Looking back at human and biocultural and social evolution

1. LOOKING BACK AT
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL
AND SOCIAL
EVOLUTION

2. Journal 2.1 PHOTO ANALYSIS

3. COPY AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
QUESTION
1. What do you see in the picture?
Describe the appearance and the
expressions.
2. What is happening in the photo?
3. List 3 things you might infer from this
picture.
4. What questions does this photograph
raise in your mind?
5. Where could you find the answer to
them?

4. Biological and Cultural Evolution
Key concepts in the study of the origins
of modern human

5. Human Evolution
Is the evolutionary process leading to the appearance
of modern day humans.
It is characterized by a number of morphological,
developmental, physiological, and behavioral changes
that have taken place since the split between the last
common ancestor of humans and apes.

6. Human Evolution
In human evolution, the term Homo is used to
determine the species of human beings,
According to Anthropologist, the direct ancestors of the
Homo species are Hominid.

7. Biological Evolution
Refers to the changes, modifications, and
variations in the genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one generation to
another
Based on the theory of Evolution that was
introduced by Charles Darwin (1809-1882).

8. Cultural Evolution
• It refers to the changes or development in cultures from a
simple form to a more complex form of human culture.
• Scientist study the cultural evolution of humans by
analysing the changes in the latter’s way of life.

9. Charles Darwin

10. Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
 Full Name CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN
 Born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
 He died on April 19, 1882, in Downe, Kent, England
 He was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist.
 He is best known for his groundbreaking work on the theory of evolution through
Natural Selection.
 In 1859, he published “On the Origin of Species” where he proposed that species
evolve over time through a process of Natural Selection, where those with
advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

11. The evolution of species happens through
the process of natural selection.
NATURAL SELECTION
• The reason for occurrence of evolution.
• The outcome processes that affect the frequencies of
traits in a particular environment.
Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success
increase in frequency over time.

12. Natural selection
Reason for the evolution (Darwin)
3 important principles:
1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Differential reproductive success

13. NATURAL SELECTION:
THREE PRINCIPLES
1. Variations
Every species is made up of a variety of individuals
wherein some are adopted to their environments
compared to others.
2. Heritability
Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits
that can inherited.

14. NATURAL SELECTION:
THREE PRINCIPLES
3. Differential reproductive success
Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment
will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in
subsequent generations.

16. Hominid
General term used by scientists to
categorize the group of early humans
and other humanlike creatures that can
walk erect during the prehistoric times

17. Hominids
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo

18. Hominids
Australopithecus
Homo

19. Apelike and
humanlike
characteristics
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo
Biological and
cultural
characteristics of a
modern man

20. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
6-7 million years ago
It had both apelike and humanlike characteristics:
1. A skull similar to Australopithecus and modern human.
2. Height almost similar with the chimpanzee
3. Brain size: 320-380 cc
4. Small teeth
5. Had the ability to walk upright

21. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
5.7 million years ago
Ardipithecus
5.6 million years ago

22. Ardipithecus “ape on the ground”
1. height about 4 feet
2. weight about 120 pounds
3. skull size similar to an ape
4. Small brain
5. Biped
6. lived in jungles and forests like chimpanzees

23. Ardipithecus “ape on the ground”
Ardipithecus Kadabba Ardipithecus Ramidus

24. Australopithecus(5 million- 1million years
ago) “the Southern Ape”
Characteristic
1. Brain size: 500 cc or almost 1/3 size of the
modern human brain
2. Upright
3. Biped
4. Tool users not tool makers
5. Food scavengers

25. Dryopethicus
He was the earliest known
ancestor of man
At the same time as his
existence, Ramapethicus
existed who was more
human-like than
Dryopethicus
Ramapethicus
Dryopethicus

26. Dryopithecus
inhabited the European region and some parts of Asia and
Africa
Stages of evolution of humans began from him
 After Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus came to the genus
Australopithecus which preceded the genus Homo

27. There are 6 species of the Australopithecus
and they are divided into two major
categories:

28. Gracile Australopithecines
Australopithecines Anamensis
Australopithecines afarensis
Australopithecines africanus

29. Robust Australopithecines
Australopithecus Aethiopicus
Australopithecus Robustus
Australopithecus Boisei

30. Gracile Australopithecines
Australopithecines Anamensis
Australopithecines afarensis
Australopithecines africanus

31. Australopithecus Anamensis
Australopithecines Anamensis was the
earliest australopithecines species.
They were found in some locations in
northern Kenya.
It is small in built with teeth similar to
the later A. Afarensis.

