The Four Elements Of Fashion

The Four Elements Of Fashion
Clothes are one of the three basic human needs of life; They are worn to protect humans from the
elements. Not only are garments used just for protection they are also used to cover specific areas of
the body for many reasons. Garments are worn by people either as a statement to show off one's
personality, status, or lifestyle, or for work purposes. Every person has their own specific style based
off of their personalities, but when it comes down to dressing does everyone know how to use the
elements of art to dress the best way for their figure type? When it comes to garments and body
shapes, there are four elements of fashion design. These are elements which designers apply to make
garments look more flattering on any figure type. One of the elements of fashion design is line.
Lines are marks that span a distance between two points. There are five types of lines, vertical,
horizontal, diagonal, zig zag, and curved lines. Each of these lines help enhance the figure types and
dress the best for their body shape.
There are many ways line are beneficial to a Figure type. For example, when an articles of clothing
are produced there will be seams. Seams are rows of stitched lines that holds a garment together and
are also used for decorative purposes. Another example of lines in garments are stripes, zig zag
lines, curved lines, horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines in patterns of textiles. Darts are also
considered lines in garments. The lines inside a piece of clothing
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The Triple Threat Of Ford Motor Company Engineering Design...
Introduction We conducted our design review on Friday, May 13, 2016 with our professors and the
other teams from our DTC section in Room G205 of the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design
Center at 2:30 P.M. We presented the problem we were tasked with solving, our client's and user's
needs, and our mock–up design, the "Triple Threat". The Triple Threat is a system that places a
structure that holds three rolls of netting, one on the top and one along each side, next to a row of up
20 vehicles (see figure 32, and figure 33 on the following page). The netting is then deployed by
rolling a structure that is attached to the ends of the netting over the row of vehicles. In addition to
asking for general feedback, we asked those in attendance to address the issues of the potential
stability of our product along with the problem of hailstones piling atop the netting. Figure 32:
Triple Threat Mock–up Not Deployed Figure 33: Triple Threat Mock–up Deployed Design Review
Results Our design review yielded many suggestions and criticisms, as well as general comments.
The comments can be seen in Table 8. Table 8: General Sentiments from Design Review Reviewers
like Reviewers dislike Features to be added Features to be removed Additional Comments
VERSATILITY Covers vehicles of widely different sizes and shapes Deployable over a variety of
vehicle arrangement scenarios PERCEIVED STRENGTH Structure is large and heavy which will
increase user confidence in product DESIGN CONCEPT

Positio Loop Model Essay
This model can be used to treat the roller coaster design as having only one height at a given time.
The speed of a roller coaster that rolls down the second hill is very similar to the object that falls
vertically the same height. The front positioned to the top of a loop, however, the back positioned at
the bottom of a loop. Therefore, it does require taking more time to build up that speed and then the
body begins to drop at a faster pace; therefore it reaches to the ground sooner. Since all parts of a
roller coaster are connected, they all each have given the same velocity at any given time. For
instance, a rider will experience a higher gravitational load at the top of the loop, whereas, a rider in
the back seat will experience a decrease in gravitational load going upwards to the side of the loop,
followed by a high gravitational weight at the top as the rest of the coaster accelerates down the
back side of the loop. This experience can be dependent upon the ... Show more content on
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This speed, however, must be focused on each passenger to a higher acceleration through the bottom
half of the loop. If a radius is reduced at the uppermost loop, the acceleration has been increased
adequately to keep the passengers from slowing too much as they make their way through the loop.
There is a large radius being kept through the bottom half of the loop in which it reduces the
acceleration and weight on passengers.
The straight line in a vertical loop creates a thrilling acceleration force which also keeps passengers
in their seats. This is demonstrated by the direction of a passenger's initial velocity pointing straight
towards at the same angle as it reaches to the top of a roller coaster. As a car approaches a loop, the
track guides the roller coaster up, moving the passenger going up as well. This upward movement
can be altered by creating a sense of gravity as passengers were being pushed down onto their

Disadvantages Of Clear Box Testing
White Box Testing: It (also known as Clear Box Testing, Open Box Testing, Glass Box Testing,
Transparent Box Testing, Code–Based Testing or Structural Testing) is a software testing method in
which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is known to the tester.
The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determines the appropriate outputs.
Programming know–how and the implementation knowledge is essential. White box testing is
testing beyond the user interface and into the nitty–gritty of a system. This method is named so
because the software program, in the eyes of the tester, is like a white/ transparent box; inside which
one clearly sees. White–box testing: Testing based on an analysis of the internal structure of the
component or system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cause Effect Graphing: It is a software test design technique that involves identifying the cases
(input conditions) and effects (output conditions), producing a Cause–Effect Graph, and generating
test cases accordingly. Advantages Tests are done from a user's point of view and will help in
exposing discrepancies in the specifications. Tester need not know programming languages or how
the software has been implemented. Tests can be conducted by a body independent from the
developers, allowing for an objective perspective and the avoidance of developer–bias. Test cases
can be designed as soon as the specifications are complete. Disadvantages Only a small number of
possible inputs can be tested and many program paths will be left untested. Without clear
specifications, which is the situation in many projects, test cases will be difficult to design. Tests can
be redundant if the software designer/ developer has already run a test

Case Study
Case Study Analysis
This paper is going to analyze the Bill Brady Case Study. Bill Brady is a vice president and
administration department head for a large financial institution, he has been in the industry for 40
years and has been the department head for the past 10 years. The companies environment is
currently undergoing significant changes right now. A year ago Bill Brady's boss retired and Ben
Sage was hired as his replacement. Ben was hired from the outside the culture of the company and
brought in a dynamic, loyal, bright personal staff from his former company. The industry standard is
trending toward large accounts and competition from other banks for smaller, traditional accounts is
cutting into the market. The company is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everyone has a basic set of beliefs about change. Change has multiple meanings. Communication
researcher Everett Rogers suggested that change "is the process by which alteration occurs in the
structure and function of a social system" it has also been defined as "the difference between two or
more successive conditions, states, or moments of time" (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Ganesh 2011,
p325). Organizational theorist Richard Daft has suggests that there are four categories of
organizational change: technology, administration, products and services and human resources.
Administration is the change of organizational structure, policies, work processes, and control
systems (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Ganesh 2011, p333). This was the change that Bill Brady was
experiencing and it was also a programmed or top–down approach to change. Top–down approach
to change management implies imposed change as the initiative comes from the top. Decision–
making is centralized at higher levels of the firm, excluding lower–level employees in the change
process, even though they are directly affected. Top–down change is about making changes quickly
and dealing with the problems only if necessary. The problem is that top down approaches to change
management increases resistance – the biggest problem in changing any organization (Anderson,
2010). When a leader makes every decision and expects all employees to follow,

