This document contrasts individualism and collectivism in cultures. It defines individualism as promoting independence, goals, competition, and private self-knowledge, while collectivism focuses on relatedness, belonging, duty, harmony, advice-seeking, and hierarchies. Countries rated as highly individualistic include the US, Australia, and Great Britain, while more collectivist countries include Guatemala, Ecuador, and South Korea. The document also discusses how cultures differ in their views on autonomy versus embeddedness in groups and motivations for responsible behavior.
Individualistic cultures are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. In this type of culture, people are seen as independent and autonomous.
Social behavior tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals. Cultures in North America and Western Europe tend to be individualistic.
A few common characteristics of individualistic cultures include:
Individual rights take center stage
Independence is highly valued
Being dependent upon others is often considered shameful or embarrassing
People tend to be self-reliant
In individualistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are
strong,
self-reliant,
assertive, and
independent.
Collectivistic cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and wishes of each individual.
In this cultures under mentioned play a central role in each person's identity.
relationships with other members of the group and
the interconnectedness between people
Cultures in Asia, Central America, South America and Africa tend to be more collectivistic.
A few common traits of collectivistic cultures include:
Social rules focus on
promoting selflessness and
putting the community needs ahead of individual needs
Working as a group and supporting others is essential
People are encouraged to do what's best for society
Families and communities have a central role
In collectivistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are
generous,
helpful,
dependable, and
attentive to the needs of others.
The variation between individualism and collectivism is a demanded topic in the theory and practices of the institution that wish to achieve better understanding of multicultural employees. As part of dealing with multicultural employees, there is always a need of prediction on how others going to react to different actions inside the organization . it is important to spot the lights on how different cultures are express their emotions. Successful organizations invest the money and time on understand different employees cultures to fully aware of cultural differences conflict that may occur. The concepts of individualism-collectivism were argued by many researchers in the recent years. Collectivism is defined as a continuum as the extent to which an individual identifies with group oriented goals and needs at the expense of his/her own personal desires . On the other hand , Individualism is defines as an emphasize solely on the individual’s needs that include those of his/her nuclear family , when making major decisions . Generally, individualism–collectivism continuum demonstrates its enduring nature as it still mirrors the anecdotal cultural differences between eastern and western societies .The study rely mainly on different articles discussed about individualism-collectivism pioneered by Geert Hofstede as he provided the foundation necessary to examine cultural differences .
Individualistic cultures are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. In this type of culture, people are seen as independent and autonomous.
Social behavior tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals. Cultures in North America and Western Europe tend to be individualistic.
A few common characteristics of individualistic cultures include:
Individual rights take center stage
Independence is highly valued
Being dependent upon others is often considered shameful or embarrassing
People tend to be self-reliant
In individualistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are
strong,
self-reliant,
assertive, and
independent.
Collectivistic cultures emphasize the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and wishes of each individual.
In this cultures under mentioned play a central role in each person's identity.
relationships with other members of the group and
the interconnectedness between people
Cultures in Asia, Central America, South America and Africa tend to be more collectivistic.
A few common traits of collectivistic cultures include:
Social rules focus on
promoting selflessness and
putting the community needs ahead of individual needs
Working as a group and supporting others is essential
People are encouraged to do what's best for society
Families and communities have a central role
In collectivistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are
generous,
helpful,
dependable, and
attentive to the needs of others.
The variation between individualism and collectivism is a demanded topic in the theory and practices of the institution that wish to achieve better understanding of multicultural employees. As part of dealing with multicultural employees, there is always a need of prediction on how others going to react to different actions inside the organization . it is important to spot the lights on how different cultures are express their emotions. Successful organizations invest the money and time on understand different employees cultures to fully aware of cultural differences conflict that may occur. The concepts of individualism-collectivism were argued by many researchers in the recent years. Collectivism is defined as a continuum as the extent to which an individual identifies with group oriented goals and needs at the expense of his/her own personal desires . On the other hand , Individualism is defines as an emphasize solely on the individual’s needs that include those of his/her nuclear family , when making major decisions . Generally, individualism–collectivism continuum demonstrates its enduring nature as it still mirrors the anecdotal cultural differences between eastern and western societies .The study rely mainly on different articles discussed about individualism-collectivism pioneered by Geert Hofstede as he provided the foundation necessary to examine cultural differences .
presentation introducing cross cultural communication information and tips to avoid the largest hazard companies have in today\'s global business world.
presentation introducing cross cultural communication information and tips to avoid the largest hazard companies have in today\'s global business world.
An introductory presentation on thinking about and understanding cultural differences, mainly based on the survey of existing literature on the subject.
