Electrical Shock Essay

Electrical Shock Essay
ZIAUDDIN COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
Electrical Shocks, Safety Measures, and Maintenance of Line–Powered Devices
Subject: physical agents & electrotherapy–I
I. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
A. Electrical Shock
B. Line–Versus Battery–Powered Devices
C. Dangers Of Line Powered Devices
D. Physiological Damage
E. Purpose Of Chapter
II. GENESIS OF AN ELECTRICAL SHOCK
A. Ground–Fault Pathway
B. Device Electrical Insulation
C. Body As Pathway
III. PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRICAL SHOCKS
A. Ground–Fault Circuit Interrupter Receptacle
B. Operating Mechanism
C. Testing GFCI Receptacle
IV. PREVENTION, OPERATIONAL SAFETY, AND MAINTENANCE
A. Overall Measures
B. Preventive Measures
C. Operational Safety Measures
D. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Danger
Usage of line–powered device could be dangerous. As leakage of AC current (i.e. 60 hertz) in the
body if it is of sufficient amplitude and duration it can cause motor nerves depolarization thus
induce involuntary tetanic like muscle contraction. As in most of the humans muscle contraction
frequencies are 40 and 60 hertz.
3. Battery–powered devices
Leaking of current from a battery–powered device is not dangerous. They are safe because there is
continuous 0 hertz DC current regardless of its amplitude and duration. This low voltage current
cannot be able to cause nerve depolarization and thus couldn't induce titanic muscle contraction.
D. Physiological damage
When a 60 hertz AC current of 5 mA passes through a body it may cause unwanted physiological

changes such as tissue burn and tetanic muscle contraction which may cause severe body injuries
including death.
1. Tetanic muscle contraction
The victom may showed minor–to–vigrous tetanic muscle contractions which may cause respiratory
arrest or cardiac arrest and it leads to death by electric shock.
2. Tissue burn
When 60 hertz AC current passed through a body it cause burn injuries primarily at skin surface and
secondarily in deeper tissues because skin tissues offer more resistance to current than the deeper
tissues. Deeper tissue burn injuries are stronger if the skin is in
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Blocking Diode Is Useful Tool For Limiting The Direction...
Blocking diode
The blocking diode is a helpful tool for limiting the direction energy can flow through a wire to just
one direction. It uses a semiconductor P/N junction achieve this behavior.
The diagram shows a simple setup with two panels charging a battery (for simplicity no controller is
shown) with a blocking diode in series with the two panels, which are also wired in series. When the
sun shines, as long as the voltage produced by the two panels is greater than that of the battery,
charging will take place.
However, in the dark, when no voltage is being produced by the panels, the voltage of the battery
would cause a current to flow in the opposite direction through the panels, discharging the battery, if
it was not for the blocking diode in the circuit.
Blocking diodes will be of benefit in any system using solar panels to charge a battery. Blocking
diodes are usually included in the construction of solar panels so further blocking diodes are not
required. Most photovoltaic solar panels are used to charge a battery during the daytime. Nearly all
panels come equipped with a blocking diode. The diode prevents DC current from flowing
backwards from the battery bank into the panel at night. The usual blocking device of choice is a
schottky diode with a typical 0.5v voltage drop. In some large panels, which can often source over 4
Amps of current, the power loses due to this voltage drop

Do you enjoy challenging tasks, working with your hands,...
Do you enjoy challenging tasks, working with your hands, and helping people's daily lives? Do you
seek great employment opportunities and job security? If so, there has never been a better time to
pursue a career in the electrical industry. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the
demand for electricians will increase 23 percent by 2020, and the current median wage of $24 per
hour is one of the highest among the skilled trades.
How does one become an electrician? Here are 3 initial steps that can start you on the road to your
career.
1. Learn What Electricians Do on the Job
It may seem silly, but we all have ideas about what people do on the job and those ideas usually are
incomplete, if not wrong. There are a number of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trade often employs climbing equipment, hand tools, and heavy machinery on a daily basis
Solar electrician installing breakersc. Inside Wireman – Inside electricians perform electrical
construction work in commercial and industrial settings, and it is by far the largest of the electrical
specialties. These electricians install conduit, electrical wiring, fixtures, and other electrical
apparatus inside buildings and factories. Major duties are similar to the residential wiremen, but on a
larger scale. In addition, inside wiremen often plan and install raceway systems, fire alarms, traffic
signals, outdoor lighting, outdoor power feeds, and provide power and controls to motors, HVAC,
and other industrial systems. Tools of the trade include those found in both the residential and
outside lineman's arsenal.
Telecommunications electrician installing flat panel televisiond. Telecommunications
Installer/Technician – These electricians are primarily responsible for the installation and
maintenance of circuits and voice, data, video, sound, and other telecommunications equipment. In
addition, they often install and maintain security systems, access control, and other low voltage
systems. Major duties include installing underground voice or data circuits, pathways and spaces for
low voltage wiring, local

