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1. Lecture 3
Cultural Anthropology
1 st Quarter –2 nd Semester
SY 2011-2012

2.  Is a science concerned with the study
of man
 Main focus: the feature that is unique
to humans – the cultural behavior.

3. Political
Economics Education
Science
Man’s production,
Man’s Man’s formal
distribution, &
government consumption of goods training
Sociology Medicine
Man’s society Man’s health

4.  Paleontology – the study of extinct
animals.
- the study of remains of
ancient organisms that are
occasionally preserved in earth layers
of different age.
 Fossils – remains of the past
organisms

5.  Fossils:
 Skeleton
 Imprints of body structures
 Frozen animals
 Preserved animals found in logs

6.  Fossil record
 Adds time depth to the biological
picture
 Yields actual ancestral types from
which relatively similar living forms of
organisms could have been derived
 Provides diachronic proof of common
ancestry

7.  Methods:
 Relative Dating Method
 Is used if the concern evolutionary
sequences makes important to
know which forms of life came after
which.
 Object/specimen can be arranged
in chronological order but the exact
age may not be known.
 Ex: flourine, uranium, & nitrogen
tests

8.  Absolute Method
 Can determine the exact or approximately exact
ages.
 Determines the evolutionary sequences of two
crucial fossils or cultural deposits
 Ex: (a) Physico chemical dating (uses uranium &
thorium); (b) Potassium argon dating (used to
determine the age of rocks in deposits, not the
fossil)

9.  Carbon 14 (C14) dating
◦ Used with organic materials like wood, bone seeds,
& other organic materials.
 Biological Analysis
(a) Pollen Analysis or Polynology – analyzes
the relative frequencies of different kinds of
pollen in reconstructing local climatic
conditions in recent deposits.
(b) Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) – it
uses the fact that tree grows faster in wet years
than in dry years, shown on the annual growth
rings.

10. How do species originate?
Has it undergone the
gradual process of
evolution over a number
of generations?

11.  Natural Selection (Charles Darwin, 1882 &
Alfred Wallace)
 They demonstrated that inheritable
variations are differentially affected by the
environment.
 They asserted that those who possess
adaptively valuable qualities in their
environment will be at an advantage in
comparison with those who do not possess
such qualities

12.  Genetics (Gregor Mendel)
 Genes – carry hereditary traits
- subject to occasional
unpredictable alterations
(mutations)

13. Evolutionary theories say that man
evolved from apes
The Bible says that God
created man

15.  Proconsul
 Discovered by Leakey in Rusinga
Island
 3 species:
 Proconsul Africanus (gibbon-sized
type)
 Proconsul Nyanzae (chimpanzee-
sized type)
 Proconsul Major (gorilla-sized type)

16.  Ramapithecus brevirostis
 Emerged from dyopithecines
 Discovered where lateral incisors,
premolars and the first 2 molars showed
that the upper jaw was more manlike.
 Its dental structures points squarely in the
direction of man.

17.  Australopithecines
 Extinct ape men of early
Pleistocene Africa
 Feet and legs were thoroughly
man-like
 Skulls were more ape-like
 Teeth, bones of lower extremities
and the hips are more human-
like

18.  Pithecanthropines
 East Asian Apes of the middle Pleistocene
period
 Small frontal lobe of the brain
 Walked erect
 Culture consisted of quartize pebble tools
 Used fire for cooking and warmth
 Occasionally cannibalism

19.  Pithecanthropus erectus – Javanese variety; discovered by
Eugene Dubois at Trimil Central Java. Upright ape-man.

20.  Pithecanthropus pekinensis
– Chinese variety; discovered
by Dr. Von Koenigswald.
 Peking man
 cranial capacity averaging
about 1,000 cubic cm
 Flat skull
 Small forehead
 limb bones are
indistinguishable from those
of modern humans.
 Teeth are essentially modern

21.  Pithecanthropines
 Pithecanthropus
robustus -
 Teeth were essentially
human
 Brain volume is 770-
1000 cubic cm
 Discovered by Davidson
Black in a cave of
Peking (Cheukouten)

22.  Neanderthal Man
 Discovered during the middle Palaeolithic era
 Has flat, heavy skull & slant forehead
 Large brow ridges
 Broad flat nose
 Heavy jutting jaw
 Was replaced by the Homo sapiens

23.  Homo sapiens (modern man)
 Varieties of modern man:
 Cro-magnon of France
 Slightly taller and more ruggedly
built man than the contemporary
European man
 White-skinned

24.  Kingdom Animalia
 Phylum Chordata
 Subphylum Vertebrata
 Class Mammalia
 Infraclass Eutheria
 Order Primata
 Suborder Anthropoidea
 Infraorder Catarrhini
 Superfamiliy Hominoidea
 Family Hominidae
 Tribe Hominini
 Genus Homo
 Species Homo sapiens
 Subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens

25. Primate Tendencies (Anthropoid Primates):
Grasping
Smell to Sight
Nose to Hand
Brain Complexity
Parental Investment
Sociality
Primates Common Behavior:
Learning
Tool
Predation and Hunting
Human vs. Other Primates:
Sharing and Cooperation
Mating and Kinship