Physics of Roller Coasters Essay
Roller coasters are driven almost entirely by inertial, gravitational and centripetal forces.
Amusement parks keep building faster and more complex roller coasters, but the fundamental
principles at work remain the same.
A roller coaster is like train. It consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. But unlike
a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine or power source of its own. For most of the ride, a
roller coaster is moved only by the forces of inertia and gravity. The only exertion of energy occurs
at the very beginning of the ride, when the cars are pulled up the first hill, or the "lift hill".
The purpose of this first climb is to build up potential energy. The concept of ... Show more content
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If the track slopes down, gravity pulls the front of the car toward the ground, so it accelerates. If the
track tilts up, gravity applies a downward force on the back of the coaster, so it decelerates.
The track begins with a steep climp, building up potential energy in the coaster car. The rest of the
track's hills, valleys, twists and turns are to change the built–up energy back and forth between
potential energy and kinetic energy. As the train moves, it gradually loses energy to friction until it
reaches the end of the ride.
There are two major types of roller coasters, which are defined by what their tracks are made out of:
wooden and tubular steel. The tracks of wooden roller coasters are a little like traditional railroad
tracks. The metal wheels of the cars roll on a flat metal strip, about 4 to 6 inches across. This strip is
bolted to a running track made out of laminated wood. In most coasters, the car wheels have the
same flanged design as the wheels of a train (the inner part of the wheel has a wide lip that keeps the
car from rolling off the side of the track). The car also has another set of wheels that runs underneath
the track. This keeps the cars from flying up into the air.
Wooden coaster tracks are braced by wooden crossties and diagonal support beams. The whole track
structure is supported by wooden or steel beams However, since the track and support structure are
so

A Report On Additive Manufacturing
Additive Manufacturing(AM) is a manufacturing technology that creates objects rapidly with the
help of Computer Aided Design (CAD) files. Different from traditional manufacturing method,
additive manufactured models are usually stacked out by a serial of planer slices which are produced
by processing wanted CAD designs with mathematical code.
Stereolithography, commonly known as SLA, is one of the most applied forms of AM technology.
Stereolithography researches were first appeared in 1970s, then in 1986 Chuck Hull patterned a
technique capable of stacking planer cross–sectional geometries, in the direction of bottom to top,
into a complete physical model. The unique material in Hull's pattern was ultraviolet sensitive
photopolymer. This technology was named and coined as the term "Stereolithography". In the same
year, Hull also founded 3D system Inc., currently known as the first and biggest 3D printing
enterprise.
After decades of development, stereolithography now can be described as an Additive
Manufacturing process that hardening or curing photopolymer resin layer by layer into actual
objects. The light source, usually using ultraviolet light, provides essential energy for stimulating
and maintaining photo–polymerization reaction in which smaller molecules bond and form cross–
linking polymer molecular chains. The energy source of photo–polymerization reaction can be a
laser beam or mask projection patterns. The laser beam moving trajectories or mask projection

Reading Models Are Vital For Twenty First Century...
Reading models are vital to twenty first centaury classrooms, as they become an important tool for
teachers, that are teaching their students reading as well as writing(Goodman,1997).Reading
ultimately becomes an interaction between what a reader has learnt, and the information that is
already in the text. This essay will be touching on the top down approach to reading, and how this is
a vital tool to twenty first century classrooms. All the while showing how this is used in classroom
practice. NCTE shows that as society and technology change ,so does literacy. So therefore the
twenty first century demands that students poses a wide range of abilities as well as competencies,
with their literacy. (Peer, 1987) The top down approach, allows teachers to help students thrive in
todays twenty first century world. It works to teach students to read by slowly introducing them to
the literature as a whole. The teacher, instead of reading each word, reads whole passages of text.
The student then is able to begin to use clues to help them recognise words they may be unsure of
while reading.(National Research) reports that top down models become helpful in classrooms, as it
assists those who are learning to read, as well as those who need to just work on their skills. Top
down tends to begin from the reader or listener, it works by the assumption that the listener brings to
the text a certain amount of knowledge as to what is in the text(Peer, 1987) This certain knowledge
is then seen

Connie Hwang And Lucille Tenazas: A Career In Graphic Design
Donald A. Norman, the author of The Design of Everyday Thing, said that "Beauty and brains,
pleasure and usability – they should go hand in hand." As the technology developed, the new type of
graphic design, called web design, rapidly evolved. For this reason, considering the usability
became one of the important features in the design industry. Furthermore, many designers began to
create their own websites to use as their portfolios. The reason why they prefer the online portfolio
is that it allows them to communicate with their clients, regardless of time and distance.
Both Connie Hwang and Lucille Tenazas are not only educators in the design area, but they are also
the founders of their design studios. Hwang is currently the chair of the design department at San
Jose State University and teaches graphic design. Additionally, she established Connie Hwang
Design. Known as one of the AIGA medalists, Tenazas is a design professor and was the Founding
Chair or the MFA Design Program at California College of the Arts in San Francisco. At the same
time, she is the principal of Tenazas Design. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of their projects are to design book covers, posters, and brochures. Furthermore, the main goal,
which they have in common, is to pursue creative development by placing great value and
sensibility. Both Connie Hwang's and Lucille Tenazas' websites consist of simple and modern
composition, the main characteristic of interaction design. However, Hwang's website more
approaches to the interaction design due to its well–organized content

Design Constraints: CO2 Dragster Car
Recently in 4th hour Technology systems, we designed, built, and raced our CO2 dragster cars. We
were given the opportunity to (within preset design constraints) design and create racing dragsters to
compete on the track. For my design, I decided that the simpler the design, the more aerodynamic it
would be. I didn't have any prior experience with this, so my design decision was nearly a shot in
the dark. My first design was too big to fit on the wedge of wood that we worked with so I had to
modify the design by making the top more curved and as a result, the car was shorter than I had
originally planned it to be. After the design was complete, we cut out the outlines and taped them
onto foam wedges that were the same size as the wooden wedges that we would use later. Then we
traced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She used a mixture of oil paint and acrylic paint to paint half of the car with blue flames and half of
the car with the traditional red/orange ones. She spent a lot of time on it and it was clear just by
looking at it. The detail was amazing and it took several days to dry due to the sheer number of
layers she had to apply to procure the look. She also designed her car to have a chunk out of the car
in order to increase aerodynamic qualities and its overall speed. She made the base coat black and
painted on top of it. When she painted it, she did the base coat here and the details at her house over
the weekend.
After racing our dragsters I came up with a few modifications that would increase the speed of my
car. First off, I could have sanded it better and made it a true shell car by making the shape more
curved. Secondly, I could have hollowed out the bottom in order to reduce the car's overall weight.
Thirdly, I could have made the car smaller length wise in another attempt to decrease the overall
weight. Finally, fourthly, I could have given the car a sleeker and smoother paint job to reduce