Description Of The Hpge Gamma Ray Spectrometer
) Description of the HPGe gamma–ray spectrometer
A high resolution gamma detection system was used for gamma analysis. This system consist of an
ORTEC hyper pure germanium detector (HPGe), model number GEM– 15190, coaxial type detector
with a serial number 27–P–1876A recommended operating bias, negative 3 Kv. The detector used
has crystal diameter 49.3 mm, and crystal length 47.1 mm. The HPGe detector has a full width at
half maximum (FWHM) 0.9 keV at the 122 keV gamma transition of Co–57 and 1.9 keV at the
1332.5 keV of Co–60 gamma transition (Knoll, 2000). The detector has peak to Compton ratio
about 44 keV. Compton ratio is the number of net counts in the 1.33 MeV peak channels divided by
the average number of net counts in the channels representing the range from l.040 through 1.096
MeV which is part of the Compton region associated with the 1.33 MeV peak. Figure (2.5) show the
block diagram of gamma ray spectrometer.
The range of the multi channels analyzer (MCA) was adjusted to include the peak channel and the
range of interest in the Compton plateau (Madelung, 1991), (EML, 1990). High purity germanium
(HPGe) coaxial detector uses p–type material with lithium diffused outer contact. The inner contact
is ion implanted for the ultimate in reliability. Because of the small band gap (0.7eV) room
temperature operation of germanium detector of any type is impossible because of the large
thermally induced impossible because of the large thermally induced leakage current

Correlation Between Zinc And Copper Solutions
Read the Voltmeter to see what the electrical cell potential is. Repeat steps 13–18 for all variations
of Copper Chloride. Record the raw quantitative data in the table below:
Electrical Potential Difference Between Zinc and Copper Solutions Electrical Potential Difference
Variation in Copper Chloride Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Record qualitative data as well in the Observations section. When all quantitative data has been
collected and recorded, use the equation below to calculate the average electrical potential
difference, or Average E_Cell of each variation of Copper Chloride.
Ave.E_(Cell ) for Variation in Copper Chloride=(Trial 1+Trial 2+Trial 3)/(Number of Trials)
Create a scatter plot graph with a trend line to showcase the data. Calculate the slope/increase in
average cell potential with the equation below:
Slope=Rise/Step
=(y_2–y_1)/(x_2–x_1 ) Observations:
Qualitative Observations: Zinc chloride was easier to manipulate than Copper chloride because the
solid was less condensed than Copper When Zinc Chloride was mixed with water, the solution was
first green and when stirred turned light blue When the Potassium Nitrate became fully dissolved in
water, the bottom of the beaker became cold The more Copper Chloride that was added to the
Copper solution, the more opaque the solution became When the salt bridge connected the two
electrodes, the Voltmeter reacted immediately
Raw Quantitative

Domestic Ring Main Circuit ( Ac )
Domestic ring main circuit
Two ends of the rings are connected towards the same terminal at the consumer unit, then the
current will travel in the two directions so that the cables do not have too much current that it cannot
handle it enough. When there is long lengths of cable, the electricity will lose its power to work and
oppositely trying to apply too much current on a cable will be potentially dangerous to anyone
handling it. So therefore the use of and benefits of domestic ring main delivers ensures that both
ends receive power evenly and keep the load light as much as possible.
Edwards, M. (2016) Wiring a ring main | electrical wiring | wiring a circuit | electrical circuits |
mains wiring. Available at: http://www.diydoctor.org.uk/projects/ringmain.htm (Accessed: 1
November 2016).
Nature of AC voltage and AC current
An alternating current (AC) will describe how the charges of electricity is able to travel in either
direction when it is necessarily needed. This alteration changes the voltages and causes it to go back
in reverse in the way the current does.
– Contributors (no date) Alternating current (AC) vs. Direct current (DC). Available at:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/alternating–current–ac–vs–direct–current–dc/alternating–
current–ac (Accessed: 1 November 2016).
(No Date) Available at: http://sub.allaboutcircuits.com/images/02001.png (Accessed: 1 November
2016).
Nature of DC voltage and DC currents
A direct current (DC) is different to

