Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species. Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years. This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans. -Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed. -The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools

1. GROUP 3
UCSP
Here starts the
lesson!

2. Biological Evolution of
Early Humans and Modern
Humans
01

3. Evolution is a process that results in
changes that are passed on or inherited
from generation, which help organisms
survive, reproduce, and raise offspring.
These changes become common
throughout a population, leading to new
species.
Biological Evolution

4. Biological evolution explains how all
living things evolved from a single
common ancestor, but any two
species may be separated by
millions or billions of years.
The Tree of Life

5. Evaluation is a scientific theory,
an overarching explanation of
the natural world that is
supported by overwhelming
evidence.
Only a theory

6. Humans share a common ancestor
with African apes, making us distant
cousins, but not descended from
them. Modern humans differ from
apes in many ways, such as larger
brains, more complex communication,
and habitually walking upright.
The Relationship
between Apes and
Humans

7. Our Common
Ancestor
The fossil record does not represent
a straight line on ancestry, as many
early hominids left no descendants
and some are direct ancestors of
modern humans or homo sapiens.

8. The idea of a missing link is not a
scientific term, as the fossil record
is never 100% complete and
evolution is not a straight chain of
events.
What about the
Missing Link?

9. - Fossils are the remains or
impressions of living things
hardened in rock.
- The earliest humans were found in
Africa, where human evolution
occurred.
Fossil Record

10. - An African apelike species evolved
probably around 6 million ago with
two skeletal characteristics that set it
apart from apes: small ago canine
teeth (the teeth on either side of the
four teeth) compared to the long
canines found in almost all other
primates, and, most importantly
bipedalism or walking on two legs as
the primary mode of locomotion.
Australopithecines

11. - The name australopithecine
means "southern ape" in to
South Africa where the first
known fossils were found.
Australopithecines

12. The Genus Homo
The Genus homo - The genus homo first evolved atleast 2.3 million to 2.5 million years ago.
scientist divide the evolution of the modern human genus into three rough periods ; Early,
Middle, and Late.

14. Homo Sapiens
Scientists have dated the oldest
known fossils with skeletal
features typical of modern
humans form 195,000 years ago.
Early anatomically modern homo
sapiens fossils have come from
sites in Sudan, Ethiopia, South
Africa, and Israel.

15. Humans have existed for only a tiny
fraction of Earth's history, with the oldest
known fossil being 4.4 million years old
and the earliest hominid species
diverging from the ape lineage between
5 and 8 million years ago.
Putting Human
Evolution Summary

16. Humankind evolved in the Great Rift
Valley of Africa, where fossil remains of
its earliest ancestors can be found.
Humans and chimpanzees share many
similarities, including bipedalism, a large
and complex brain, the ability to make
and use tools, and language and
culture.
Let us reflect on human
evolution summary

17. -This species was bipedal, fully erect,
and capable of grasping tools and
weapons with its forearms. These fossil
specimens have a larger brain size of
600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic
inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size
more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence
of unequal brain development, which is
mirrored in the way stone tools were
formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show
a significant increase in brain size and
also the first to be found associated
with stone tools
Homo Habilis

18. Homo Ergaster
-Homo ergaster, a recently discovered
African ancestor of Homo Habilis and
Homo erectus.
-This species existed from around 1.8
million to 1 million years ago, when it was
supplanted by Homo erectus and other
forms.
-Home ergaster made stone tools.
Including well-made hand axe and
cleavers for the butchering and
processing of hunted animals.
-The technology appeared in Africa and
was later carried into western Asia and
Europe by Homo ergaster or its
descendants.

19. - Homo erectus species lived between
100,000 and 1.6 million years ago,
although some estimates extend this to
between 35,000 and 1.8 million years
ago and it's been discovered in Java
and the Republic of Georgia.
-Homo erectus is a species of firsts. It
was the first of our relatives to have
human-like body proportions, with
shorter arms and longer legs relative to
its torso.
Homo Erectus

20. Neanderthals
- A well-known, more modern group of
humans who evolved within the last
300,000 years.
- Scientist believed that Neanderthals
were the direct descendants of modern
humankind.
- The Neanderthals also appear to have
been culturally quite advanced while most
lived in caves, it is possible that some
may have begun to build house like
structures.