Yang Yu RE Week 2 questionCOLLAPSETop of FormNational ide.docxodiliagilby
Yang Yu
RE: Week 2 question
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation (Ashmore et al., 2001), while the organizational identity is defined as a sets of defined as a set of statements that organization members perceive to be central, distinctive, and enduring to their organization. (Albert & Whetten, 1985) When we enter into an organization, we will encounter the culture in an organization which affected by a great mixture of individuals personalities and behaviors which are governed by codes of conduct, moral values, faith, ethnicity, etc. Inevitably, our own cultures, shaped by the behaviors, faith, values and cultures of our own nations, will have glitches with the diverse cultures within the organization. Meanwhile, as a member of the organization, our cultures will be molded and influenced by the daily contact with its members and the organization as a whole. Our subculture will derive from the diversity of the members of organization and
Before I studied in an American university, I was born and grown up in a culture which champion the collectivism. Compared with its counterparts, American university embraces individualism and gives more attention to minorities. For instance, educational resources and opportunities are more equitably distributed, and all students, including minorities and students with disabilities. As a foreign student, I could utilize various academic support resources to facilitate my study and I can feel the respect to my individual preference in the class and daily life. In China, we got used to adapting to the value and rules of the whole group, and we are seldom concerned about the individual value or habit. Individuals tend to find common values and goals as particularly salient �Schwartz, 1990). Under this ongoing impact on my value and behaviors, I empathize with those who holds different opinions and am more willing to take care of those minor groups.
Bottom of Form
Zihan Ren
RE: Week 2 question
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
A research from the discursive tradition define organizational identity as ‘an ongoing conversation or dance between [internal] organizational culture and [external] organizational images’ and present a model of it based on four interrelated processes (mirroring, reflecting, expressing, impressing). (Hatch and Schultz 2002, p. 991). National identity is a person's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. (Ashmore, Jussim and Wilder, 2001). It is represented by a distinct tradition, culture and language. Compared to national identity organizational identity is more unstable and changeable. Conversely, national identity is more enduring as is it obtained through a person’s education and influence from childhood.
For example, I used to have a colleague who had been doing clerical work in a company dealing with paperworks. But for some reason, he switched to a sales job. He was not very talktive before he ...
Chapter 4Understanding Racism, Prejudice, and White Privilege4-WilheminaRossi174
Chapter: 4
Understanding Racism, Prejudice, and White Privilege4-1Defining and Contextualizing Racism
4-1
Hoyt Jr. (2012) defines racism as “a particular form of prejudice defined by preconceived erroneous beliefs about race and members of racial groups.” It is supported simultaneously by individuals, the institutional practices of society, and dominant cultural values and norms. Racism is a universal phenomenon that exists across cultures and tends to emerge wherever ethnic diversity and perceived or real differences in group characteristics become part of a struggle for social power. In the case of the United States, African Americans, Latinos/as, Native Americans, and Asian Americans—groups that we have been referring to as people of color—have been systematically subordinated by the white majority.
There are four important points to be made initially about racism:
· Prejudice and racism are not the same thing. Prejudice is a negative, inaccurate, rigid, and unfair way of thinking about members of another group. All human beings hold prejudices. This is true for people of color, as well as for majority group members. But there is a crucial difference between the prejudices held by whites and those held by people of color. whites have more power to enact their prejudices and therefore negatively impact the lives of people of color than vice versa. The term racism is used in relation to the racial attitudes and behavior of majority group members. Similar attitudes and behaviors on the part of people of color are referred to as prejudice and discrimination (a term commonly used to mean actions taken on the basis of one’s prejudices). Another way of describing this relationship is that prejudice plus power equals racism.
· Racism is a broad and all-pervasive social phenomenon that is mutually reinforced at all levels of society.
· Institutional racism involves the manipulation of societal institutions to give preferences and advantages to whites and at the same time restrict the choices, rights, mobility, and access of people of color.
· Cultural racism is the belief that the cultural ways of one group are superior to those of another. Cultural racism can be found both in individuals and in institutions. In the former, it is often referred to as ethnocentrism. Jones (2000) mentioned that historical insults, societal norms, unearned privilege, and structural barriers are all aspects of institutional racism.
· People tend to deny, rationalize, and avoid discussing their feelings and beliefs about race and ethnicity. Often, these feelings remain unconscious and are brought to awareness only with great difficulty.
· When young children hear the stories of people of color, they tend to feel deeply and sincerely with the storyteller. “I’m really sorry that you had to go through that” is the most common reaction of a child. By the time one reaches adulthood, however, the empathy is often gone. Instead, reactions tend to involve minimizing, justifying ...