Dtmf Remote Appliance Control System Using Mobile Phone
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This project "DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL
SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE" is used to control appliances which are far away from the
user using mobile phone. The aim of the proposed system is to develop a cost effective solution that
will provide controlling of home appliances remotely and enable home security against intrusion in
the absence of homeowner. The devices connected as home and office appliances consume electrical
power and they should be controlled as well as turn on /off if required. Most of the time, it was done
manually. Now it is a necessity to control devices more effectively and efficiently at anytime from
anywhere. Take an instant when we are going to office and suddenly remembered that to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a high current circuit. 1.2.8 Devices: The devices
can be micro–wave oven, bulbs, fans, air cooler, etc which are far away from the user. The micro–
controller plays the intelligent part in controlling these devices. 1.3 Working: This project is used to
control the appliances present at a distance using a mobile phone. The first step is the user should
make a call to the mobile phone, which is in auto answer mode and thus call gets connected. The
user presses the digits present over the keypad of his phone for controlling the appliances present at
home or office. Whenever a button is pressed a tone is generated and it is transferred to the mobile
phone present in the home or office, which is interfaced with the DTMF transceiver. The DTMF
receiver decodes the tone generated and it activates the controller accordingly. The controller
operates the devices according to the coding set by the user. The status of the devices whether they
are ON/OFF is indicated in the LCD. CHAPTER 2 MT8888 DTMF TRANSCEIVER Introduction:
The MT8888C is a monolithic DTMF transceiver with call progress filter. It is fabricated using
CMOS technology and it offers low power consumption and high reliability. The receiver section is
based upon the industry standard MT8870

Wheattone Bridge Essay
Introduction In the 19th century, Samuel Hunter Christie invented the diamond method for circuits,
the initial idea to the Wheatstone bridge. However, bridge circuits, circuits with parallel resistors,
bridged by a branch between them, were used to measure small voltages; but, the Wheatstone bridge
is used to measure an unknown resistance using all the others three known resistance in the circuit.
During the lab, the Wheatstone Bridge concept for a bridge circuit was used to determine the
unknown resistor in the circuit, see in figure 1. The objective was to measure the voltages between
points on the branch between the first two resistors in series on top and bottom ones, in which were
connected in parallel. Thereafter, test the voltage calculated at different temperatures, those being
room temperature, ice water and hot water; by using a thermistor in the circuit, that helps calibrate
the Wheatstone bridge as a thermometer.
Methods
Firstly, the protoboard was powered with 1 volts coming from the power supply. The circuit was
assembled by connecting two resistors in series on top and one resistor and the thermistor in series
on the bottom connected to the top branch in parallel. The left end of the circuit was powered by 1 v
from the power supply and the rightmost end was grounded. The thermistor was placed on the
bottom branch of the circuit by two wires that connected to the protoboard and to the thermistor in
which were long enough to allow the thermistor to be

Test Results Of Test Report
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PURPOSE 1
2. TEST SUMMARY 1
Measurements were as follows: 4
The boards were prepared for the test as follows: 5
Purpose: 6
Measurements were as follows: 6
The boards were prepared for the test as follows: 7
R1 and R2 were changed to 68.1 Ω for power sharing purposes 7
Test points were added 7
D1 was either Transzorb or Transguard 7
Ground 7
Gas Discharge Tube 11
Transzorb 11
Steps of Tests 14
Combination 14
Resistor 14
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
This <Project Name> Test Report provides a summary of the results of test performed as outlined
within this document.
2. TEST SUMMARY
Figure 1: Partial Transient Protection of NextGen Figure 2: 00644–7110 Transient Protection
Capture of GDT
Capture of Transzorb
Capture of TVS
Capture of 68 ohm @ 500V
Both 3 and 68.1 ohm blow at 1000V
Use two different probes to measure the voltage across the resistor. 3 Ω Wirewound Resistor–
Inductance test using LCR
Frequency Resistance(Ω) Inductance (µH) VAC (V)
50Hz 7.37 0 2

500Hz 7.37 5.32 2
1kHz 7.37 4.84 2
100kHz 7.44 3.55 1
100kHz 7.52 3.53 2
1MHz 9.61 3.28 2
68.1 Ω Thick Film Resistor–Inductance test using LCR
Frequency Resistance(Ω) Inductance (µH) VAC (V)
1kHz 70.13 0 1
50kHz 70.18 1.84 1
100kHz 70.21 1.58 1
500kHz 70.28 1.49 1
1MHz 69.71 1.29 1
Figure 3: Transient Protection
Measurements were as follows:
Voltage across R229 = TP108 – TP208
Input Current = Voltage across R229 / 10 ohm
Input Power = TP108 *