32. Australopithecus afarensis
 Is the most represented australopithecine species.
 Its remains were seen at Tanzania and Ethiopia.
 It is small homimid.
 Its teeth were somewhat large compared to its body size.
 It has small brain, about 400cc.
 Its arm and legs were about the same length.
 It is the most model used in Australopithecine species but
it was not the first one discovered. It is the A. Africanus.

33. Australopithecus afarensis
‘Lucy’ the famous fossil belonged to this
species
 inhabited the African mainland
shorter than the Australopithecus
ramidus
small skull with flat noses and no chin

34. Australopithecus afarensis
‘Lucy’ was found by Dr. Donald Johanson
and Tom Gray
On November 24, 1974
At the site of Hadar in Ethiopia. (3.2
million yrs. Ago)

35. Australopithecus afarensis
able to walk on two legs but the legs were slightly
bowed which made their walk slightly ape-like. The
bowed legs, fingers, and toes enabled them to climb
trees and live there
large teeth and jaws.

39. Australopithecus africanus
Was the first discovered species of gracile
australopithecines.
A. Africanus was coined by Professor Raymond
Dart which means southern ape of Africa.
Like A. Afarencis, it has small built. The adult A.
Africanus were 3 and a half to 4 and a half feet
tall.
It lived between 3 million and 2 million years
ago.

40. Australopithecus africanus
inhabited the African mainland
bipedal and had a small skull with
small brains than Homo erectus but
larger than their predecessors
had large teeth compared to current
day humans and were herbivorous
had large jaws.

41. Robust Australopithecines
Australopithecus Aethiopicus
Australopithecus Robustus
Australopithecus Boisei

42. Australopithecus Aethiopicus
Earliest and somewhat least the
known of robust
australopithecines.
Some of its fossils were found at
northern Kenya and Ethiopia
dating between 2.3 million and
2.7 million years ago.

43. Australopithecus robustus
Australopithecines species discovered by
Robert Broom.
It has larger teeth, a massive jaw and a
flatter face than A. Africanus.
taller than his predecessors but still ape-like
weighed more than their ancestors
It is not ancestral to human genus, Homo.

44. Australopithecus boisei
Australopithecines species discovered by
paleoanthropologist named Louis Leakey in Western
Tanzia.
It is named after a benefactor named Charles Boisei.
It has enormous molar teeth and expanded premolars, a
thick and deep jaw, thick cheek bones.
It lived between about 2.3 and 1.3 million years ago.
Also, it is not ancestral to human genus or Homo.

45. Homo Species
Hominids have brain larger compared to the Australopithecus species
which appeared about 2.3 million years ago.
It was classified to our genus, Homo.

46. HOMO Species
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens

47. Homo Habilis
He had a face similar to his
ancestors, skull and brain size
indicate that he may have been able
to speak

48. Homo Habilis
Earliest tools made were from this era
Known as the ‘handy man’ because he was the first to
make and use tools
Around 5 feet tall and erect.

49. Homo Erectus
 Was the first hominid species that was
distributed in the “Old World”.
It was discovered by Eugene Dubois
which he called Pithecanthropus erectus
at first which means erect ape man.
The brain averages 895-1040 cc in size.

50. Homo Erectus
Smaller but longer face, less
prominent or absent chin, larger brain
size and prominent speech
Knew how to make and use tools, he
made a fire and knew how to control it.

51. Homo Erectus
carnivorous
 knew the existence of groups and they began
spreading from Africa to Asia and Europe
Java Man and Peking Man had brain capacities similar
to modern man at 1300cc. They were cave dwellers.

52. Peking Man
characterized by a cranial capacity averaging
about 1,000 cubic cm, the size of modern
man’s.
had a skull that was flat in profile, with a small
forehead, a keel along the top of the head for
attachment of powerful jaw muscles, very thick
skull bones, heavy brow ridges, an occipital
torus, a large palate, and a large, chinless jaw.

53. Java Man
 characterized by a cranial capacity averaging 900 cubic
cm
 a skull flat in profile with little forehead, a crest along
the top of the head for attachment of powerful jaw
muscles, very thick skull bones, heavy brow ridges,
and a massive jaw with no chin. The teeth are
essentially human though with some apelike features,
such as large, partly overlapping canines. Thighbones
show that Java man walked fully erect, like modern
man, and attained a height of about 170 cm (5 feet 8
inches).