21. - The earliest version of homo
sapiens, one with the characteristics
that would link it with common
ancestor foe Neanderthals and
modern humans.
- It appears then that modern human
being are directed descendants of
group known as Cro-Magnon Homo
Sapiens that appeared in Europe and
Asia 100,000 years ago.
Modern Homo Sapiens

22. Culture Evolution of
Early Humans to
Modern Humans
02

23. Tool Making
It is known that certain chimpanzees
utilize wood and stone as hammers.
Small, skinny tree branches are their
most advanced tools. They have
rarely been observed using sticks as
short as probes.
● The first unquestionable stone tools
early transitional humans and
possibly Australopithecus garhi in
east Africa about 2.5 million years
ago. While the earliest sites come
from Ethiopia's Gona River Region.
At Olduvai George in Tanzania, Mary
and Louis Leakey made the first
discovery of such basic tools in
relation to Homo Habilis. So, in honor
of that place, they were given the
name Oldowan tools.

24. • Core tools most likely
functioned as multipurpose
hammering, chopping, and
digging.
• Flake tools are essential for
butchering large animal, cutting
through thick skins and slicing of
pieces of meat.
TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF
TOOLS IN THE OLDOWAN
TRADITION

25. • Homo habilis and australopithecines
used stone tools, but Raymond Dart
proposed an entire tool making
tradition based on bones, teeth, and
horns. This idea has been rejected
due to lack of evidence for the
systematic shaping or use of these
materials.

26. -Homo habilis and Homo erectus
made and used stone tools for
nearly a million years, with gradual
improvements over time. By 1.8
million years ago, the skills of some
Homo erectus had increased to the
point that they were making more
sophisticated stone implements
with sharper and straighter edges.
-The Acheulian tool making tradition
was first developed in East Africa
and was named after the Saint
Acheul site in southwest France.
Hand axes were multipurpose
implements used for light chopping
of wood, digging up roots and bulbs,
butchering animals, and cracking
nuts and small bones.

27. -Acheulian tools were shaped by percussion flaking to standardized
forms, suggesting that they were not completely made with heavy
hammer stone.
-Late Homo erectus or their immediate successors may have used
softer hammers for the final shaping process, using pieces of hand
wood, antler, or bone.
-Homo erectus made a variety of stone tools for processing plant and
animal materials, including choppers, cleavers, hammers, flakes, and
string and rope. Perishable materials such as wood, bark, and grass
were also used.
GROUP 3 UCSP

28. -The Acheulian tradition of tool making
began in East and South Africa 1.5
million years ago and spread to Israel,
Southwest Asia, Europe, and possibly
as early as 900,000 years ago.
-Homo erectus tool making improved
over time, leading to increased reliance
on tools by half a million years ago.

29. Anthropology - is the study of human
beings and their ancestors.
Two Terms use of Anthropologists (refer
to sources of food and the way it is obtained.)
-Subsistence Pattern
-Subsistence Base
New Subsistence Patterns

30. -This trend of expanding and diversifying subsistence patterns making it possible
for population growth continues to the present.
-Based on the analysis of tooth wear patterns and food refuse evidence, it is likely
that australopithecines and early transitional humans were primarily wild plant
food collectors and occasional scavengers of meat and eggs.
-The evidence of this change in subsistence pattern can be seen especially at late
Homo erectus sites such as Zhoukoudian.
-Tens of thousands of fragmentary food refuse bones were found there.
-By a half million years ago, some Homo erectus were exploiting virtually every
animal in their environment for food. They undoubtedly were harvesting vast
amounts of wild plant foods as well.

31. -Early modern Homo sapiens
in Africa and Southwest Asia
100,000 years ago made tools
that were similar to those of the
Neanderthals and other late
archaic humans.
Early Modern Human
Culture
-By 90,000-75,000 years ago some
modem humans began producing
new kinds of artifacts that were
revolutionary enough to warrant
their being placed into a different
Paleolithic stage - the Upper
Paleolithic.
-By 70,000 years ago in South
Africa, stone was being prepared
for flaking by heat-treating.