Application Of Temporary Magnet Generators For Wind Systems
Introduction
Permanent Magnet Generators for wind systems are an integral part of the overall system,
converting the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. But since wind is an
inconsistent source of power, the generator must be able to adapt itself to power fluctuations, such
as excess or shortage of load. Furthermore, standalone wind systems are provided with batteries
which must be kept charged under all conditions when the power is available. Thus, a controller is
necessary for wind generator to adapt itself to these fluctuations.
A standalone wind system is composed of the following components: Turbine and tower Charge
controller/Electrical Protection Unit Regulators Fuse Box Dump Load Resistors Battery ... Show
The micro–controller will be used for sensing the battery voltage and the generator voltage and then
switch on/off the DC loads accordingly. The top priority task is charging the battery, so it is given
the first preference. After that, the additional power is used for loads. The switches on the load side
are implemented using MOSFETs and the switches for connecting/disconnecting the battery are
implemented using relays.
Controlling the generator over–speed is done by shorting the stator on the AC side of the rectifier.
Two relays, connected across the three phases of the generator are turned on/off by the same signal
from the microcontroller.
Using a resistive voltage divider configuration, the generator's voltage and the battery voltage are
monitored through the ADC of the ATmega8 microcontroller. The voltage divider configuration
converts the full range of the generator voltage and the battery voltage to 0–5 V range. The output
from this voltage divider configuration is then fed to the in–built ADC available inside the ATmega8
micro–controller.
Battery bank and load sizing
Average power available from wind generator = 20W
The average power available was found by the wind data collected by the data logger that is
currently placed at thankot.
Power available time = 5hrs
Energy (Average) from wind

Proposed Prediction Adc Algorithm : Prediction, Judgement,...
The proposed prediction ADC algorithm contains three key procedures: prediction, judgement, and
final conversion. At the beginning, the prediction circuit generates common MSBs from a data
memory that stores the digital results of the pixels in the previous row. Then the judgement circuit
creates two analog boundary voltages based on the predicted MSB values and check whether the
current pixel's analog value is between the two boundary voltages based on Eq. (1). Finally, if the
predicted MSB values are correct, the ADC only performs the LSB conversions. Otherwise, the
ADC performs a full A/D conversion. This algorithm can be implemented with various ADC
structures, e.g., single–slope ADC, SAR ADC, or cyclic ADC. Also different data ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be achieved by using a voltage scaling DAC or a switched–capacitor DAC.
Examples of implementation options with different ADC types are shown in Fig. 5. In these
examples, a 5–bit conversion is applied with the same input signal and the same scenario: (1) In
Row1, since there are no previous rows, the prediction is not available, the conversion starts with
the second step, which is a complete A/D conversion, (2) In Row2, the first step prediction is
successful. So in the second step, only a partial A/D conversion needs to be performed. (3) In Row3,
the first step prediction is failed and thus a complete A/D conversion is performed.
In the first example of Fig. 5 (a), a local DAC is applied to a judgement circuit for step 1 and an
SAR ADC is used for step 2. In the conversion of Row1, a full SAR A/D conversion is performed. A
simplified schematic of the SAR ADC is shown in Fig. 6. At the beginning of the conversion, switch
SR is turned ON and switches S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4 are connected to GND to reset the capacitor
array. Then SR is turned OFF, and S0–S4 are sequentially switched to VREF. During this process, if
VCOMP is 0 then the switch remains at VREF, otherwise, it turns back to GND. The final position
of S0–S4 is the conversion result. Next, in the conversion of Row2, assume the prediction circuit
pick up the first three MSB values from Row1 as a prediction (in this case

psy Article: Obey at Any Cost? Essay
Research Experience Paper Psychology 101 Arielle Mason Professor C Maile October 15, 2013
Article: Obey at Any Cost? Many times we are given commands or orders from a higher authority or
power some of which we do not agree with or follow. This is because we use our moral values and
human emotions to determine whether they were right or wrong. But there is a time where we may
judge and not agree while others may not pass a judgment and be in agreement. In the study of
Psychology we look to a researchers finding to prove the way we respond to emotional,
environmental and societal changes. Stanley Milgram a researcher that set out on the behalf of Yale
University conducted a study to determine how obedient ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Neither were they told the true meaning to the experiment. They were informed that they were
taking part in a study to reveal if there is any retaining of learning with punishment involved. They
were instructed to choose from a draw from a hat on what role they would play in the study. This left
them only a choice a role as the learner. They were taken to another area in the lab to execute the
exercise. They were then strapped to a chair connected to the high voltage machine. The instructor
gave them a list of words to remember as they were spoken from a different room. Afterwards they
were instructed to recite the words that were paired together with no relation to each other. The pain
was delivered with increasing the voltage if the word pairs were not recited correctly. As the pain
increase they ask to stop. This was a sign that they could not respond obediently to the pain and their
tolerance was getting weaker. But the teacher explained that they must continue causing a small
percentage of accuracy but no greater change. The most obedient took the most voltage in shock and
those who quit early were deemed the least obedient. The highest shock level was at three hundred
and seventy–five volts and least of three hundred volts. The most obedient remained calm as the
levels increase while the least obedient showed anger and discomfort despite being instructed

