this is the lesson of chapter 2 from class 9 history NCERT 'SOCIALISM IN EUROPE AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTION'

1. Socialism in Europe and The
Russian Revolution

2.  We have learnt chapter 2 of civics meaning of socialism. After
the socialism there were many changes taking place and
influenced Globe.
 In the word ‘SOCIALISM, NAZISM etc. we can find LISM means
ideology.
 The product of Individual rights of persons started influencing
people even in India Raja Rammohan Roy and Derozio started
debating on significance of French revolution.

3. Socialism in Europe
 Russian revolution is a series of revolution that took place
in 1905-1917.
 This revolution finally destroyed CZAR autocracy and led
Russia to Soviet union.
 More philosophers emerged in those years and these
philosophes were classified into 3 groups
 Liberals
 radicals
 Conservatives

4. Liberals
 This group worked upon changes in country.
 Change the nations to secular nations
 Opposed the monarch and dynasty rules.
 recommended Individual rights
 Judiciary should be free and should not abide
Government.
 But they did not give voting rights for
everyone the men who are the owners of
property are given voting rights.

5. Radicals
 Radicals need to form the
government by the majority of
people.
 Disliked concentration of
property by few people.
 Supported suffragette.

6. Conservative (autocracy)
 Opposed to radicals and liberals.
 After 1815 they opened their mind
to changes in society
 But as they were autocracy they
no need any changes in persons
as after 1815 heir mind changed
they agreed on changes. But it
should happen slowly.

7. Why after 1815?
 We know that after the death of Louis XVI Napoleon
Bonaparte ascended the throne and he was eager in
occupying the nearby territories to abolish Monarchy but in
Waterloo battle he was defeated and France came under
autocratic rule.
 People started protesting against this government and last in
early 19th century the autocrats allowed some changes but to
happen slowly

8. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL
CHANGE

9.  It was time of social and economic change.
 Many people got work. Women, men, children were sent to work.
 But there was no proper housing and sanitation.
 Liberals and Radicals did not agree and wanted a change.
 Most of industries were in hands of individuals.
 Than giving country to autocracy we can give our country to low class
people who are educated and healthy to earn more profits.
 Many people conducted rally and went in support of Radical and
liberal.

10. Coming of socialism in Europe.
 In this part we are going to
see about 4 doctrines.
 Robert Owen
 Louis Blanc
 Karl Marx
 Freidrich Engles

11.  Robert Owen- Robert Owen was one of the leading English
manufacturer. He wanted to build a Cooperative society called
as ‘New Harmony’ in Indiana

12.  Louis Blanc: He also wanted a cooperative nation. He also
wanted the government to encourage the growth of
cooperative and replace Capitalists. Cooperative is
association of people who produced goods together and
divided the profit equally.

13.  Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Their thoughts were
same. Karl Marx opposed capitalists. Karl Marx need
cooperative society and need all the property should
be handed socially.

14. Support for Socialism
 In 1870’s socialists idea spread throughout the
Europe. Socialist formed the international association
called ‘ Second International’
 In Europe and Germany many parties emerged in
better living and working conditions of labor. The
parties are:
 Social Democratic Party ( SDP) – Germany
 In 1905 traders unionists and socialists formed
Party( Britain)
 Socialist party – France

16. Russian Revolution

18. Introduction
 Socialists took over the Russia through
October revolution in 1917.
 Russia map today is different from olden
Russian map. Finland, Latvia, Lithuania,
Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine, Belarious,
Georgia, Azerbaijan is also the part of Russian
empire those days.

20. Economy and society
 This country was major based on
agriculture. 85% people in
Russia was earning their
livelihood from agriculture.
 This ratio of Farmers in Russia
is more than Europe and France
.
 Russia was one of the greatest
exporter of grains

21.  Industry was found in
pockets.
 Prominent industrial area
was found in St Petersburg
and Moscow.
 Craftsmen were also
existed.
 In 1890 many factories were
set up and railway extended
extended and Foreign
investments raised

22.  Government told to the owners
there should be minimum
wages and limited hours of
works. But in more places these
rules were broken. In factories
they worked 10-12 hours. But
craftsmen worked 15 hours.
 Workers wee divided socially.
Miners considered them as
aristocrats. Women were
forced to work in factories
about 31% were women but
payed minimum than men.

