Example : petroleum , coal

5. Coal
• It is hard as stone and it is in
black color.
• Coal is one of the fuels used for
cooking in olden days.
• It is also used to generate
thermal power and to produce
electricity.
• When the coal is burned it mainly
produces carbon dioxide.

6. Story of coal
• About 300 million years ago our
world was fully surrounded by
forests. By the natural phenomenon
like flood, volcanic eruption, tsunami
the forests went underground.
Under high pressure the dead
vegetation slowly started converting
to coal. Since it is formed by dead
vegetation it is known as fossil fuel.

7. Products of coal
• Coke : it is tough porous and black
substance . It is the pure form of
carbon. It is used to manufacture steel
and extraction of metals.
• Coal- tar: it is a thick liquid with
unpleasant smell. It is mixture of 200
substances. It is used to make paint,
drugs, dyes, perfume, plastics etc..
• Coal gas : coal gas is obtained from the
processing of coal to get coke. It is
used to transport easily through pipes.

8. • Lignite: often referred to as brown coal, is
a soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary
rock formed from naturally compressed
peat. It is considered the lowest rank of
coal due to its relatively low heat content.
• Bituminous: Bituminous coal or black coal
is a relatively soft coal containing a tarlike
substance called bitumen or asphalt. It is
of higher quality than lignite and Sub-
bituminous coal, but of poorer quality
than anthracite.

9. • Sub- bituminous coal: Sub-bituminous coal is
a type of lower grade coal which contains
35%-45% carbon. The properties of this type
are between those of lignite, the lowest
grade coal, and those of bituminous coal, the
second highest grade of coal. Sub-bituminous
coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-
electric power generation.
• Anthracite :Anthracite, also known as hard
coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that
has a submetallic luster. It has the highest
carbon content, the fewest impurities, and
the highest energy density of all types of coal
and is the highest ranking of coals. Carbon
content (%): 92 – 98

10. • Graphite : referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline form of the
element carbon with its atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. It
occurs naturally in this form and is the most stable form of carbon
under standard conditions. Under high pressures and temperatures
it converts to diamond.

11. Petroleum
• Petroleum is obtained from the dead remains of marine
animals.
• The word ‘petroleum’ means ‘petra’ means rock and ‘oleum’
means oil. Thus the word petroleum means rock oil.
• The world first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania , USA in
1859.
INDIA:
Assam
Gujarat
Mumbai high
river basins of Godavari and Krishna

13. Petroleum refineries
Petroleum refineries change crude oil
into petroleum products for use as
fuels for transportation, heating,
paving roads, and generating
electricity and as feedstocks for
making
chemicals. Refining breaks crude oil
down into its various components,
which are then selectively
reconfigured into new products.

14. • The process of separating the various constituents/ fractions
of petroleum is known as refining. It is carried out in a petroleum
refinery.At the refinery, the crude oil mixture is 'fractionated' into
different components by fractional distillation
• the main purpose of petroleum refining is to convert crude oil into
usefull products such as LPG, gasoline, jet fuel, Diesel oil, jet fuel and
fuel oils. The main purpose of refining petroleum is to make the
best use of it. As petroleum is a fuel , therefore it can be used in
many ways for many purposes.
• Petroleum is referred to as Black Gold. ... When the petroleum is
drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is referred to as crude oil.
This name black gold itself is an indication that it is very vital to
humans. Because of its oil and worth, people refer to it gold.

15. Natural gas
Natural gas (also called fossil gas;
sometimes just gas) is
a naturally occurring
hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting
primarily of methane, but commonly
including varying amounts of other
higher alkanes, and sometimes a small
percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

16. Conservation of fuels:
Coal and petroleum which are also called fossil fuels or non- renewable energy
resources. One way of fuel conservation is to avoid their wastage. Switching to
alternative sources such as solar energy in the forms of solar heater, solar
cookers, use of natural gas and wind energy are some ways to reduce their
usage.
However, there is a more important reason to conserve fossil fuels, and that's
to help heal the environment. Burning petroleum, coal and natural gas fills the air
with harmful pollutants, including nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide,
ozone and a host of hydrocarbons.
The 'Reduce', 'Reuse' and 'Recycle' elements are referred to as the '3 R's'
Reducing - Try to reduce the amount of waste you produce, as this is the best
way to help the environment!