Physics : Dc Power Sources
EXPERIMENT TITLE
DC power sources.
NAME,STUDENT ID,DATE
Muhammad Umair Bajwa,BAJ MD 1502,19–11–2016
GROUP MEMBERS
Raheel farooq
METHOD While determining this practical we need multimeter 's,two–post connectors, terminal
posts and DC fundamental circuit boards.
First while in the process of series and parallel battery circuits we will locate the batteries circuit on
DC fundamental circuit board.measure the voltage V1 and V2 of circuit and both the values were
1.5 Vdc. So the total voltages were become 3Vdc. So the measured voltage shows that V1 and V2
are in series. Then I measure the voltages at V3 by removing the two post–connectors and V3 was
1.50Vdc. And the voltage across V4 were 1.50 Vdc also. Then I connect V3 and V4 with the help of
two post–connectors and result shows that V3 and V4 are in parallel.
In series opposing DC sources we will locate the battery 's circuit block. V3 and V6 are series
opposing. When we connect them in circuit with two post connectors then the yellow led will light
to indicate a positive total circuit voltage and green led will light to indicate a negative total circuit
voltage. After that we measure the Voltage of battery which were 5.63Vdc.
After that I adjust the positive variable supply (V6) for voltage reading equal to that of V5 then I
measure the potential difference between positive terminals of V5 and V6. The meter indicated me
near zero because circuit batteries were series–opposing. Then I adjust V6 for

Ca3130 Unit 1 Case Study
2.8 CA3130 Op–Amp
CA3130A and CA3130 are op–amp that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar
transistors. Gate–protected P–channel MOSFET transistor are used in the input circuit to provide
very high–input impedance, very low input current and exceptional speed performance. The use of
P,OS transistor in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capability down to 0.5V
below the negative supply terminal, an important attribute in single–supply application.
The CA3130 series circuit operates at supply voltage ranging from 5V to 16V. They can be phase
compensated with a single external capacitor, and have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for
application requiring offset null capability
[Figure.2.8]
Controllable output power analysis of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efficiency increases due to low energy consumption
3. It provide battery backup for about one hour
7.2 Application
1. To reduce cost, size and weight of a power supply
2. CCTV cameras, TV's, monitor, PC's, laptop and camcorder power packs, printers, fax machine,
VCRs, portable CD players, microelectronics based devices in automotive, computing,
communication, consumer electronics and industrial applications use SMPS.
Controllable output power analysis of SMPS using PWM technique for DC appliances
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVII
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVIII
 Suitable components were selected and tested for desired performance. Functional verification
was performed on combined circuit of the selected components for open loop network both in NI
MULTISIM and on NI ELVIS. PWM based feedback network was successfully designed tested and
implemented both in NI MULTISIM and in Hardware using NI ELVIS Suite. The Design and
implementation of desired
SMPS circuit was successfully completed.