54. Homo Sapiens
2 TYPES:
1.Homo sapiens neanderthelensis
2.Homo sapiens sapiens

55. Had a brain size larger than
modern man and were
gigantic in size
Had a large head and jaw
and were very powerful and
muscular

56. carnivores and the tools from the era indicate they were
hunters
cave dwellers but their caves were more comfortable and they
lived in groups and hunted for food gathering.

57. Homo sapiens sapiens
Known as ‘modern-day man’
Became smaller in size and the
brain size reduced to 1300cc
Reduction in the size of the jaw,
rounding of the skull and chin

58. Cro- Magnon was the earliest of the Homo
sapiens. They spread wider from Europe,
Australia, and Americas. They were omnivores,
had skilful hands, and developed the power of
thinking, producing art, more sophisticated tools
and sentiments upon.

59. Characteristics of the very early
hominins
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Australopithcus genus
A.anamensis, A. afarensis, A. Africanus
 Robust Australopithecines
A. aethiopcus, A. robustus, A. boisei
Homo genus
H. Habilis, H. erectus, H. Neanderthalensis H.sapiens
sapiens

60. Cultural Evolution trends
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
Lived in wooded areas
Most of cultural evolution is pure speculation
Australopithecus
group
Only debatable evidence that they made tools, and no
evidence that they had home bases or shared food.
Probably opportunist feeders.
Paranthropus/
Robust genus
Some evidence they used bones or perhaps sticks to
dig up roots (this would leave no fossil evidence
though)
Evidence suggests robustus ate course, tough food
supplemented by small insects.

61. Cultural Evolution trends
Homo
genus
Development of speech
Enabled by Broca’s area of the brain. First seen in H.habilis.
Development of tool-making
H. habilis was known as the Handy man and made Oldowan tools.
H. erectus used Acheulian tools and was known as the Fire maker.
H.Neanderthalis used Mousterian tools and began to attach stone
tools to handles.
H. sapiens used advanced tools of flint and bone. Used blades and
points. Called Upper Palaeolithic tools.

62. Cultural Evolution trends
Homo
genus
Development of group living and culture
H. habilis – successful hunters, made shelters and lived in
bands of about 12 people
H. erectus - built shelters (huts) supported by wooden poles,
serious co-operative hunters
H. neanderthalis – intelligent, lived in caves, built stone
walls, dressed in hides, buried their dead, had strong social
bonds.
H. sapiens – skilled hunters, lived in large groups, engraved
and painted on walls, carved statues etc...

64. Cultural and Sociopolitical
Evolution

65. Neolithic Revolution
About 10,000 BCE, humans begun to cultivate crops and
domesticate certain animals like sheep, cows, and goats.
This was a change from the system of hunting and gatherings
that have sustained and make humans survive from earliest time
period.
In this time period permanent settlements were established.
It is sometimes called as the agricultural revolution.

66. Below is the timeline of agricultural
innovation
Year Innovation
10, 000 B.C.E Neolithic Revolution begins in Southwest Asia

67. What is your
realization now as a
member of society?

68. Quiz # 2.1

69. 1. known as ‘modern-day man’

70. 2. He was the earliest known
ancestor of man

71. 3. ‘Lucy’ the famous fossil
belonged to this species

72. 4. The pelvis is said to show
adaptations that combine tree-
climbing and bipedal activity.

73. 5. bipedal and had a small skull
with small brains than Homo
erectus but larger than their
predecessors

74. 6. had a brain size larger than
modern man and were gigantic in
size

75. 7. smaller but longer face, less
prominent or absent chin, larger
brain size and prominent speech

76. 8. cave dwellers but their caves
were more comfortable and they
lived in groups and hunted for food
gathering.

77. 9. known as the ‘handy man’
because he was the first to make
and use tools

78. 10. skull and brain size indicate
that he may have been able to
speak

79. 11. Who discovered Lucy?

80. 12. Where did ‘Lucy’ get
her name from?

81. 12. Where did ‘Lucy’ get
her name from?

82. 13-15. give 3 important
facts about Lucy

83. 16. This existed at the
same time as Dryopethicus

84. 17. earliest of the Homo
sapiens.

85. 18-19. 2 examples of homo
erectus which had brain
capacities similar to modern
man at 1300cc. They were cave
dwellers.

86. 20. According to Darwin,
this is the reason of
evolution.

87. 21. Refers to the changes,
modifications, and variations in the
genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one
generation to another

88. 22. He introduced the
theory of evolution.

89. 23-25. what are the 3
important principles of
natural selection?

90. 26.
29.
30.
28.
27.