Data Modeling Using Entity Relationship Diagrams : A Step...
Best Practice: ERDs "Data Modeling Using Entity Relationship Diagrams: A Step–Wise Method"
IST 659 – Syracuse University September 30, 2014 Jared S. Mandel Introduction Databases are the
center of many technology and non–technology focused businesses. They are used in retail,
healthcare, education and government. Databases are essentially in entering, storing, managing and
referencing data, and can be simple in nature, or extremely complex. In order for a database to be
implemented correctly, planning is required. Planning takes place from the moment of idea
inception, and continues throughout multiple stages of the planning process (typically during the
analysis and design phases). An Entity–relationship diagram, or ERD, is a visual layout or plan for a
database. An ERD is defined as "a graphical model that shows the logical model of the data for an
organization (Dischiave, n.d.)." ERDs should follow the industry standard best practices in order to
be most effective and useful overall. ERDs that do not follow certain best practices, which are
outlined in this paper, could cause delays, inconsistencies, or lasting problems when designing and
implementing a database. ERDs should follow set business rules, follow appropriate, effective and
consistent naming conventions, should clearly outline unary, binary and ternary relationships, should
include attributes, entities and relationships and should be clear and easy to follow (Hoffer, 2012).
The article entitled

Top Down vs Bottom Up
Top–Down, Bottom–Up and Metacognition – Discovering the Mind
Angelica Lipscomb
PHYC102–1402B–10 Robin Redfern
June 15, 2014
Abstract In scientific psychology the question of how information is processed is achieved by asking
to what amount a psychological procedure is motivated by top–down as opposed to bottom–up
information. The difference between top–down and bottom–up processing is commonly used in
experimental psychology. Top–down processing proposes that we form our observations starting
with a bigger objective, thought, or knowledge before working our way in the direction of more
thorough information. Bottom–up processing, also identified as "small chunk" processing, proposes
that we attend to or identify essentials by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basically with bottom–up processing, your sensed make the decisions for you.
Metacognition is frequently humbly defined as "thinking about thinking." In fact, describing
metacognition is not that easy. Though the phrase has been a part of the language of educational
psychologists for the last few decades, and the perception for as long as individuals have been able
to think about their intellectual involvement, there is a lot of discussion over precisely what
metacognition is. One intention for this misperception is the fact that there are numerous
relationships presently used to define the same basic sensation or a characteristic of that occurrence,
and these terms are frequently used in the literature. While there are some differences amongst
descriptions, all accentuate the part of administrative procedures in the management and instruction
of reasoning practices.
Top–down and bottom–up processing are both used in tandem for critical thinking and if we learn
how to use both together then we will grow as individuals. With the top–down processing we use
critical thinking to make decisions like picking dinner, or a car purchase. The only problem with
top–down is that if you are reading an article or hear something you don't quite understand, you
might assume that it has something to do with what you are reading or talking about. Bottom–up
processing is when your emotions make the decisions for you. If you

Argumentative Essay On Fair Trade
Due to how poorly workers are treated, unions have started to be organized, though they are still
uncommon. People who are planing a union are almost always fired and added to a list that is
accessible to all the free trade zones. The woman interviewed is currently working in a free trade
factory. She was part of a union that was successful and was able to demand a medical clinic, a
person workers could go to with any problems, higher quality safety equipment, subsets for food
and transit, and was not required to work overtime. TheTrans–Pacific Partnership (TPP)– Currently
no workers have a say. I used to think fair trade was a great concept, now I believe there are better
options, like direct trade and whole trade. Though buying fair trade is still a better option than
supporting the free trade industry. My high school used to do a fair trade annual fundraiser, and I
learned about the positives of fair trade, but I never considered the negative aspects. Mike Woodard,
briefly touched upon fair trade. He stated that with a capitalist system, fair trade won't really work.
There are still middlemen who receive a large portion of the profit meaning even though consumers
pay more for fair trade, a lot is still not even reaching the workers. We visited Selva Negra on our
second weekend in Nicaragua. Selva Negra is a german styled mountain resort that is completely
sustainable and the coffee grown on the estate is sold whole trade. They sell a majority of their
coffee to Whole Foods Markets in the US and use the rest in their restaurant. The tour guide
mentioned that Whole Foods has guaranteed to buy a large portion of the coffee produced each
season. Because of this, Selva Negra business doesn't need to worry about networking and finding
multiple businesses to buy their coffee. In addition, because Selva Negra is selling large quantities,
they get a better price for their coffee. Mike Woodard spoke about direct trade and the benefits. He
said that when buying whole trade certified items, there is an assurance of high quality. Another
benefit he mentioned was that whole trade helps create and foster relationships between buyers and
sellers.
Foreign involvement and grassroots development Involvement can be

Monitoring And Evaluation Of Water Related Climate Change...
There are common questions for everybody when they come up with climate change adaptation
interventions for particular regions. "Are they actually contributing to the process of adaptation"?
"Are communities and natural systems less vulnerable and/or better prepared to respond to the
impacts of extreme weather events than prior to the interventions"? Or "Are adaptation policies and
projects maladaptive"? "What does successful adaptation look like"? "What lessons have been learnt
from past and current activities that can be used to support adjustments to future directions,
strategies and particular adaptation measures"? {Viggh, 2015 #185;McKenzie Hedger, 2008
#182;Spearman, 2011 #253}. These questions are still the challenges for scholars, investors,
authorities and as well as the local stakeholders. To answer these questions for Thai Binh province,
this research aims to find out the optimal approach for monitoring and evaluation of water–related
climate change adaptation interventions. Reviewing the different current approaches in monitoring
and evaluation of climate change adaptation interventions will provide the hints and ideas to develop
the optimal approach to monitor and evaluate water–related climate change adaptation interventions
at the local community. I have critiqued the current monitoring and evaluation systems of climate
change adaptation interventions in three ways. In the first way, I conveyed the differences in logical
approaches of current systems to