Sigma,

How Fast Charging Is Becoming The Leading Technology
Fast charging is becoming the leading technology used to reenergize electric vehicles in 30 – 60
minutes. With the ownership of EVs doubling each year, the need to implement efficient, fast
charging infrastructure is progressively increasing. There are two technical approaches to establish
fast charging 1. via a high power, 3–phase AC connection from an AC charging post at the charging
station to an on–board high power charger in the EV or 2. via a high power DC connection from a
high power DC charger at the charging station directly to the terminals of the battery in the EV. In
this section, we will review AC level 2, DC/AC level 3 charging stations to improve our knowledge
and the design of our project.
A. Durastation EV Charger
General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It supplies 22 Kw at rated working voltage 400Vac and rated current of 32 amps to the vehicle
charging system. At those rates, it is capable of fully charging a 24kWh battery in 1 – 2 hours, thus
making it considerably faster than 230 Vac as well as Level 1 charging – which uses 120V AC,
supplying 1.9kWh at max. current of 16 amps, charging the same battery in 12–18 hours. The higher
voltage transfer of AC level 2 charging shortens charging time to roughly 60%. The components
used in an AC level 2 charging include:
1. The Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), a general term used for any off–board equipment
used for the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle. The
interface between the EVSE and the Utility 's premises wiring may be a direct "hard–wire" or plug
and receptacle interface. EVSE includes: Vehicle Charge Cord, Charge stands (public or residential),
attachment plugs, power outlets, vehicle connector, miscellaneous infrastructure. The main functions
of Electric vehicle supply equipment include: Providing enclosure and method of attachment to AC
mains (plug or direct connect), generation of control pilot signal, protection from ground faults,
switching power to vehicle based on vehicle command, displaying the presence of AC input.
2. The EV battery located on–board the vehicle.
3. The Inlet, which is considered part of the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Simulation
Simulation is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamical systems. It
supports linear and non–linear systems, modeled in continuous time, sampled time, or a hybrid of
the two. Systems can also be multi rate, i.e., have different parts that are sampled or updated at
different rates. For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building
models as block diagrams, using click and drag mouse operations. With this interface, you can draw
the models just as you would with pencil and paper (or as most textbooks depict them). This is a far
cry from previous simulation packages that require you to formulate differential equations in a
language or program. Simulink includes a comprehensive block library of a sinks, sources, linear
and non–linear components, and connectors. You can customize and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Shows voltages across blocking capacitors
Voltage stress of switches S1a, S1b, S2a, and S2b are Vs1a, Vs1b, Vs2a, and Vs2b, are shown in
Figure 6.3.e. & 6.3.f. Here time is represented along X–axis (in milliseconds) & the voltage is
represented along Y–axis (in Volts). Figure: 6.3.e. Shows voltage stress of switches S1a, and S1b
Figure: 6.3.f. Shows voltage stress of switches S2a, and S2b
Two–phase inductor current iL1 and iL2 is shown in Figure 6.3.g. and Figure 6.3.h, shows the ripple
current through output capacitor (∆ico). Here time is represented along X–axis (in milliseconds) &
the current is represented along Y–axis (in Amps). Figure: 6.3.g. Show inductor currents iL1 and iL2
Figure: 6.3.h. Shows ripple current through output capacitor (∆ico)
Voltage stress across diodes D1 & D2 (Vd1 & Vd2) are as shown in Figure 6.3.i. Here time is
represented along X–axis (in milliseconds) & the voltage is represented along Y–axis (in Volts).
Figure: 6.3.i. Shows voltage stress across diodes D1 & D2 (Vd1 & Vd2)
Simulation of the proposed converter & the results using MATLAB & Simulink can be seen in this

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Inorganine
Disadvantages:
Breakdown occur at high temperature
XLPE (Cross–Linked Polyethylene): used in insulation of medium voltages and high voltages cables
as it can withstand high temperature, working temperature is from 90 to 110, and it can withstand up
to 250 degree
Advantages:
Low losses
Work properly at high temperature
not melt and thermal expansion occur
Disadvantages:
some XLPE are sensitivity to water treeing
EPR (Ethylene Propylene Rubber): type of class of polymers work at temperature from 90 to 110
degree normally but it can withstand up to 250 degree
Advantages:
more flexible
Less sensitive to water treeing
Disadvantages:
more dielectric losses
Requires inorganic material filler
Paper based material as shown in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insulation:
PVC layer used for isolation for each phase, this layer must be suitable with respect to the operating
voltage of the cable
3. Filling: synthetic fibers used to make the cable circular and to fill the gap between the phases
4. Inner cover:
PVC layer wraps on the three phases from outside, it protect the phases from the armour sheath
5. Armouring:
Steel wire is used to wrap around the cable to protect the cable from the stresses and mechanical
effect
6. Outer cover:
PVC layer used to protect the cable from the external effects of the soil and the land Fig 31 low
voltage cable copper conductor

Components of medium voltage cable isolated by oil paper insulation:
1. Conductor: stranded wires made from copper or aluminum in circular form, the type of cross
sectional area used in the distribution network are 3*150 mm2 aluminum and 3*240 mm2 aluminum
2. Insulation: the most important part in the cable as if it weakened, breakdown of the cable will
occur, it is dived into two layers, the first layer is used and wrap on each conductor to isolate the
conductor, its thickness is about 2.7 mm, the second layer is belt of oil paper wrapped around the
three phases, it makes the cable circular and isolate the three phases from the earth layer its
thickness is about 2.7

Design of Electronic Circuits Lab Report
ZEIT 1206 DEC1 Lab Report 1
DC Circuits – Analysis and Design
Alexander Glover, z3422512
Abstract
DC circuit analysis and design, play a massive role in electrical engineering and without the correct
application of theory and practise in unison, nothing can be achieved in a true engineering sense.
Engineering requires theory to develop and test constraints while also requiring practical application
of theory in order to determine tolerance and practical results for industry purposes. The ability to
analysis a circuit gives a potential electrical engineer the ability to learn how to problem solve in a
theoretical and practical sense which in turn develops industry skills in which will follow them for
life, and allow a solid knowledge base ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
KCL is defined as: The algebraic sum of the currents into any point of the circuit must equal the
algebraic sum of all the currents out of that point. Otherwise, charge would accumulate at the point,
instead of having a conducting path [ (Grob, 1977) ].
KVL is similarly defined as: For each mesh followed continuously in its tracing direction the
algebraic summation of all the instantaneous voltage drops is zero (Pike, 1971).
Where a mesh is defined as "a loop that does not contain any other loops" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and a
loop is defined as "a path whose last node is in the same as the starting node" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and
a node is defined as a point where two or more circuit elements join" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ].
KVL, KCL and Ohm's Law are all important tools for circuit analysis, especially using the node
voltage method. A worked example for KCL and Ohm's law is included for Figure 1 next; which can
also be directly applied to that of KVL in the same manner in place of KCL.
Figure 1: Simple dual voltage source (V1 and V2) circuit, with three resistors (R1, R2 and R3) and
four nodes (N1, N2, N3, N4).
From Figure 1, using KCL it can be said that at node two:
i1+ i2= i3 (A) (2)
Which can then be substituted for Ohm's law to give:

