1. Pharmacogenetics
Refers to the genetic differences in individuals
Different metabolic pathways
Affecting response to drugs
106,000 deaths in US
Vitamin E helps cure cardiovascular disease in some.
Pharmacogenetics VS Pharmacogenomics
-Germline mutations -Somatic mutations in tumor cell
lines
Pharmacogenomics:
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD); UDP-
glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 UGT1A; thiopurine S-
methyltransferase (TPMT); Cytidine deaminase CDA
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacogenetics
2. Somatic Cell Genetics
Somatic Cell mutations
Cancer
Ageing
Mosaicism
PKU: Phenylketonuria
hyperphenylalaninemia
Most Mutations are
recessive
3. type of mutation mechanism frequency per cell division
1. mistakes in DNA
replication ~10-10/basepair
point mutation 2. DNA damage by chemical ~10-5/gene
mutagens (or by radiation) ~0.5/cell
and misrepair
1. unequal crossing over
2. misalignment during DNA
replication
submicroscopic deletion or 3. insertion of mobile
included in the above
insertion element
4. DNA damage by chemical
mutagens (or by radiation)
and misrepair
1. unequal crossing over
microscopically visible
2. DNA damage by chemical
deletion, translocation or 6 x 10-4
mutagens (or by radiation)
inversion
and misrepair
loss of a whole chromosome missegregation at mitosis 1 in 100
4. Genetics Of Globin Triplet
Disorder
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin
14. SSR Loci
Micro-satellite markers
Simple sequence Repeats (2-6 nt)
Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR)
(CA)n repeat varies between alleles.
Repetitive regions vary in different alleles because of slipped strand mispairing