Dedicated to a culturally and spiritually respectful path that transcends assimilation, resignation, and conflict through the spirit of cooperation, healing, compassion, for creating partnerships with all members of the Human Family.
All people have a culture - it is how human beings make sense of the world. Culture shapes how people think, learn and solve problems, what they value and respect, what attracts and delights them, what offends them and their sense of what is appropriate. More deeply, culture is the soil in which the tree of identity has its roots. Culture is manifest in human relations, systems of organization, technology, arts, politics, economics, community life - all the things that humans do.
This Powerpoint is utilized by Dr. Lee Brown and Chief Phil Jr in Diversity Workshops for Communities, Governments, Organizations, and Corporations.
Brian French presents a new form for advising within the BANNER system designed specifically for keeping advising notes, looking up student information and test scores as well as tracking general education checklists.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Defining Culture…from DonalCarbaugh A system of expressive practices fraught with feelings, a system of symbols, premises, rules, forms, and the domains and dimensions of mutual meanings associated with these.
3. Contrasting ValuesOsterman, Coon & Kemmelmeier (2002) Individualism Independent Goals Compete Unique Private self-knowledge Direct communication Collectivism Related Belong Duty Harmony Advice Context Hierarchy Group
4. Individualistic Patterns Children raised in individualistic cultures are rewarded for initiative, personal achievement, and individual leadership.
5. Collectivist Patterns Children are taught that they are a part of a circle of relations. This identity as a member of a group comes first, summed up in the South African idea of ubuntu: “I am because we are.”
6. Individualistic Countries Most Individualistic U.S. Australia Great Britain Canada Netherlands Least Individualistic (Most collective) Guatemala Ecuador Panama Venezuela Indonesia South Korea Taiwan
7. Who am I? Ask yourself which is most in the foreground in your life… The welfare, development, security, prosperity, and well-being of yourself and others as individuals? The shared heritage, ecological resources, traditional stories, and group accomplishments of your people?
8. Wait a minute! Can aspects of both cultural dynamics be important to people? Sure! And that’s one of the many things you’re going to discuss with your group-mates next class session!
9. Money and Happiness Wealthier countries are more individualistic, probably because there is less need to be reliant on other people. In individualistic countries, life satisfaction depends upon personal feelings and experiences. (In collective cultures, the broader social context and cultural norms influence life satisfaction.)
10. Key Dimensions on Which Cultures DifferSmith and Schwartz 1997 Autonomy versus Embeddedness How to motivate responsible behavior
11. Cultural GridSmith and Schwartz Combinatorial Culture Types By Country, not Individual People Smith and Schwartz (1997) HierarchyEquality Particularism Universalism Central and Eastern Europe— Northern and Western Europe, IndividualismRussia, Czech Republic, Australia, New Zealand, the U.S. Romania Vertical CollectivismHorizontal Collectivism Pacific Asian countries-- Southern European countries— CollectivismIndonesia, South Korea, Japan Greece, Turkey, Spain
12. Some Final Thoughts There is no one-size-fits-all with Individualism and Collectivism. Korean collectivism is different from Japanese collectivism. French individualism is different from American individualism. Not all experts agree on the definitions I’ve presented here; all concepts need refinement. Individuals within a culture are not “imprisoned” by the general characteristics of their cultures.
Editor's Notes
Osterman, a culture scholar, says:We may conceptualize individualism as a worldview that centralizes the personal—personal goals, personal uniqueness, and personal control—and peripheralizes the social…The core element of collectivism is the assumption that groups bind and mutually obligate individuals.
Carbaugh also suggests that culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.Culture is linked to communication and a wide range of human experience including feelings, identity, and meaning-making.Communication is the vehicle by which meanings are conveyed, identity is composed and reinforced, and feelings are expressed.As we communicate using different cultural habits and meaning systems, both conflict and harmony are possible outcomes of any action.
Individual:Independent—free, control over one’s lifeGoals—striving for one’s own goals and achievementsCompete—personal competition and successUnique—focus on one’s own unique characteristicsPrivate self-knowledge—keeping one’s thoughts private from othersDirect communication—stating clearly what one wants and needsCollectivism:Related—consider close others as part of the selfBelong—enjoy belonging to groupsDuty—being willing to make sacrifices as a group memberHarmony—concern for group harmonyAdvice—turning to close others for help with decisionsContext—self alters across situations (contrast with individualism, where the “consistent self” is a strong value)Hierarchy—emphasis on status issues.Group—preference for working in groupsNote: one strong individualist-collectivist contrast comes out at U.S. universities in terms of plagiarism. Collectivist cultures see no problem with giving and receiving help, often quite a bit of help, in writing papers or other projects. Our strongly individualistic culture looks at plagiarism as a serious offense because of our focus on competition and self-obtained goals. Foreign students who aren’t aware of this big difference are often caught by surprise when they receive a bad grade on a paper on which they’ve collaborated with someone else, in order to make it the best paper they can, and are accused of cheating. It’s not a clash of ethics, it’s a clash of cultural values.