Va–VbR1+Vc–VbR2= VbR3 (V) (3)
When values are then substituted into equation three,

Impulse Generator and Lightning Characteristics Simulation...
Lightning as a phenomenon of electric discharge between the charged particles among the clouds or
between the clouds to earth is seen as a natural occurrence in our day to day life. The veracity and
wrath of this natures activity also has to be faced by the mankind in form of death, destruction and
total power outage. In today's world it is hard to imagine life without electricity. Also it incurs heavy
losses to the power distributors and consumers. The losses amounts from few hundred thousands to
millions like how the lightning storm caused power outage in Minnesota that lasted for 19 hours. [1]
It was Franklin in 1744–1750, who first carried out experiments on lightning [2]. From then on
significant studies have been made in the past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse generator comes into business here.Studying the lightning characteristics by creating
the similar impulse using the impulse generator helps in assessing the strength of the electrical
equipment's against transient and lightning impulse. This has been practiced by industrialists and
researchers for so many years. Massive and extremely large test apparatus are used for the impulse
wave generation. To ease down the process with reliable and accurate results, here for the design
4A, a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based software for impulse generator and lightning
characteristics simulation. This would be the only prototype standalone software which caters to the
impulse waveforms studies. The GUI will have the text entry fields to input the circuit parameters
and there will be plotting space where the impulse waveform will be plotted.
The framework of the software will be the mathematical model of the impulse generator circuit. For
different input values, the corresponding waveforms will be obtained. The main focus of this
research will be towards accessing waveforms and its characteristics that corroborates the industry
standard and laboratory experimental values with expected accuracy not lesser than 60%.This
software will be made available to work in cross platform operating systems such as Windows,
android, Mac etc. so that the user can download and install the application in their favourite media
device at

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)
INTRODUCTION For years, infrared LED has been merely a system for piping light around
corners and into the inaccessible places to allow the hidden to be lighted. But now, infrared LED has
evolved into a system of significantly greater importance and use. Throughout the world, it is now
being used to transmit voice, television and data signals as light waves. Its advantages as compared
with conventional coaxial cable or twisted wire pairs are manifold. As a result, millions of dollars
are being spent to put these light wave communication systems into operation. One of the most
interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to
carry information over large distances. It has been proved in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
RECEIVER SECTION:– This section is worked as a Flip–flop (Bistable). IC–3 is decade counter,
its Pin No.14 is input and Pin No. 2 output. The output of frequency detector stage is used, via a
flip–flop, to switch 'ON' or switch 'OFF' a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules IR–
signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 1 goes low and
switched LED. IC–3 is worked on clock pulse which receives to infrared modules at Pin No. 14. Its
output at Pin No 2 throughes high. The output of IC–2 is also used for lighting LED–1 indicating
presence of signal. When no signal is available output of sensor module goes high and transistor
LED is switched 'OFF'. When another signal arrives, LED is switched 'ON' and through clock pulse
at Pin No. 14 of IC–3. This makes the LED to switch 'ON' the appliance at first pulse and 'OFF' the
appliance at its Second pulse arrived at its sensor. Transmitter circuits works satisfactorily with 6–
9V DC. Battery but receiver circuits needs 6V regulated supply. The CAMD CM8870/70C provides
full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band–split filter and digital decoder functions
into a single 18–pin DIP, SOIC,or 20–pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured using
state–of–the–art CMOS process technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise
data handling. The filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group
filters and dial tone rejection. The

