biochemistry vitamins

1. INTRODUCTION TO
VITAMINS
 STRUCTURE
 SOURCE
 DISEASES DUE TO
DEFICENCY AND
EXCESS

2. VITAMINS DEFINITION
DEFINITION: VITAMIN IS AN ORGANIC
COMPOUND/MOLECULE REQUIRED AS A
NUTRIENT N SMALL AMOUNT, BY AN ORGANISM
THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF THE VITAMINS
IS THAT THEY GENERALLY CANNOT BE
SYNTHESIZED BY MAMMALIAN CELLS AND,
THEREFORE, MUST BE SUPPLIED IN THE DIET.

3. TYPES OF VITAMINS

4. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
• VITAMIN A IS A GROUP OF UNSATURATED NUTRITIONAL
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT INCLUDES RETINOL,
RETINAL, RETINOIC ACID, AND SEVERAL PRO VITAMIN A
CAROTENOIDS.
• ACCORDING TO SOME RESEARCH, HAVING MORE THAN
AN AVERAGE OF 1.5MG THEM MORE LIKELY TO
FRACTURE WHEN YOU ARE OLDER.

5. VITAMIN A
SOURCES
• 1. BEEF LIVER
• 2. EGG YOLK
• 3. CHEDDAR CHEESE
• 4. FORTIFIED MILK
• 5. TOP SOURCES OF BETACAROTENE
• INCLUDE:
• 6. SWEET POTATO
• 7. CARROTS
• 8. PUMPKIN
• 9. CANTALOUPE
• 10. BROCCOLI
• 11. APRICOTS
• 12. SPINACH AND COLLARD
• GREENS
TYPES OF VITAMIN
A
1. Preformed vitamin A
2. pro-vitamin A

6. STRUCTURES OF VITAMIN A

8. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN A
• KERATINIZED SKIN
• DRY MUCOUS MEMBRANES
• NIGHT BLINDNESS
• SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE
• IMPAIRS IMMUNITY
• HEMATOPOIESIS
• FAT MALABSORPTION
• LIVER DISORDERS

9. VITAMIN D
ERGOCALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D2) AND CHOLECALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D3)
• VITAMIN D IS A GROUP OF FAT-SOLUBLE SECOSTEROIDS
RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASING INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF
CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHATE, AND MULTIPLE
OTHER BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS. IN HUMANS, THE MOST
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS IN THIS GROUP ARE VITAMIN D₃
AND VITAMIN D₂
• ERGOCALCIFEROL (VITAMIN D2) AND CHOLECALCIFEROL
(VITAMIN D3)

10. SOURCES OF VITAMIN D
SOURCES
•fatty fish, like tuna, mackerel,
and salmon.
•Foods fortified with vitamin D,
like some dairy products,
orange juice, soy milk, and
cereals.
•Beef liver.
•Cheese.
•Egg yolks.

11. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN D

12. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN D
• VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, PUTTING AT RISK OF BONE PROBLEMS, INCLUDING RICKETS IN
CHILDREN AND OSTEO MALACIA IN ADULTS, SEVERE ASTHMA IN CHILDREN, INCREASED
RISK OF DEATH FROM CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, CANCER
RICKETS:
RICKETS IS A SKELETAL DISORDER THAT'S CAUSED BY A LACK OF VITAMIN D,
CALCIUM, OR PHOSPHATE. THESE NUTRIENTS ARE IMPORTANT FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF STRONG, HEALTHY BONES. PEOPLE WITH RICKETS MAY
HAVE WEAK AND SOFT BONES, STUNTED GROWTH, AND, IN SEVERE CASES,
SKELETAL DEFORMITIES.
OSTEO MALACIA:
SOFTENING OF THE BONES, TYPICALLY THROUGH A DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN D OR CALCIUM.

13. VITAMIN E
GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL (GAMA-TOCOPHEROL)
• VITAMIN E IS A GROUP OF EIGHT FAT SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS THAT INCLUDE
FOUR TOCOPHEROLS AND FOUR TOCOTRIENOLS. VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY, WHICH
IS RARE AND USUALLY DUE TO AN UNDERLYING PROBLEM WITH DIGESTING
DIETARY FAT RATHER THAN FROM A DIET LOW IN VITAMIN E, CAN CAUSE NERVE
PROBLEMS.
SOURCES
• WHEAT GERM OIL — 135% DV PER SERVING. ...
• SUNFLOWER SEEDS — 66% DV PER SERVING. ...
• ALMONDS — 48% DV PER SERVING. ...
• HAZELNUT OIL — 43% DV PER SERVING. ...
• MAMEY SAPOTE — 39% DV PER SERVING. ...
• SUNFLOWER OIL — 37% DV PER SERVING.

14. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN E
• VITAMIN E EXISTS IN 8
CHEMICAL FORMS; ALPHA,
BETA, AND DELTA-
TOCOPHEROL AND ALPHA-,
BETA-, GAMMA-, AND DELTA-
TOCOTRIENOLS. ... THE MOST
COMMON FORMS OF VITAMIN
E IN A NATURAL DIET IS Γ-
TOCOPHEROL FOLLOWED BY Α-
TOCOPHEROL.

15. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN E
• ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA
IT IS A RARE INHERITED DISORDER OF FAT METABOLISM THAT RESULTS IN POOR
ABSORPTION OF DIETARY FAT AND VITAMIN E. THE VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY
ASSOCIATED WITH THIS DISEASE CAUSES PROBLEMS SUCH AS POOR
TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES AND MUSCLE WEAKNESS.
• CYSTIC FIBROSIS
VITAMIN E IS AN ANTIOXIDANT AND MAY HAVE A ROLE IN THE PROTECTION OF
LUNG TISSUE AGAINST OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS. ... CURRENT
GUIDELINES ON VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION IN CYSTIC
FIBROSIS INCLUDE VITAMIN E. IT IS NOT PRESENTLY CLEAR WHICH LEVEL OF
SUPPLEMENTATION IS MOST APPROPRIATE.

16. • chronic cholestatic liver disease
low levels of vitamin E occurred most frequently in
patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and other forms
of chronic cholestatic liver disease
• Short bowl syndrome
Reversible neurological symptoms caused by vitamin E
deficiency in a patient with short bowel syndrome. ...
In children with fat malabsorption from various causes
neuropathological and neurological changes have
been ascribed to vitamin E deficiency

17. VITAMIN K
VITAMIN K1 (PHYTONADIONE) AND VITAMIN K2
(MENAQUINONE)
• VITAMIN K IS A GROUP OF STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS THAT THE HUMAN
BODY REQUIRES FOR COMPLETE SYNTHESIS OF CERTAIN PROTEINS THAT ARE PREREQUISITES FOR
BLOOD COAGULATION AND WHICH THE BODY ALSO NEEDS FOR CONTROLLING BINDING OF
CALCIUM IN BONES AND OTHER TISSUES.
• SOURCES
VITAMIN K IS FOUND IN THE FOLLOWING FOODS: GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES,
SUCH AS KALE, SPINACH, TURNIP GREENS, COLLARDS, SWISS CHARD,
MUSTARD GREENS, PARSLEY, ROMAINE, AND GREEN LEAF LETTUCE.
VEGETABLES SUCH AS BRUSSELS SPROUTS, BROCCOLI, CAULIFLOWER, AND
CABBAGE. FISH, LIVER, MEAT, EGGS, AND CEREALS (CONTAIN SMALLER
AMOUNTS .

18. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN K
General structure of
vitamin kDerivatives of

19. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN K
• VITAMIN K DEFICIENCIES
IN NEWBORNS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
BLEEDING OR VKDB (ALSO KNOWN AS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF
THE NEWBORN). THIS CAN CAUSE EXCESSIVE BLEEDING AND
BRUISING AND, IN SEVERE CASES, CAN LEAD TO FATAL BLEEDING
INTO THE BRAIN
• DAILY REQUIREMENT OF VITAMIN
K VITAMIN K DEPENDS ON AGE AND GENDER. WOMEN AGED 19
YEARS AND OVER SHOULD CONSUME 90 MICROGRAMS (MCG) A
DAY, AND MEN SHOULD HAVE 120 MCG

20. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
• A VITAMIN THAT CAN DISSOLVE IN WATER. WATER-
SOLUBLE VITAMINS ARE CARRIED TO THE BODY'S TISSUES
BUT ARE NOT STORED IN THE BODY. THEY ARE FOUND IN
PLANT AND ANIMAL FOODS OR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
AND MUST BE TAKEN IN DAILY. VITAMIN C AND MEMBERS
OF THE VITAMIN B COMPLEX ARE WATER-SOLUBLE.

