2. Indian Home Rule
• Indian National Congress founded 1885, to
promote self-rule
• Initial support from both Hindus and Muslims
• Original position in favor or collaboration with
British, after World War I moved to opposition
• British encouraged development of Muslim
League (1906) to blunt Congress
• Woodrow Wilson, Lenin inspirations to
movement
3. Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948)
• Hindu, studied law in London, practiced in
South Africa
– Opposed apartheid
• Returned to India 1915, made Indian National
Congress into a mass movement
• Titled Mahatma: “great soul”
• Opposed caste system on a personal level
4. Gandhi’s Resistance
• Ahimsa: non-violence
• Satyagraha: passive resistance (“truth and
firmness”)
• Amritsar Massacre (1919)
• Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
• Boycott of British Institutions
5. The Government of India Act (1937)
• Creation of autonomous legislature
– 600 “sovereign” princes refuse to cooperate
• Muslim fears of Hindu dominance grow
– Traditional economic divide
– Especially severe with Great Depression
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) proposes
partition, creation of the State of Pakistan
6. The end of the Dynastic Cycle?
• Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to
abdicate
• Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) proclaims Republic of
China in 1912
– What if they gave a Republic and no one came?
• Political anarchy follows
• Independent warlords exercise local control
7. Chinese Nationalism Grows
• Post WWI, China is treated badly in treaty
negotiations;
• Concerns ignored, Japan gets Germany’s
possessions in China.
• Students and intellectuals protest
• May 4th Movement
• Marxism enters China
• Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai
(1921)
– Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
8. Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)
• Lived in Hawaii as a child, became a Christian
• Created Nationalist People’s Party
(Guomindang--GMD)
– Exiled to Japan for a time
• Accepts support from Soviet Union
• Members of the Chinese Communist Party
also join Guomindang
9. Chinese Civil War
• Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a.Chiang Kai-Shek) takes over
after death of Sun Yatsen
• Launches military expedition to unify China,
turns against communist allies
• Communists flee; 6,215 miles to north-west
China, 1934: The Long March
• Mao Zedong led, eliminated rivals, and
articulates Chinese communism (Maoism)
11. Imperialist Japan
• Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to
limit imperialist activity, 1922-1928 (but is the
only power in the region.
• Economy slumps in Great Depression
• Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations,
reactionary nationalist leaders emerge
• Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater
assertion of Japanese power in the region
• Military assumes indirect control of government
12. The Mukden Incident (1931)
• Japanese troops in Manchuria, China, secretly
blow up small parts of the Japanese-built South
Manchuria Railroad as pretext for war
• Over opposition of Japanese civilian government,
military takes Manchuria, renames it Manchukuo,
a puppet state; military in de facto control
• League of Nations censures Japan, Japan leaves
the League of Nations
• Occupation of China and war follow
13. Africa and the Great War
• African colonies participate in World War I
– Over 1 million African soldiers involved—trained
and armed
– Compulsory and volunteer soldiers
• Africans encouraged to fight white soldiers
• Many Europeans left to be deployed
elsewhere
• Encouraged local rebellions, challenges to
European domination
14. Economic Changes in Africa
• Two goals of Colonial powers
– 1) Ensure colonized pay for their own subjugation
– 2) Development of export-oriented, raw goods for
manufactured products.
• Infrastructure is constructed:
– Railroads, ports, telegraphs. All to facilitate
dominance and export mineral and agricultural wealth
• Tax structure to drive Africans into labor markets
– Farming (cash crops); mining; forced labor impoverish
Africans.
15. African Nationalism
• Africa never unified before imperialism
• Looks toward Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
– Self-determination rhetoric powerful
– Accountability for colonial mis-treatment
• The idea of becoming free of colonial
domination spurs new thinking.
16. Africa’s New Elite
• Post-war class of elite: civil servants, physicians,
lawyers and writers
• Often influenced by education, other experiences
abroad
– Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978), Kenyan nationalist
• Teachers, interpreters, most held jobs with
colonial governments;
• Moved to create modern nation-states in Africa
– Embrace European concept of the Nation as unifier
17. But what makes a Nation in Africa?
• Some look to pre-colonial era
– Ethnicity, religion, languages as unifiers
• Some look to race as a unifier
– “Pan-Africanism”
– US and Afro-Caribbean intellectuals
– Marcus Garvey—”Back to Africa”
• Some look to geography
– Build nations around borders
– NO MATTER WHAT, DESIRE IS STRONG FOR
INDEPENDENCE.
18. Latin America in the early 20th Century
• Most Latin American countries were independent
in 19th Century.
• Influence came from wealthy countries like the
US and Great Britain looking for economic gain.
• Great Depression opens the door for radical
Marxist approaches to take root in Latin America
– Impoverished native masses grasp Marx’ ideas
– Enlightenment ideas faded rapidly
• US has emerged from WWI as a economic power.
19. Radicalism takes Root
• US Capitalism was rejected by Latin American
universities
• Mexican and Russian revolutions seen as
models
– Reform demanded by students
– More representation in education demanded;
students become politicized.
• Marxism and Anti-Imperialism shape the
curriculum and ideologies of a generation.
20. Latin American Developments
• Students who take in this education include:
– José Carlos Mariátegui (Peru, 1895-1930)
• Focus on poor and Indians, 50% of Peru’s population
• Exiled; Dedicated Marxist, dies of cancer
– Peruvian leadership able to contain APRA and other
groups, but ideas remain
– Artist Diego Rivera (Mexico, 1886-1957)
• Celebrate indigenous traditions, Marxist and anti-
imperialists
– Fidel Castro influenced as a student studying law in
Cuba…
22. US Economic
Domination/Neocolonialism
• Huge capital investment in Latin America,
export of raw materials
• US banks double their investment 1924-1929
• US economic neocolonialism under President
William Howard Taft (1857-1931)
– dollar diplomacy—”substitute dollars for bullets”
– Latin Americans call it “Yankee imperialism”
• Great Depression halts US investment, Latin
American states very susceptible to damage.
23. Post Depression
• Opportunity for change
• Raw materials were not in demand, prices fall.
• Governments enact tariffs on imports,
encouraging domestic production
– Protectionism runs rampant
– Brazil’s estado novo (New State) an example of
industrialization attempt—iron and steel industry
built
– Social welfare programs born
24. The “Good Neighbor Policy”
• US approves “sweetheart treaties”
guaranteeing US control of Caribbean
economies
– US Marines train indigenous forces and are a
presence
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)
promotes cordial relationship
• Avoids direct intervention by supporting local
leaders
25. Nicaraguan Developments
• Civil war in Nicaragua, 1920s
• US supports Anastacio Somoza Garcia (1896-
1956)
• Augusto César Sandino leads opposition to US
influence
• Somoza assassinates Sandino in 1934
• Somoza maintains good relations with US (gets
paid!)
• Sandino becomes a martyr-Sandinistas form
26. Mexican developments
• Roosevelt formally renounces intervention as per
Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary, 1933
• Lázaro Cárdenas (1895-1970) nationalizes Mexican oil
industry in 1938
– Previously controlled by US, British interests
• Roosevelt convinces US, British businesses to accept $24
million in compensation ($260m sought)
– US wants to retain support of Mexico with approaching war
– Also, increasing dependence on Mexican immigrant labor
27. FDR Strategery
• US wants Latin American nations to be friendly in
the event of future global conflict
– Also want regional economic markets
• Mexicans fill the gap of European immigrants
– Flood into the US engaging in agricultural and
industrial work
– Resentment builds and move toward restrictions on
Mexican immigration sought.
• Business cultivate positive images: Carmen
Miranda and Chiquita Banana created.