Trinity's Case : Trinity Industries : Test Of Appliance
During their path towards compliance, Trinity utilized several substantive tests such as, analytical
tests, observation and inquiry, tests of balances, and tests of transactions. While each of these played
a crucial role in compliance, the test of transactions was the best method used in examining the
documents associated with recording those financial transactions. Starting with the initial
transactions of processes and working upwards to the financial statements allowed Trinity to
identify and correct weaknesses at each step. The bottom–up approach was successful for Trinity
Industries as in December of 2003, 265 gaps were identified and in June 2004, all of the
documentation gaps were closed, except for three (Schultze, 2011, p. 97). In addition, when E&Y
completed their external audit in 2004, they reported no material weaknesses and fourteen
deficiencies (Schultze, 2011, p. 98).
While Trinity had great success in implementing year one of SOX, they only tested A controls for
SOX compliance and not the B controls which were backups in the event that A controls failed.
(Schultze, 2011, p. 107). Since the team finished the project ahead of schedule and budget, the
testing of the B controls could have been performed in year one.
Bottom–Up Approach: Chief Insights
Trinity's project team began the implementation of SOX with pilot projects to obtain a general idea
of what was going to be required across the entire company. During the scoping phase of
implementation, Trinity selected two business units, Highway Safety and Marine Tank–Barge, to
assist the SOX compliance team in understanding how much time and effort would be needed, what
control documentation would be required, and what control gaps would be identified (Schultze,
2011, p. 96). Trinity's team worked closely with members of each business unit and conducted
interviews with the goal of documenting the processes and controls of those units. The next step was
that the team performed a gap analysis to identify gaps of the processes and controls and rectified
the gaps when discovered. The identified controls were then assigned to various employees and
quarterly those employees would have to complete a control certification letter, which would allow
the

Evaluation Of A Evaluation Policy Evaluation
Trochim (2009) provided in depth information on policy evaluation. He focused on the importance
of evaluation policy role in regards to principles that an organization or group use to make decisions
and actions when doing evaluation. The author argued that the one challenge that organization lack
when engaging in evaluation is transparency of evaluation policies. By not disclosing their
evaluation policies it can not be replicated or understood by new organization members. In addition,
creates a way for organizations to make up policies without getting feedback about evaluation best
practices. Trochim (2009) noted that evaluation policies are important to communicate mechanism
on what evaluation should be done, what resources expended and how they they should be
accomplished. He further noted that it is important to show who is responsible for the development.
He also introduced a evaluation policy model, which highlighted the interaction of different types of
evaluation policies, structures and principles. deLeon (1983) this week also explained the concepts
of policy evaluation, which is a multidisciplinary approach of the policy process. He also explained
the role it has on program termination. However, the author argued there is an integration of
evaluation and termination that has occurred in many programs. He further highlighted that these
two frameworks are essential in the policy process. There are several motivating factors that the
author suggested that can lead to

Persuasive Essay About Technology In School
My generation had the Internet to interact with, yet it was different from what you would experience
now. Technology has immensely grown and with it a better way to remain anonymous, while still be
helpful. Just like technology, schools have shifted into something slightly different as well. The
school system's desperately trying to manage the alcohol and drug issues by implementing top–
down and bottom–up techniques to help achieve safety for all its students, teachers, and parents.
Growing up computers had terrible graphics and limited pages on the Internet. Most of my friends
and I used the computer and Internet only for gaming or messenger (chat rooms). However, over the
years, computers and the Internet have improved drastically. Today the Internet is used as a way for
people to connect and stay connected to one another, obtain information, along with many other
purposes. Twitter and Facebook have become an essential and influential part of the American life.
The school systems even have joined into the social media craze and have Twitter and Facebook
accounts. Some schools also have downloadable applications (apps) that are accessed on cell
phones. Not only are these accounts used as ways to network and provide important event dates, but
also as a way to help keep the ones at school safe. Parents, teachers, and students are all encouraged
to utilize these online programs or downloadable apps as a way to ensure the safety of everyone on
campus. By using these social

The United National Human Development
The traditional business model remains outdated as major problems are continuing to grow: water
usage, climate change, increasing populations, human trafficking, poverty, hunger, etc.... According
to International Labour Organization, more than 21 million victims are sold into today's $150 billion
market for sex and labor. In 2010, UNICEF reported almost 22,000 children die each day due to
poverty. A United National Human Development Report revealed that approximately 1.1 billion
people in developing countries have inadequate access to water. These findings are only a few to the
long list of issues that needs to be addressed and solutions are needed now more than ever.
Corporations address these issues by donating money, products, or services to charities – a
temporary solution, but between the need to satisfy investors who want to maximize short–term
profits and critics who demand higher levels of social responsibility, companies can only give so
much before having to justify the charitable expenditures against their needs as a company. For
example, Avon Products launched a door–to–door campaign to raise more than $32 million to fund
breast cancer prevention by mobilizing its 400,000 independent sales representative. The cause has
significant meaning to its target market of female customers and in order to conduct effective
fundraising, there was a deep price tag. Although the company gained favorable publicity, the
company was too focused on "the public relation

Cheaper By The Dozen: An Analysis
Cheaper by the Dozen is a light hearted biographical novel based on the life of Frank Gilbreth Sr.
and Lillian Moller–Gilbreth. Written by the collaboration of two of their twelve children, the story
of the motion–study expert is narrated in an incredibly affectionate manner, showcasing the human
side to the numerous genius inventions of Frank Gilbreth Sr. His various inventions and discoveries
were told by way of humorous incidents which took place while the children were growing up in
Montclair, NJ. Frank Gilbreth was essentially concerned with analyzing the 18 kinds of elemental
motions used in the study, which he coined "Therbligs", and eliminating the avoidable delays by
identifying the wasted time in each of those motions. Frank Gilbreth's ideas might have been
specific about certain subjects such as production and manufacturing; however, this doesn't imply
that they could not apply to the construction industry. The concepts behind his inventions and his
approach towards finding the solution of each distinct problem are extremely thought provoking. If
we were to absorb his approach to everyday construction issues, we would surely be able to
innovate and find solutions to the problems we had not previously recognized as existing. ... Show
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This concept could be widely used in the construction industry to increase productivity, and also to
enhance organization amongst partakers involved. If there were professionals trained in
investigating and scrutinizing various actions employed while a construction project is underway,
they could easily identify where there is scope of improvement, and also provide suggestions to
improve its