21. VITAMINN B 1
THIAMINE
• WHOLE GRAINS (BROWN RICE, BARLEY, MILLET)
• MEAT (RED MEAT, POULTRY, FISH)
• EGGS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS (MILK, CHEESE)
• LEGUMES (BEANS, LENTILS)
• SEEDS AND NUTS (SUNFLOWER SEEDS, ALMONDS)
• DARK, LEAFY VEGETABLES (BROCCOLI, SPINACH, KAI LAN)

22. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B 1

23. DISEASES OF VITAMIN B1
THIAMINE
• DEFICIENCY CAUSES BERIBERI AND WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME
• BERIBERI
BERIBERI IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY A VITAMIN B-1 DEFICIENCY, ALSO KNOWN AS THIAMINE
DEFICIENCY. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF THE DISEASE: WET BERIBERI AND DRY BERIBERI.
WET BERIBERI AFFECTS THE HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. IN EXTREME CASES,
WET BERIBERI CAN CAUSE HEART FAILURE.
• WERNICLE KORSAGOFF SYNDROME WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME (WKS)
IS A TYPE OF BRAIN DISORDER CAUSED BY A LACK OF VITAMIN B-1, OR THIAMINE. THE
SYNDROME IS ACTUALLY TWO SEPARATE CONDITIONS THAT CAN OCCUR AT THE SAME
TIME, WERNICKE'S DISEASE (WD) AND KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. ... ALCOHOLISM, OR
CHRONIC ALCOHOL MISUSE, IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF WKS.

24. • INFANTILE BERIBERI
Disease in infants due to deficiency of thiamine. This disease is well-known
in undeveloped countries among malnourished infants but it is very rare in
developed countries. It can occur if a breastfeeding mother has an
inadequate intake of thiamine.
EARLY SYMPTOMS
These symptoms may be described in infantile beriberi:
• Hoarseness, where the child makes moves to moan but emits no sound
or just faint moans caused by nerve paralysis.
• Weight loss, becoming thinner and then marasmic as the disease
progresses.
• Vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
• Pale skin.
• Edema.

25. THERAPUTIC USES
• DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS LIKE ULCERATIVE COLITIS,
• AIDS,
• DIABETIC PAIN
• HEART DISEASES
• AGING
• VISION PROBLEM
• PREVENT CERVICAL CANCER

26. VITAMIN B2
RIBOFLAVIN
• SOURCES
• EGGS, ORGAN MEATS (SUCH AS KIDNEYS AND LIVER), LEAN
MEATS, AND LOW-FAT MILK.
• GREEN VEGETABLES (SUCH AS ASPARAGUS, BROCCOLI,
AND SPINACH)
• FORTIFIED CEREALS, BREAD, AND GRAIN PRODUCTS.

27. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B2

28. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B2
• RIBOFLAVIN DECOMPOSES WHEN EXPOSED TO VISIBLE
LIGHT. THIS CHARACTERISTIC CAN LEAD TO RIBOFLAVIN
DEFICIENCIES IN NEWBORNS TREATED FOR
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA BY PHOTOTHERAPY. THE SEVERE
DEFICIENCY OF RIBOFLAVIN IS KNOWN AS ARIBO
FLAVINOSIS ( A DEFICIENCY DISEASE DUE TO
INADEQUATE INTAKE OF RIBOFLAVIN AND
CHARACTERIZED BY SORES ON THE MOUTH.)

29. THERAPEUTIC USES
• MIGRAINE HEADACHES IN USE OF HIGH DOSES OF
RIBOFLAVIN
• IMPROVE MEMORY
• HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS
• BOOST THE BODY'S LEVEL OF GLUTATHIONE
WHICH IS AN ANTI-OXIDANT.

30. VITAMIN B3
NIACIN
(ALSO CALLED VITAMIN P)
SOURCES
• LIVER. LIVER IS ONE OF THE BEST NATURAL SOURCES OF NIACIN. ...
• CHICKEN BREAST. CHICKEN, ESPECIALLY THE BREAST MEAT, IS A GOOD SOURCE
OF BOTH NIACIN AND LEAN PROTEIN. ...
• TUNA. TUNA IS A GOOD SOURCE OF NIACIN AND A GREAT OPTION FOR PEOPLE
WHO EAT FISH BUT NOT MEAT. ...
• TURKEY. ...
• SALMON. ...
• ANCHOVIES. ...
• PORK. ...
• GROUND BEEF.

31. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B3

32. NIACIN DERIVATIVES

33. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B3
• NIACIN CHRONIC DEFICIENCY RESULTS IN PELLAGRA.
• PELLAGRA:
PELLAGRA IS A DISEASE CAUSED BY LOW LEVELS OF
NIACIN, ALSO KNOWN AS VITAMIN B-3. IT'S MARKED
BY DEMENTIA, DIARRHEA, AND DERMATITIS, ALSO
KNOWN AS “THE THREE DS”. IF LEFT UN TREATED,
PELLAGRA CAN BE FATAL.

34. THERAPEUTIC USES
• DECREASE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND REDUCE THE RISK OF
HEART ATTACK.
• NIACIN AMIDE USED ON A LONG-TERM BASIS TO PREVENT THE
ONSET OF JUVENILE DIABETES
(CHILDREN).
• INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF SEX AND STRESS HORMONES.
• IMPROVE BLOOD CIRCULATION.
• REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL.

35. VITAMIN B5
PANTOTHENIC ACID
SOURCES
• MEAT: PORK, CHICKEN, TURKEY DUCK, BEEF, AND ESPECIALLY ANIMAL ORGANS
SUCH AS LIVER AND KIDNEY.
• FISH: SALMON, LOBSTER, AND SHELLFISH.
• GRAINS: WHOLE GRAIN BREADS AND CEREALS. ...
• DAIRY PRODUCTS: EGG YOLK, MILK, YOGURT, AND MILK PRODUCTS.
• LEGUMES: LENTILS, SPLIT PEAS, AND SOYBEANS.

36. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B5
pantothenol

37. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B5
• BECAUSE PANTOTHENIC ACID IS COMMON IN THE
DIET, CASES OF DEFICIENCY ARE RARE. WHEN
OCCUR IT LEADS TO PARESTHESIAS (AN
ABNORMAL SENSATION, TYPICALLY TINGLING OR
PRICKING (‘PINS AND NEEDLES’), CAUSED CHIEFLY
BY PRESSURE ON OR DAMAGE TO PERIPHERAL
NERVES)

38. THERAPEUTIC USES
• MAINTAIN GROWTH OF NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE BODY
• BUILDING CELLS OF THE BODY
• HELPS IN FUNCTION OF ADRENAL GLAND
• INCREASE IMMUNITY OF THE BODY.
• D-PANTHENOL IS AN ANALOGUE OF PANTOTHENIC ACID. IT IS A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE
• ENANTIOMER OF PANTHENOL. USE TO RELIVE GAS RETENTION AND TOPICALLY FOR:
A) BURNING
B) ITCHING
C) IRRITATION

39. VITAMIN B6
(PYRIDOXINE, PYRIDOXAL, PYRIDOXAMINE)
• SOURCES
•pork.
•poultry such as chicken or turkey.
•fish.
•bread.
•wholegrain cereals such as oatmeal, wheat
germ and brown rice.
•eggs.
•vegetables.
•soya beans.

40. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B6

41. VITAMIN B6 OCCURRENCE

42. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B6
• THE CLASSIC CLINICAL SYNDROME FOR VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY IS A SEBORRHOEIC DERMATITIS-
LIKE ERUPTION, ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS WITH
• ULCERATION,
• ANGULAR CHEILITIS,
• CONJUNCTIVITIS,
• INTERTRIGO, AND
• NEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS OF SOMNOLENCE,
• CONFUSION, AND
• NEUROPATHY[11] (DUE TO IMPAIRED SPHINGOSIN SYNTHESIS)
• SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA (DUE TO IMPAIRED HEME

43. VITAMIN B7
(VITAMIN H, BIOTIN, GROWTH FACTOR, CO-
ENZYME R)
SOURCES
• LIVER AND OTHER MEATS. AS MOST BIOTIN IS STORED IN THE LIVER, EATING ANIMAL LIVER IS ONE
OF THE SIMPLEST WAYS TO INCREASE BIOTIN IN A DIET. ...
• EGG YOLK. EGG YOLKS ARE ANOTHER BIOTIN-RICH FOOD WITH 1 WHOLE, COOKED EGG PROVIDING
UP TO 10 MCG. ...
• YEAST. ...
• NUTS AND SEEDS. ...
• SALMON. ...
• DAIRY. ...
• AVOCADOS. ...
• SWEET POTATO.

44. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B7
Daily amount required:
100- 200 mg/day.

45. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B7
•ONLY INDUCED IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
NOT OBSERVED IN HUMAN:
• SKIN LESIONS
• RETARDED GROWTH
• HAIR LOSS

46. VITAMIN B9
(VITAMIN M, VITAMIN B-C, FOLIC ACID )
SOURCES
• LEGUMES. SHARE ON PINTEREST. ...
• ASPARAGUS. ASPARAGUS CONTAINS A CONCENTRATED AMOUNT OF
MANY VITAMINS AND MINERALS, INCLUDING FOLATE. ...
• EGGS. ...
• LEAFY GREENS. ...
• BEETS. ...
• CITRUS FRUITS. ...
• BRUSSELS SPROUTS. ...
• BROCCOLI.
Daily amount
required:
0.1- 0.8 mg/day

47. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B9

48. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B9
• VERY RARE DUE TO:
• MALABSORPTION (DUE TO ALCOHOLISM).
• IMPAIRED HEPATIC FUNCTIONS (DUE TO ALCOHOLISM) LEADS TO:
• GLOSSITIS (IS INFLAMMATION OR INFECTION OF THE TONGUE ).
• MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
• LEUCOPENIA

49. VITAMIN B12
(CYANOCOBALAMIN, ANTI PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
FACTOR)
SOURCES
• VITAMIN B12 IS NATURALLY FOUND IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS,
INCLUDING FISH, MEAT, POULTRY, EGGS, MILK,
AND MILK PRODUCTS. VITAMIN B12 IS GENERALLY NOT
PRESENT IN PLANT FOODS, BUT FORTIFIED BREAKFAST
CEREALS ARE A READILY AVAILABLE SOURCE OF VITAMIN
B12 WITH HIGH BIOAVAILABILITY FOR VEGETARIANS

50. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN B12

51. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN B12

52. VITAMIN C
ASCORBIC ACID
• SOURCES
CITRUS FRUITS SUCH AS ORANGE, KIWI, LEMON,
GUAVA, GRAPEFRUIT, AND VEGETABLES SUCH AS
BROCCOLI, CAULIFLOWER, BRUSSEL SPROUTS AND
CAPSICUMS ARE RICH,
NATURAL SOURCES OFVITAMIN C. OTHER VITAMIN C-
RICH FRUITS INCLUDE PAPAYA, CANTALOUPE AND
STRAWBERRIES.

53. STRUCTURE OF VITAMIN C

54. DISEASES DUE TO VITAMIN C
• SCURVY HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS A LACK OF VITAMIN C, OR ASCORBIC ACID. THE DEFICIENCY
LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF WEAKNESS, ANEMIA, GUM DISEASE, AND SKIN PROBLEMS. THIS IS
BECAUSE VITAMIN C IS NEEDED FOR MAKING COLLAGEN, AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
SCURVY:
• IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY CAN OCCUR AS PART OF GENERAL
UNDERNUTRITION, BUT SEVERE DEFICIENCY (CAUSING SCURVY) IS UNCOMMON. SYMPTOMS
INCLUDE FATIGUE, DEPRESSION, AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEFECTS (E.G, GINGIVITIS,
PETECHIAE, RASH, INTERNAL BLEEDING, IMPAIRED WOUND HEALING). IN INFANTS AND
CHILDREN, BONE GROWTH MAY BE IMPAIRED. DIAGNOSIS IS USUALLY CLINICAL. TREATMENT
CONSISTS OF ORAL VITAMIN C.

55. ETIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
• IN ADULTS, PRIMARY VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY IS USUALLY DUE TO
INADEQUATE DIE
• ETIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF CAUSATION, OR ORIGINATION
• THE CAUSE, SET OF CAUSES, OR MANNER OF CAUSATION OF A DISEASE OR
CONDITION.

56. THERAPEUTIC USES
BONE AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
INFECTIONS
PSORIASIS
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
RESPIRATORY HEALTH
DIABETES & OTHER CONDITIONS