32. PALEOLITHIC TOOL TRADITIONS
PALEOLITHIC STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT
BEGINNING
(years ago)
TOOL TRADITION
UPPER PALEOLITHIC
(in Europe)
17,000 Magdalenian
21,000 Solutrean
27,000 Gravettian
33,000+ Aurignacian/Chatelperron
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC
(in Europe)
75,000+ Mousterian
LOWER PALEOLITHIC
(in Europe)
1,500,000 Alcheulian
2,500,000 Oldowan

33. -The various Upper Paleolithic tool
traditions were successful cultural
adaptations to diverse environment.
-In temperate and subarctic regions of
the northern hemisphere, specialized
big game hunting was the most
common subsistence strategy around
the world.
-Small game and plant food exploitation
became increasingly important to the
Cro-Magnon and most other people in
the northern hemisphere after 15,000
years ago.
-The combined effect of rapidly
changing climates and increased
hunting by humans with more effective
weapons heavily contributed to the
extinction of at least 50 genera of large
animals (mostly mammals) at the time.
-It also was in this late period after
15,000 years ago that fishing spears,
hooks, and nets became increasingly
more common.

34. -In Europe, the main focus of fishing
appears to have been salmon going up
streams to spawn and seals that were
pursuing them. These climate related
changes in subsistence patterns began
even earlier in Southwest Asia and other
relatively warm and dry regions.

35. Cro-Magnon
People

36. -The art of spear hunting was
revolutionized by the invention of the
spear thrower (or atlatl) about 17,000-
15,000 years ago.
-Toggle-head harpoons were invented
about this time as well.
The bow and arrow were invented by
12,000 years ago or a bit earlier.

37. • The basis of many Upper Paleolithic stone tools form was the blade flakes. This
is thin, roughly parallel-sided flake that is at least twice as long as it is wide. The
cross section is usually either triangular or trapezoidal. They were made out of
brittle-breaking rock materials such as flint, chert , and obsidian. Blade flakes
were performs for the manufacture of many different kinds of tools , such as
knives, hide scrapers ,spear tips , drill, awls, burins, etc.
• Blade flakes were nearly standardized shapes that where struck off assembly
line fashion from a prepared core usually by punch flaking this method uses
indirect percussion to better control the direction and force of the shocked wave
entering a core. Tools made from blade flakes were far more efficient than core
and flakes tools made by earlier people when compared in term of maximizing the
use of precious brittle-flaking rock materials.
Upper Paleolithic Tool Making Technology

38. • Hoard - is a collection of artifacts
purposely buried in the ground
usually with intention to recover
them at a later date. Hoards provide
a useful method of determining the
dates of artifacts. For example ,
circumstances in fifth and sixth
century Britain spurred the burial of
several famous whose remains can
be seen today at the British
Museum in London.
• As you should know from your
reading, The Upper Paleolithic was
a period of incredible diversity and
technological innovation. Lithic
technology also underwent an
important change during this time.
The trend toward increasing the
efficiency of stone tool production
reached its pinnacle during this
period with the development of
Blade Technology and tools that
blade making made possible .

39. PRISMATIC BLADE
TECHNOLOGY
BURIN
MANUFACTURING
In this section we
will discuss two
topics:

40. Edward Cecil Harris George Loeschcke

41. • The 1875-1881 German excavation of Olympia ,
Greece.
• Artifacts are often called finds when handled
during archaeological excavation.
• Artifacts are related to the archaeological record
by their position defined by the archaeological
context they are discovered.
• Edward Cecil Harris (1973) invented the Harris
Matrix.
• Spot dating was pioneered by 19th century
archaeologist such as George Loeschcke.
• Apart from dating and supporting the process of
excavation, aritifacts lend themselves to a host of
post excavation disciplines.
Use of Artifacts in Archaeological
Analysis.

42. Thanks you!