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3 culture and management
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- 2. What is Culture? When we use the word culture, we usually mean one or more of the following: High Culture Traditional Culture Popular Culture Folk Culture Corporate Culture
- 3. Understanding Culture –Culture is Multi Layered! It isn't easy to reach the deeper levels of culture and its meanings! What you see on the surface may mask differences below the surface!
- 4. Understanding Culture –Culture is Multi Layered! Rituals: are collective activities shared by the members of a society. Ex: How do people greet each other? Emirati men greet each other by touching their noses to one another. Heroes: a hero can be a fictive person, alive or dead, real or imaginary, who possess characteristics which are highly prized in a culture. Ex: The late Sheikh Zayed. Symbols: this can represent cultural symbols such as words in a language, pictures, objects, cultural artefacts or monuments (such as the Eiffel Tower in Paris) or symbols such as flags, architecture or traditional clothing, hairstyles or food. Values: the core of a culture is formed by values. Culture is the complex and elaborate system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a group or society.” Ex: individuality, obligation to the group, work hard, Family and friendship…
- 5. Understanding Culture =The Iceberg Theory In order to understand cultural differences better, view culture as an iceberg. Most of it is invisible, under the water. Only a small part can be seen. Obvious Hidden
- 6. The Iceberg Theory Clothes Language LocationHolidays Food Values Work Ethic Leadership Fairness Traditions Personal Space World View Beliefs Respect Openness Friendship Emotions Feelings Relationships Following Rules
- 7. Chronemics – Whatis it? Reflect the use and perception of time in a culture. Two dominant patterns are characteristic: Monochronic Polychronic
- 8. Monochronic Things aredone in a linear fashion. One activity at a time. Time schedules and plans are important. An appointment is treated seriously.
- 9. Monochronic Emphasize promptness Concentrate on the job Are accustomed to short-term relationships Are low-context and need information
- 10. Monochronic Cultures Examples Germany United Kingdom Canada Switzerland most parts of the United States
- 11. Polychronic Things aredone in a nonlinear fashion People tend to do several things at the same time. Schedules and plans are less important.
- 12. Polychronic Are highlydistractible and subject to interruptions Are committed to people and human relationships Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships Are high-context and already have information
- 13. Polychronic Cultures Examples Middle East China Mexico Pakistan India Africa countries
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- 16. "Culture is moreoften a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disaster." – Dr. Geert Hofstede
- 17. What did hedo? He conducted one of the early empirical studies of cultural traits. Two surveys: 1968 and 1972 He collected data on the values and attitudes of 116,000 employees at IBM subsidiaries. In 64 different countries around the world.
- 18. Hofstede classified acounty's cultural attitudes as five dimensions: - Uncertainty Avoidance - Individualism/Collectivism - Power Distance - Femininity/Masculinity Dimension - Long term orientation
- 20. The Power DistanceDimension:
- 21. Power Distance Showsthe difference between people in a society. Difference in authority, power, influence. It also determines how formal and informal people in a culture are and how they interact. Power Distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.
- 22. Power Distance inComparison Small Power Distance All people should be independent. Superiors consider subordinates to be “people like me”. Superiors are accessible. All should have equal rights. Large Power Distance A few people should be independent; most should be dependent. Superiors consider subordinates to be a different kind of people. Superiors are inaccessible. Power-holders are entitled to privileges.
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- 25. Definition Individualism Peopleare interested in their own achievement. Make decisions for themselves. Value is placed on “I” Collectivism People are group oriented and are interested in group achievement. The prefer to make decisions involving others. Value is placed on “We”
- 26. Individualistic/Collectivistic in Comparison Collectivist In society, people are born into extended families or clans who protect them in exchange for loyalty. Private life is invaded by organizations and clans to which one belongs. Belief is placed in group decisions. Individualist In society, everybody is supposed to take care of himself/herself. Everybody has a right to a private life. Belief is placed in individual decisions.
- 27. Individualism Ranking Thereare only six countries in the Geert Hofstede research that have Individualism (IDV) as their highest Dimension: USA (91) Australia (90) United Kingdom (89) Netherlands and Canada (80) and Italy (76)
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- 29. Individualistic Country Example- USA The United States can clearly been seen as individualistic (scoring a 91). The “American dream” is clearly a representation of this.
- 30. Individualistic versus Collectivistic Individualistic-Oriented Cultures: United States Canada Australia Great Britain Germany Italy France Sweden Collectivistic-Oriented Cultures: China Japan Columbia Venezuela Indonesia Pakistan Costa Rica Peru
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- 33. Definitions Masculinity A culturein which the dominant values in society are achievement, heroism, assertiveness, money and material rewards for success. Femininity A culture in which the dominant values in society are cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life.
- 34. Masculinity and Femininityby Country
- 36. The Uncertainty AvoidanceDimension
- 37. Definition The extendto which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations, tolerate uncertainty and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these.
- 38. Uncertainty Avoidance inComparison Weak Uncertainty The uncertainty inherent in life is more easily accepted and each day is taken as it comes. Time is free. There is more willingness to take risks in life. There should be as few rules as possible. Strong Uncertainty The uncertainty inherent in life is felt as a continuous threat that must be fought. Time is money. There is great concern with security in life. There is a need for written rules and regulations.
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- 40. WHAT ABOUT THEUNITED ARAB EMIRATES?
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- 43. Long-Term Orientation/Short-Term Orientation Long-term orientation is when you are focused on the future. You are willing to delay short-term material or social success or even short-term emotional gratification in order to prepare for the future. If you have this cultural perspective, you value persistence, perseverance, saving and being able to adapt. Short-term orientation is when you are focused on the present or past and consider them more important than the future. If you have a short-term orientation, you value tradition, the current social hierarchy and fulfilling your social obligations. You care more about immediate gratification than long-term fulfillment.
- 44. Countries with long-termorientation China Hong Kong Taiwan Japan South Korea Thailand Singapore Bangladesh
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- 48. Indulgence Indulgence standsfor a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun. Indulgence stands for a culture that can freely satisfy their basic needs and desires. Indulgence as a cultural value also tends towards a perception of personal life control. Indulgent cultures will tend to focus more on individual happiness and well being. Leisure time is more important. There is greater freedom and personal control.
- 49. Restraint Restraint "controlsgratification of needs and regulates by means of strict social norms". In restrained cultures, positive emotions are less freely expressed and happiness, freedom and leisure are not given the same importance. Restraint as a cultural value tends towards a perception of helplessness and that what happens in one's life is beyond his/her own control.
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