TEMSA Case Study Project Management
A project manager was appointed by TEMSA, a lobbyist from Austin who had worked for many
years within the State Legislature. Retired Chief Moore was appointed as the spokesperson for the
project. His 30 years with the Houston Fire Department had given him several accommodations and
notoriety. Weekly meetings initiated, via phone and email while the rest of the team was assembled.
The first step was to design signage for display on all ambulances, and fire trucks. Using graphics
with permission from TxDOT, this was accomplished quickly. The next step was to plan for the
town halls, the cities chosen, covered the major metropolitan areas of Texas, as well as including
one city that had recently banned hand held use. The marketing plan was ... Show more content on
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The approach I would take In changing the public policy issue defined within this paper is the top–
down approach. Many municipalities within the the state have currently initiated bans on hand held
devices while driving, and many more are in the process of initiating a ban. Texas cities are
representing the voice of the community. The top–down approach will provide the quickest route to
changing the current outdated law that Texas is using. Technology and social acceptance have
outgrown the laws on hand held devices and driving in Texas. Given that driving is the only thing
that most of us do that can result in the death of others, what ethical decision should be made about
driving with a compromised ability? Be it from drinking and driving or hand held device usage
while driving, are they not both socially irresponsible to others? The quickest route to updating the
laws we have is in working with our State Legislature. In an effort to reduce mortality and
morbidity, the top–down approach in this instance would be the best approach. But law reform is not
enough, continued education will be the key. I do believe that elements of the bottom–up approach
would be an excellent opportunity to increase community awareness and improve educational

Disadvantages Of Interactive Listening
3.1.3 Interactive Listening and the Social Demands Complementing the cognitive processing
encompassed in the fluent listening, interactive listening (the third type of processing )develops to
improve listening comprehension as a result of the overlapping between top–down and bottom–up
processes. Notably, Gilakjani and Ahmadi (2011:979)state that interactive listening overcomes the
drawbacks of bottom–up processing and top–down processing to enrich the comprehension.
Historically, especially in the early 1980s, there was a tendency that only top–down processing was
recognized to improve L2listening comprehension. However, it is now more commonly accepted
that both top–down and bottom–up listening processing should be joined to enrich ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Besides, Oxford (1990 :8)defines language learning strategies as'' the techniques that learners utilize
to improve the use of the target language information''. In Field's (2000:188)view, strategies are
beneficial as temporary compensatory devices; he further called for a distinction to be made
between the terms 'skill' and ' strategy'. He defined ' a skill' as an ability that the L1 listener
processes and uses automatically; and 'a strategy' that the L2 listener resorts to, consciously, to
compensate for incomplete L2 knowledge. The most common classification for learning strategy
was proposed by O'Malley and Chamot(1990:99)who classify learning strategies into two groups:
cognitive, metacognitive. However, a third category, socio–affective, was added to describe the
learning that takes place when learners cooperate with colleagues, ask the teacher for clarification,
or use specific techniques to lower their anxiety. All these strategies will be discussed

How Can You Ensure That You Are Giving Learners The Best...
How can you ensure that you are giving learners the best chance to understand a text? Provide a
(listening or reading) text and show how you would teach a lesson with this in mind, justifying each
of the stage of the lesson.
Listening is the ability to identify and understand what others are saying. This involves
understanding a speaker 's accent or pronunciation, his grammar and his vocabulary, and grasping
his meaning (Howatt and Dakin). An able listener is capable of doing these four things together.
During the listening students hear different accents and types.
When students listen or read they process the information they hear both top–down and bottom–up.
Top–down means using our prior knowledge and experiences; we know certain things about certain
topics or situations and use that information to understand. Bottom–up processing means using the
information we have about the sounds, word meanings discourse markers like first, then, and after
that to set up our understanding what we read or hear one step at a time. In order to improve
students' listening comprehension they should use their prior knowledge. In a typical reading lesson
there are "pre" activities, "while" activities, and "post" activities. In reading learners can skim a text
quickly to get a good idea what it's about, but listeners cannot skim. In listening lesson also has
"pre", "while" and "post" listening tasks. Each of these tasks is very important in order to ensure that
the students understand

Principle & Practice of Management
PRINCIPLE & PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
International Case : Carrefour – Which Way to Go?
How should Mr. Durant assess the opportunities in various countries around the world?
Mr. Durant, the new CEO since 2005, embarked on the new strategy by offering 15percent new
products in its hypermarkets and 10 percent in its supermarkets. Moreover, he wants to employ more
staff, extend the operating hours in certain hypermarkets, cutting prices, trying small stores, and
pushing down decision making. Mr. Durant aims to stay only in countries where Carrefour is among
the top retailers.
2. Should Carrefour adopt Wal–Mart's strategy of "low prices everyday"? What would be the
advantage or disadvantage of such a strategy? Yes certainly they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
suburbanization, greater participation of women in the labour force, and a large increase in the
ownership of cars and refrigerators.3.The continued growth of suburban communities abroad is
another major socioculturaltrend.4.Asian customers still tended to shop daily at wet markets or
"mom & pop"stores.5.Moreover, impulse buying was on the rise and replacing necessity
purchasing.6.Shopping as a form of leisure was an increasing phenomenon. Carrefour has
positioned itself as an international leader in the retail industry.
Case study:2
1) The reengineering efforts of P&G focused on the business process system. Do you think
other processes, such as the human system, or other managerial policies need to be considered in a
process redesign?
The reengineering efforts also required restructuring of the organization. P&G had been known
for its brand management for more than 50 years. But in the late 1980s and early1990s, the brand
management approach pioneered by the company in the 1930srequired rethinking and restructuring.
In a drive to improve efficiency and coordination, several brands were combined with authority and
responsibility given to category managers. Such a manager would determine overall pricing and
product policies. Moreover, the category managers had the authority to withdraw weak brands, thus
avoiding conflict between similar brands. They were also held responsible for the profit of the
product category they were managing. The switch to

Annotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database
Hierarchical Database It is a kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely
access to data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to
order. The hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship
between a parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent
can have many children as well each child has simply one parent. This model is most common if it
is compared with network and relational database because it can be manage by huge amounts of data
for difficult projects. Advantages Speed very efficiency Data independence Database integrity which
link between child and parent Data is simplicity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
it is a collection of data items organised as a set of formally described tables from what data can be
accessed. The application standard to use this kind of database is the structured query language
(SQL).This statements are used for both communication with queries for information from a
relational database this schema set of tables contain data built into predefined categories. Each table
contains one or more data categories in columns, each row contains a unique instance of data for the
categories defined by the columns. A relational database Management system (RDBMS) is the
physical and logical implementation of a relational

Bottom-Up Processing
Curious about how your brain processes incoming signals sent from all the sensory organs? There
are two ways in which the brain processes signals: top–down and bottom–up processing. Top–down
processing takes place when the brain only focuses on target signals and prior knowledge. Bottom–
up processing takes place when the brain perceives all incoming signals and combines each part into
the total entity. The assumption has been presented that distractor interference is a byproduct of the
attention and a bottom–up process, but not a top–down process. Distractors are defined as noises in
the environment that makes it harder to detect the target signal. This research examined this
assumption through an experimental process using letters and digits ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This also supports another point from the lecture. It is harder to confirm evidence but easier to
eliminate alternative explanations (Psych 240 lecture, 9/07/16). Here, the researchers, based on their
current results, could only infer that the top–down processing affects both target and distractor.
There could be other speculations that propose alternate explanations for findings in the future.
Currently, this research study has provided enough evidence to eliminate alternative explanations
that the interactions are due to the change in category. The second experiment changed the font to
show the distinct differences between S, 5 and O, 0 and the results demonstrated the effect of
incongruency was significant in both letters and

Annotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database
Hierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to
data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also
this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The
hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a
parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent can have
many children as well each child has simply one parent. This models most common if you compared
with network and relational database because can be manage by huge amounts of data for difficult
projects. Advantages Speed very efficiency Data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The application standard to use this kind of database is the structured query language (SQL) This
statements are used for both communication with queries for information from a relational database
this schema set of tables contain data built into predefined categories. Each table contains one or
more data categories in columns, each row contains a unique instance of data for the categories

The Strategic Management Of The Supply Chain
The strategic management of the supply chain does not consist of introducing innovations in order
just to innovate. It is about creating a configuration that will make the strategic objectives progress.
According to Slack et al. (2004, p.67) an « operations strategy concerns the pattern of strategic
choices and actions that set the purpose, objectives and activities of operations ». According to
Hayes (2005), efficient operations strategies need to be consistent and contribute to competitive
advantage. The process of operations strategy covers the activities and dynamics of strategy
elaboration and implementation (Swink and Way, 1995), whereas the content of operations strategy
consists of the particular decisions regarding competitive priorities, objectives, and action plans that
specify the operation 's strategic direction.Several authors gave their definition of operations
strategy; four interrelated perspectives then emerged. The top–down approach is « what the business
wants operations to do » and the bottom–up perspective represent « what day–to–day experience
should do ». Top–down strategy can be distinguished from a bottom–up strategy in terms of two
aspects: the initiative 's origin and the sequence of events amongst purposes, actions, and results.
Top–down strategy is triggered by top management 's aims and manifests in the performance
outcomes of stipulated actions. Bottom–up strategy is initiated by lower managers' actions realizing
their own interpretations

Design Review Of Ford Motor Company Engineering Design...
Design Review Summary Introduction We conducted our design review on Friday, May 13, 2016
with our professors and the other teams from our DTC section in Room G205 of the Ford Motor
Company Engineering Design Center at 2:30 P.M. We presented the problem we were tasked with
solving, our client's and user's needs, and our mock–up design, the "Triple Threat". The Triple
Threat is a system that places a structure that holds three rolls of netting, one on the top and one
along each side, next to a row of up 20 vehicles. The netting is then deployed by rolling a structure
that is attached to the ends of the netting over the row of vehicles. In addition to asking for general
feedback, we asked those in attendance to address the issues of the potential stability of our product
along with the problem of hailstones piling atop the netting. Design Review Results Reviewers like
Reviewers dislike Features to be added Features to be removed Additional Comments
VERSATILITY Covers vehicles of widely different sizes and shapes Deployable over a variety of
vehicle arrangement scenarios PERCEIVED STRENGTH Structure is large and heavy which will
increase user confidence in product DESIGN CONCEPT Design meets or exceeds the client's and
user's expressed needs One reviewer called it "ingenious" LACK OF VERSATILITY Design fails to
address vehicles on elevated surfaces and platforms Vehicles arranged in curved rows are not able to
be protected INEFFECTIVE Netting will sag, rest on

Bridge Science
Science Questions
Identify and discuss the design elements that you incorporated into your bridge.
Design Elements: While building this bridge, the first design element, was the deck design. We took
around one horizontal length of vertical popsicle sticks and lined them side by side, and repeated.
Later we connected them together with a horizontal popsicle stick. I then took two lines and placed
them ontop of eachother to create a flat surface. This way it will carry a lot of weight, and it will
also run smoothly. After this I created trusses to put on the side, so that the weight would be evenly
distributed amongst the bridge, instead of all the weight on one part. This would help stop the bridge
from immediately bending once weights were put into the bucket. To make the trusses I had to take
popsicle sticks and glue them into a triangle shape, and then glue them together from the bottom.
This way they wouldn't break apart. I then doubled them up so that it would be able to sustain more
weight. Under the bridge I placed a lot of beams, so that the bridge would hold together from the
bottom, instead of immediately bending once I placed a weight. I made the beam from gluing ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, I let essa, emma, and abby work on the platform because they wanted to, so I let them
work on it. I did my side, they did their side of the platform. After 30 minutes I was done my
platform. After TWO periods they were done their platform, so once they were done their platform, I
picked it up and it started to fall apart. We had to restart all of it, because even after they rebuilt it,
they only used bent popsicle sticks. Only. There wasn't a single popsicle stick that they used was
straight, so we couldn't have used it. If I had someone who could actually make something that
would work, it would've been way faster, and we would've had more time to glue

The Roller Coaster Is More Than Just A Thrill Ride
Today, Roller Coasters dominate amusement parks across the world. With 672 roller coasters in the
United States alone, and 3,656 operating coasters across the world this thrill ride is widely know, as
well as enjoyed. However, when the majority of the population thinks of this common ride all it 's
known for is the excitement, butterflies, long waits in line, the speed and memories that come with
it. It seems no one could name where the first roller coaster was built, how they came about, or even
any of the simple physics involved. In reality, the Roller Coaster is more than just a thrill ride, it is
all parts of physics including momentum, inertia, Newton 's Laws,and friction. It is a symbol of
dedication of its creator, safety, and even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would get too warm, and the ice would melt, so the French began making wax slides. So, you can
see how even in the early days of the Roller Coaster was continuously changing to better suit thrill
lovers. It is still unknown who actually built the first wheeled roller coaster.
Robert Cartmell has given credit to the Russians. They supposedly built it in 1784 in the Gardens of
Oranienbaum in St. Petersburg, however, no actual evidence remains to prove this, other than an
engraving. More trustworthy evidence shows that France is responsible for adding wheels to the
slides. It has been proven that by 1817 two coasters were built in France called the Les Montagnes
Russes a Belleville and Promenades Aeriennes. The Russes a Belleville is believed to be the first
coaster with an axle that could lock the cart into place. The coasters had two tracks side try side, so
the axle could run between them. The Ariel Walk was the first to have two tracks traveling opposite
each other in a "heart–shaped layout." The first Roller Coaster with a loop was produced in Paris,
France. It had a 43 foot drop hill, followed by a 13 foot wide loop. Extensive testing took place
before the ride was opened.
The first American roller coaster was the Maunch Chunk Switchback Railway in the mountains of
Pennsylvania, built in the mid–1800's. It was originally meant to send coal to a railway, but was
reconstructed to be a "scenic tour." The first successful American