Children raised as individualists may be just as close to their families as a child raised in a collective setting, but they draw the boundaries differently: in case of a conflict, they may feel more free to choose their individual preference. Duty, honor, and deference to authority are less prominent for those with individualist starting points than collective ones.This may explain why American Indians have the highest number of military veterans, and continue to have the highest per capita number of soldiers compared to any other group in the U.S. American Indian societies are in general collectivist or communitarian, and respect for hierarchy (most often seen as respect for elders) and a sense of honor and duty to the extended family, hence the country, are strong.
Members are rewarded for allegiance to group norms and values, interdependence, and cooperation. Wherever they go, their identity as a member of their group goes out in front. Identity is not isolated from others, but is determined with others according to group needs and views. When conflict arises, behavior and responses tend to be jointly chosen.
An interesting factoid about North America is stated by Raymond Carroll, a French anthropologist who is married to a North American. He suggests that North Americans tend to see individual identities as existing outside all networkds. That does not mean that social networks do not exist, or that they are unimportant, but that it is notionally possible to see the self apart from these. In the North American view, there is a sense that the self creates its own identity, as in the expression “a self made person.” This view explains why it is unnecessary for North Americans to hide things about their past, such as humble origins….in fact they are proud of such origins—look at Barack Obama!
And, you get to chew my butt in your journal!Actually, we have to draw these large paradigms of culture to have a starting point both for understanding the building blocks of how cultures function, and for understanding ourselves and our place in the world.
Think about this slide: do you agree? This will alsocome up in your small-group discussion next time!
Autonomy and embeddedness refer to the cultural view of relations between the individual and the group:Autonomy is closely related to individualismEmbeddedness is related to collectivismWhat this means is that members of collective cultures place less importance than individualists on relationships with outsiders, such as strangers or casual acquaintances. Boundaries around relationships tend to be less porous in collective contexts like Japan, where attention is focused on maintaining harmony and cohesion with the group.In the individualist setting of the U.S., by contrast, “friendly” behavior is directed to members of in-groups and strangers alike. This difference can lead to misunderstandings!!DO HEART ILLUSTRATION ON BOARD AT THIS POINT!In terms of motivating responsible behavior, some cultures believe in equality of all. (Note that ideal beliefs and the actual practice of those beliefs may differ.) Some cultures believe in and support hierarchy.If you’re from an individualistic culture, you’re more likely to believe in equality.
Particularistcultures are based on “logic of the heart” and human friendship, and so people look at relationships and circumstances in specific situations to determine what’s right.Universalist cultures rules and contracts are developed which can apply in any situation. There is a belief that what is good or true can be discovered, defined, and applied to every situation. Strong universalist cultures use courts to mediate conflicts.To give you an example of how universalism and particularism work in an applied real-world situation, let’s look at U.S. foreign policy. George W. Bush is a universalist. He believed that U.S. style democracy is not only desirable, but that it’s applicable as a form of government for every other country in the world. He believed that the key to American security is the active spread of American values and institutions around the world.Particularists, on the other hand, do not believe that the world’s political diversity represents a threat to the U.S. They don’t think that one size fits all, and that American-style democracy is appropriate as governance for all other countries. While a particularist leader of the U.S., such as Obama will most likely be, may not endorse tyranny, corruption, or misrule, he still believes that those factors will remain a fixture in international relations so long as human beings remain fallible. It’s a more pragmatic, situational view of international relations.Horizontal individualistic people—at the intersection of individualism and equality, desire to be unique and to do their own thing. Vertical individualistic people, located at the intersection of individualism and hierarchy, not only want to do their own thing, but also want to be the very best—they are the epitome of competition. Horizontal collectivists cooperate with their in-groups; they’re all equal in their efforts.Vertical collectivists submit to the hierarchy defined by their in-groups and are willing to sacrifice themselves for their in-groups.
Cultural research especially lacks data on within-culture variations in individuals’ cultural orientations beyond using dichotomous comparisons. As you discuss these matters with your group-mates, you will discover how difficult it is to create hard-and-fast labels and make them fit every student. It’s just not possible. These definitions give you a framework and some guidelines for understanding, and it’s up to you to have the discussions to learn how people really are.