23.  Peasants cultivated most land
the land was given by nobility
and orthodox church.
 Nobles or nobility will not
respect the peasants and
collected tax as they did not
got their power by local
people but by impressing the
TSAR.
 The peasants did not want to
pay tax rather they killed the
land owners. In 1905 this
incident spread all over Russia.

24. Socialism in Russia

25.  Till 1914 the Tsar autocracy as
ruling the country. So the starting
of political party was considered as
illegal. The Russian social
democratic workers party was
found in 1848. They functioned
secretly and started newspaper
and organized strikes.
 The party was then divided into
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
Bolsheviks was headed Vladimir
Lenin and Mensheviks was
by Julies.

26. Lenin wanted Bolsheviks group to ne in
number and disciplined. Which Julius
Martov allowed everyone in the group.

28.  Russia was an autocracy.
 TSAR did not support to
parliament.
 Liberals along with Social
democrats and Socialist
revolutionaries demanded
the constitution.

30.  In 1904 the prices of essential good
raised and wages were decreased
up to 20%.
 In putilov Iron works four workers
ere dismissed without any reason
with next few days 110000 workers
gathered in St. Petersburg gathered
in support of 4 workers.

31.  They demanded in reduction of
working hours and better facilities.
 This protest was led by Father Gapon.
 They moved to winter palace where
they got clash between peoples and
police and Cossaks.
 In this incident 100 were killed and
300 were wounded severely. In
opposite to this college students
banned their studies and demanded
for civil liberties.

35. After seeing this Nicholas II got tensed and agreed for
creating elected constitution called Duma.
Within 75 days of creation he dismissed it and told
within 3 months there will the second duma.
In this first 2 dumas there were people from all
backgrounds and he noticed the people did not
follow him.
He dismissed second duma also and made 3rd duma
only with conservative representatives.

36. DUMA

38.  In 1914 war broke out between
two European alliances. Germany,
Austria, Turkey was called as
central powers and France, Britain,
Russia, Italy, Romania are called
alliances.
 The was popular between people
and it did not last for more days.
 Tsar refused to consult its Duma.
Tsarina Alexandra and Rasputin
made autocracy unpopular.

39.  As Russia army was the biggest army in the world.
But too they defeated in war.
 In 1917 there were 7 million causalities.
 Russia army destroyed most crops and building
which led to 3 million refugees to Russia.
 The Baltic sea was in control of Germany and
stopped the income of raw materials.
 Large grains were sent in form of feed from cities
which led to shortage of food in cities.

40.  By winter of 1916 there were many bread riots.

41. February revolution in Petrograd

42. Layout of
Petrograd
Right side Left side
in the right side of the river there
was all the common people’s
residence, factories etc..
On the left side of the river all
the prestigious people lived lie
king, nobility etc.
River Neva

45. Food shortages in quarters
was growing more
Winter was very heavy and
snow was everywhere.
Napoleon thought to dissolve the
duma

46.  On 22nd February one of the factory as shutdown without
any information. On the next day 50 factories were shutdown
immediately and joined in strike. This struggle was led by
women to winter palace. Thus 22nd February is celebrated as
international women’s day.
 As all the people was surrounding the palace the
government imposed curfew.
 Demonstrates left now but they gathered there in 24th and
25th till larger.

47.  On 25th February napoleon dismissed the parliament or duma.
 On 26th February people went in streets of left bank and protested
and gathered still more.
 People started raising slogan for better wages, better working hours
and better facilities.
 The king called up cavalry to fire on people. But they refused and
joined the strike.
 On 28th February the people , soldiers formed the soviet union. And
resided beside the duma.
 The very next day delegation went to see the TSAR and advised them
him to abdicate. On 2nd march he finally abdicate.

48. AFTER FEBRUARY
REVOLUTION

49. Effects of February revolution
 After February revolution the
restrictions of association and
public events were removed.
 Soviet union formed everywhere.
 Near industrial areas many
peoples were set up and started
questioning on Industry owners.