Three Newspaper Design Layouts: Gutenberg Diagram, Z-Pattern
3 Newspaper Design Layouts: Gutenberg Diagram, Z–Pattern, And F–Pattern Several layout
patterns are often recommended to take advantage of how people scan or read through a design. 3 of
the more common are the Gutenberg diagram, the z–pattern layout, and the f–pattern layout. Each
offers advice for where to place important information, but I think these patterns are often
misunderstood and followed without thought to what they really describe. I want to walk through
the what and why of each pattern and then offer something else that gives you as a designer more
control over where your viewer's eye moves across your design. The Gutenberg Diagram The
Gutenberg diagram describes a general pattern the eyes move through when looking ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's how we naturally read large blocks of text. This series of z–movements is sometimes referred to
as a zig–zag pattern. If we continue to add more zigs and zags to the pattern we ultimately end up
with a series of near horizontal right and left movements as the diagonal portion of the z gets
shallower and shallower. Golden Triangle Pattern The z–pattern also leads to what's called a golden
triangle pattern. If you take the first horizontal and first diagonal movement and then close the shape
you end up with a right triangle whose right angle is the top/left corner. This triangular area at the
top of the page will be the area most seen and the pattern suggests your most important information
needs to placed inside of it. F–Pattern Layout The f–pattern gets mentioned on the web and as you
would expect it follows the shape of the letter F. I think Jacob Nielsen first suggested the pattern
after eye–tracking studies his company performed. What often gets lost in the f–pattern is that these
original studies were done on text heavy designs and search results. As with the other patterns the
eye starts in the top/left, moves horizontally to the top/right and then comes back to the left edge
before making another horizontal sweep to the right. This second sweep

The TRACE Model
The TRACE model accounts for WF effects as studies have found that participants gaze at words
presented prior and after LF words for a longer duration than the words surrounding the HF words
(Rayner & Duffy, 1986). Thus, as the model encompasses top–down and bottom–up processing
(McClelland & Elman, 1986), quicker responses may be induced for HF words, as when individuals
read LF words they may analyse surrounding words to assess the context of the text, which
consequently slows them down. Whereas, this process is not necessarily required for HF words, due
to the familiarity of the context the words are used in.
Furthermore, the TRACE model accounts for WS effects as exemplified by Williams and Gaffney
(1985) as eight participants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the model's flexibility and universality allows a greater applicability to these effects and
variations, such as developmental disorders that can impact them. accurately in a string of letters
when presented in an actual word, compared to a non–word or a single isolated letter (Baron, 2014).
Thus, as both models only incorporate bottom–up processing, which is more useful when processing
individual letters (Starrfelt, Petersen, & Vangkilde, 2013), they cannot account for WS as it would
be difficult to efficiently detect letters within words.
However, the TRACE model by McClelland and Elman (1986) accounts for both effects as it is an
interactive processing model whereby visual and auditory inputs are interpreted by their features,
before progressing to either the letter or phenome level and subsequently advancing to the word
level to retrieve suitable candidates, as shown in Figure 2.
The Logogen model accounts for word frequency (WF) effects, which is based on the premise that
high frequency (HF) words are used more regularly so they are easier to recognise than low
frequency (LF) words that are used scarcely (Murrell & Morton, 1974). Rayner and Duffy (1986)
illustrate this as participants fixated and gazed longer at LF words compared to HF words,
potentially as infrequent words are not easily accessed within the lexicon. Consequently, as a
Logogen has to reach a specific threshold to be activated, HF words are stimulated quicker than LF

Achieving The Same Mission At The Kimberly Clark Andean...
Originally set up as a top down environment, the Kimberly–Clark Andean Region struggled with
getting everyone within the organization focused on achieving the same mission. Wanting to expand
their reach and market share, Sergio Nacach realized that he needed to find a way to connect the
employees to the company. Prior to his arrival, the company philosophy was that, " the solution was
always to come from better products and better advertising... Decisions were top–down and the
senior positions had all the power" (Clark, 3). Having management hold all the power, allowed the
employees to believe there impact didn't matter. As Nacach became more involved within the
organization, the company began to move their focus away from a strictly top–down model into one
where individuals were more involved in the decisions that they often times knew more about than
the top level management. Instead of only having the leaders of the organization be the big
individuals in the company, KC "established that any person in charge of even or or three people
was a leader.... developed a plan to motivate those who were moving the wheels of the organization"
(Clark, 10). While not at the level of being completely focused on People's Proposition, the steps
that Kimberly Clark is taking is pushing the company in that direction. Kimberly–Clark recognized
that what is best for their company success is giving their employees an opportunity to become more
invested in the work that they are doing by

Evaluation Approach And Effective Adaptation Interventions...
So study followed a similar evaluation approach and depend on seven main criteria to weights and
determine successful adaptation, criteria are Relevance, effectiveness, sustainability, equity,
efficiency, flexibility and stakeholder participation.
Successful adaptation that success in dealing with the following 7 criteria. Effectiveness; effective
adaptation intervention that achieve its stated objectives, reduce vulnerability, increase adaptive
capacity and enhance level of protection. Flexibility; evaluate how adaptation deal with climate
change uncertainty about the future? and flexibility in act with range of climate changes projected
under different emissions scenarios because response to 'worst case scenario' will be safer but
extremely expensive and reduces resources available for pressing development needs so successful
adaptation improve current climate resilience and depend on 'no regret' and 'win–win' interventions
that allowing better decisions downstream. Equity: evaluate dimensions of inequality in adaptation
because inequitable adaptation interventions will undermine the potential for welfare gains in the
future so adaptation should respect equity by considering equalities between sectors, regions and
societies [2]. Efficiency: Efficiency or cost–effectiveness is typically used to compare the costs of
alternative ways of producing the same or similar results to assess the least–cost path to reaching a
given target and address agreed acceptable levels of risk.

B R Richardson Timber Case Study
Summary
This case study is about B.R.Richardson Timber Products Corporation a lamination plant located in
Papoose, Oregon. Part of the management team determined that there was a need for change in the
organization and decided to reach out to Jack Lawler a management trainer and consultant for help.
The issues which needed to be addressed were the low morale in the plant, the authoritative plant
manager, and the fact that there was a resent fatality in the plant. Bowman was in charge of
industrial relations at the plant and felt that a motivation course was needed.
Question
1. How would you assess Jack Lawler's entry and contracting process at B.R.Richardson? Would
you have done anything differently?
I would say the entry and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would say the entry process was basically straight to the point in that he got a phone call during
which time the possible organizational problems were outlined. At the same time the contracting
process was never definite. I would expect that Lawler would have stated his cost in the letter as
well as his terms and agreement if hired to do the job. The contract was not in writing it was verbal.
The only thing I would have done a bit differently was spend a considerable amount of time with the
plant manager to try and get a grasp on how his authoritative demeanor affects his staff. I would
have also viewed the company records to find out what the turnover rate is like as well as
absenteeism and the lack of or presences of an incentive program. The reason why I would look for
these measurements is because it can make or bring down a company. With that being said, in my
opinion Jack Lawler did an outstanding job with the manner in which he gathered the information he
needed to access the situation at the plant. It started with the proposal phone call from Mr. Bowman.
During the conversation Lawler took the time to inquire if the plant manager was supportive of the
course idea. He then suggested that he should meet with Bowman and Richardson at the plant.
While there he got a rundown of the situation at the plant and he was also able to get a tour. Lawler
followed up his visit with a letter outlining his thoughts going forward. There was another visit six

Advantages And Disadvantages Of PLA
Despite several advantages ,PLA has some drawbacks as well, which limits its use in certain
applications3. PLA has poor toughness (very brittle material with less than 10% elongation at
break), slow degradation rate (low crystallinity), hydrophobicity (hydrophobic with a static contact
angle of approximately 80°), lack of reactive side chain groups and poor barrier properties (to
moisture and air)3. Moreover, the poor melt strength restricts the applicability of specific processing
techniques such as film blowing etc.
Several attempts have been made to improve the properties of PLA. Researchers have approached
surface modifications to enhance the mechanical properties, especially toughness, processability,
degradation behaviour and crystallization11. By the use of surface modification techniques different
reactive groups such as –COOH, –OH, and –NH2 can be introduced on the surface of PLA. Grafting
technique was utilized by Spinella et al.12, to improve the mechanical and barrier properties of the
nanocomposites. PLLA based nanocomposites with PMMA modified CNCs showed higher storage
modulus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thereafter, numerous investigations have been carried out in this area. In the homogenization, the
suspension of cellulose fibre is pumped at high pressure and passed through a thin slit, where it is
subjected to high shear forces. This combination of forces results in a high degree of fibrillation of
the cellulose fibres. The high–pressure homogenization process is depicted in Figure 6. Advantages
of high–pressure homogenization lies in easy scale–up and continuous operation. Despite these
advantages, it has drawback as well, viz. clogging of the homogenizer due to larger fibers and the
high number of passes needed to obtain

Top-Down Influences On Spoken Word Recognition
Discuss the evidence for top–down influences on spoken word recognition.
What is the best way of accounting for these effects?
Introduction
One fundamental issue in the study of spoken word recognition is concerned with how and when
bottom–up information (i.e., raw acoustic input) is integrated with top–down knowledge (i.e.,
lexical, morpho–syntactic and semantic information) when processing speech, if at all. Interactive
accounts, represented by the TRACE model, acknowledge top–down flow of information as one
essential route within its theoretical portrait of a bi–directional spread of activation when processing
spoken words, as in contrast to autonomous ones, such as the SHORTLIST B model, which endorse
a unidirectional bottom–up approach. The paper discussed both positive and negative empirical
evidence for top–down effects in speech perception following a chronological order in line with two
influential theoretical accounts (i.e., Interactive versus Autonomous) to shed light on a more
comprehensive understanding of spoken word recognition. In particular, this discussion aims to
argue that the role for top–down influences on spoken word could be better consolidated
empirically, only when the idea of top–down flow is more rigorously conceptualized.
Early evidence
One long running approach to investigate how does higher–level information influence speech
perception focuses on testing if lexical knowledge influences phoneme perception through top–
down feedback, or

Racc
Design and Development of Strategy Processes at RACC 1. What have been the goals of the
strategic planning exercise at RACC over the years? What are the advantages and disadvantages of
the RACC approach?
Previously all the strategic planning exercises involved a wide management participation coupled
with bottom–up approach. The aim was the development of a multi–product and multi–channel
strategy.
In 2000–02 the emphasis of the strategic plan was focused on geographical expansion. Which were
formed by participative process by including 21 senior managers from level 1 and 2 who carried out
and external analysis, followed by an internal feasibility analysis. As a result, five corporate
strategic priorities were identified, with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symptoms of stagnation were unpredicted and to react to such unforeseen circumstances it was
required lay emphasis on the top level managers because of their exclusivity towards the strategy
and the lack of time to resolve the occurrence. However, the broad participation approach had
proved beneficial for a significant time as well, since it involved the organization participation as a
whole, which encouraged implementation due to the involvement. But due to the urgency to take
remedial action it would not be feasible to initiate bottom–up approach.
3. Having faced market changes and having updated the corporate level strategy, should RACC go
back to broader participation for the multi–channel strategy?
In terms of reacting proactively and effectively to a sudden crisis, it is best for the strategic planning
decisions to be carried on by the top level along for a more professional, objective and realistic
approach. Regarding the implementation of the strategy, the top level can set directions and
supervise the lower levels. However, to maintain a balance and motivate the lower levels a bottom–
up approach can be considered once RACC obtains a more stable position. To facilitate multi–
channel strategy the

Why Boomerangs Come Back
Why do boomerangs come back?
When I was young, I thought boomerangs were magical. I wasn't sure if they actually worked in real
life, so I decided to make my own to test the idea. I took a pizza box, cut out a boomerang shape
from it, and threw it. It didn't come back. I tried again and again, but I couldn't make it work. I was
bewildered as to why my boomerang didn't come back! As it turns out, I had constructed it
incorrectly. I thought a boomerang was just a flat, v–shaped piece of material, and my design was
way off. But before we get into that, let's learn a little bit about the history of the boomerang.
Considered by many to be the earliest "heavier–than–air" flying machine invented by man,
boomerangs have been around for more than ten thousand years. Australia is known for having
developed the boomerang, but the tool had widespread use throughout the ancient world. In ... Show
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This is the question we will explore in my paper.
Boomerangs come back because, as I learned as a young child, they are more than just oddly–
shaped sticks. The shape and structure of the wings and the way they are joined together at the
center are essential to their ability to turn in mid–air and come back to the thrower. Contrary to what
you might think, boomerangs aren't designed to work as a single piece of wood. They are made up
of two or more carefully shaped wings that are connected at the center. Each of these wings is
designed to maximize (or increase) lift on one side.
"What is lift?", you might ask. The easiest way to explain the idea of lift is to compare a boomerang
wing to an airplane wing. If you look at the picture below, you will see that an airplane wing is
curved along the top and flat along the bottom. This is the reason these massive machines can stay in
the air: The air that goes over the wing as the plane flies has to move faster than the air that goes
below the wing in order for them to move past the wing at the same

The Four Elements Of Fashion

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