50.  In April 1917 leader of Bolshevik’s Vladimir Lenin
came back from exile. .
 In April he proposed three demands called ‘April
Theses’ in which he demanded:
* banks should be nationalized.
* lands should be transformed to
peasants.
* war should be stopped
• He even requested to rename Bolsheviks group to
COMMUNIST PARTY. But the other members felt
it is not good for people at that time they advised
let Petrograd soviet union can continue.

52. Why he went to exile?
 The Nicholas II ordered the
troops to find the groups of
people who secretly work as
political parties. He thought that
the political parties can even
ruin the country. So he ordered
to find arrest them.
 To escape he went to exile.

53. OCTOBER REVOLUTION

54.  The conflict between provincial government and
Bolsheviks grew.
 The provincial government feared that Lenin would
conduct a dictatorship
 Lenin gathered the supporters from soviets, factories,
army made together to form Military revolutionary
committee.
 On 16th October Lenin persuaded Soviet and
Bolshevik party members to Seizure the power.
 Military revolutionary party organised the party
which was headed by Leon Trotskii

56.  The date of event was kept secretly. Sensing the
trouble PM Kerenskii summoned troops.
 The men who were loyal seized the Bolshevik
newspaper building and sent to winter palace.
 The ship Aurora was also summoned and stopped
in River neva and some other ships also kept at
various points.
 On the response Military revolutionary party
arrested the ministers of Petrograd soviet and
Govt. offices.

58.  At night the city was under committee’s control.
 There was heavy fighting between Moscow and
Petrograd and last they both was under committee.

59. AFTER OCTOBER

60. Effects of October revolution
 Industry and banks were nationalized.
 Lands were declared social and people were
allowed to seize them.
 They banned autocracy terms.
 They introduced new uniforms for army and
officials called Budeonovka.

62.  Bolshevik party is transformed to
Russian Communist party.
 In November 1917 elections were held
for constituent assembly. But party
failed to get majority.
 In January 1918 he dismissed the
assembly.
 In March 1918 he went in peace with
Germany and Breast Litovsk.

63.  Secret police have been created by the Bolsheviks. They caught cheka first
and punished who critised Bolsheviks.
 Many young artists and writes came to street and rallied.

65.  Bolshevik’s ordered to land distributions
which made the army to break up.
 The Russian empire been divided into 3
groups:
* Red ( Bolsheviks)
* green (socialists)
* White (pro-autocracy)
 Green and white gained their supporters
from Japan, Britain, America, France
who were very upset of growing
socialism in Russia.
 They all were against Bolsheviks.
 When the Bolsheviks and other groups
were fighting in one side the looting,
famine were common.

66.  Supporters of whites (nobilities) got back the
lands with harsh treatment. This led to decrease
in supporters of whites.
 By January most lands are been controlled by
Bolsheviks.
 They succeeded by cooperation with Jadidist
and Non Russian nationalities.
 Most of the Non- Russian nationalities were
given autonomy in soviet union.
 But people like nomads, clergy, nobility,
conservative, liberals were non happy with him.

68.  After the death of Lenin, Stalin became
the new head of Soviet Russia.
 when he came to his position everything
was alright. But in 1927- 1928 the acute
food shortages were felt in town.
 The farmers in village were not willing to
sell the grains in markets because they
were waiting for the demand of food.
 1928 the party members toured to farms
and raiding Kulaks.

69.  As the shortages continued Stalin
decided to collectivize the farms.
 He decided this because when
the lands are collectivized and
made big we can make the land
modernized.
 This angered the people lot.
 They started destroying their
livelihood. In between 1929 and
1933 the cattle population
decreased.

70.  The people who were against this were punished,
arrested and exiled.
 People argued to this that they were not rich, they
were not against socialism but we cannot support
collectivization
 Stalin allowed them to cultivate alone but were
treated unsympathetically.
 But modernizing farms did not decrease the shortage
due to ad harvest. 4 million died.

71.  Accusations were made throughput the country.
 1939 2 million were arrested. They were innocent.
They were given false confessions.
 Professionals were also there.

72. Global Influence or Russian revolution and USSR