Research Link To Report Exemplar
Link to Report Exemplar (see notes for extra information) Results Data Table Figure 1. Data table
with the collected results showing resistor value vs signal strength. The signal strength (last column)
was calculated using the following formula. V = counted squares (Second column) * (CRO volts per
cm (Third column) * 10 ^–3) 10^–3 can also be written as E–3. E–3 is used since the results are
being changed from millivolts to volts. An example of this is as follows. V = 0.2cm*(5mV * 10^–3)
V = 0.001V Graph Figure 2. Graph showing the data results with a logarithmic scale of 10 on the
horizontal axis. Figure 2 uses a logarithmic scale to show the data collected in a way that can be
visualized. If the graph does not have a logarithmic scale, most of the data bunches up onto the left
side of the graph. This makes it very hard to see what the data is showing. Discussion Interpretation
(explain your results using science concepts) LiFi is the sending and receiving of information in the
form of light (LiFi, n.d.). This experiment replicated this by making two circuits. The circuit which
sends the information can be as simple as an LED, this can be seen in figure 3. However, to control
the information which the LED is sending, a different circuit needs to be made. This circuit is
similar to figure 3 but with the addition of an audio lead. This circuit can be seen in figure 4. Figure
3. Sending Circuit with only LED. Figure 4. Sending circuit with audio

Analysis Of Stanley Milgram 's ' Behavioral Study Of...
Throughout the course of history, the phenomenon of psychology has drawn countless psychologists
and scientists to further comprehend the depths and fascinations of the human mind and body. Using
experimentation as a source of obtaining and recording desired information regarding the new
realizations of the mind, cognitive scientists continue to fathom at the intricate revelations the mind
has to offer. Although the complexities of the mind have brought scientists to puzzling conclusions,
scientists have used a series of experimental steps to conclude how and why the processes of the
brain can change the actions and personalities of an individual.
Within psychology, examining behavior of different species, especially humans, is vital in ... Show
With each incorrect answer, the voltage of the electric shock would increase, beginning at a voltage
of 15 volts to a deadly voltage of 450 volts. However, the experiment was most definitely rigged.
The learners were hired actors used as part of the experiment to determine whether the teacher (one
of the 40 male participants) would continue to obey the commands of the experimenter despite the
blood chilling screams from the opposite room. Milgram further explains in detail why the
reasoning behind his experiment is surprisingly valid. The most important information of Milgram's
article provides a table recording the different variations of shock levels, beginning from slight
shock to XXX. The different levels of shock voltages are measured from 15 volts to 450 volts. The
right side of the table attributes to number of teachers who found the corresponding voltage as their
maximum shock. A majority of the teachers did not identify a maximum shock until 300 volts was
reached. At this point, various teachers discontinued the experiment and refused to participate
further. However, Milgram states "of the 40 subjects, 26 obeyed the orders of the experimenter until
the end, proceeding to punish the victim until they reached the most potent shock available on the
shock generator"(376). Milgram's data shows that 65 percent of the men chosen, decided to inflict
the highest pain threshold upon

Automatic Temperature Fan Speed Control
INTRODUCTION: This is a standard circuit which can be used to adjust the brightness of mains
lights and the speed of AC motors. It uses a triac, diac and has a radio–frequency interference (RFI)
noise suppression circuit built into it as well. The circuit controls the average power to a load
through the triac by phase control. The AC supply is applied to the load for only a controlled
fraction of each cycle. The triac is held in an OFF condition for a portion of its cycle then is
triggered ON at a time determined by the circuit. Each time the triac is turned on, the load current
changes very quickly – a few micro seconds – from zero to a value determined by the lamp
resistance and the value of the mains voltage at that instant in time. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At this instant in time no current is flowing in either direction. This is the point at which a dimmer is
electronically synchronized to turn the power ON or OFF. By chopping the waveform at the zero–
crossing point, smooth dimming can be achieved without the lamp flickering. This turning on and
off of the power device occurs every time the mains crossing point is reached (half phase), 100 or
120 times per second. Typically light dimmers are manufactured using a Triac or Thyristor as the
power control device. These electronic parts are semiconductors not dissimilar to transistors. A
Thyristor is a Uni.–directional device and hence, because AC power flows in both directions, two
are needed. A triac is a bidirectional device and therefore only one is needed. An electronic circuit
determines the point in time at which they turn ON (conduct). The ON state continues until the next
zero–crossing point, at which point the device turns itself OFF. The electronic circuit then provides a
delay, which equates to the dimness of the lamp, before turning the control device back on. The
slight capacitance of the load, filters the chopped waveform resulting in a smooth light output. Some
controllers use a microprocessor control with the above timing function being handled by an
analogue circuit. More sophisticated systems, called digital dimmers, operate the switching direct
from microprocessor. This has the advantage of greater reliability, quieter operation, lower cost and
smaller

How the Length of a Wire Affects its Resistance
How the Length of a Wire Affects Its Resistance In my physics coursework I am going to investigate
the effect of the length of a wire on its resistance. Resistance is the measure of how easy it is for
current to flow through a wire. Current is the rate of flow of charge through a conductor, and it is
measured in amps using an ammeter. To help me plan my investigation I have completed a
preliminary experiment in which I investigated the effect of the thickness of a wire on its resistance,
using three constantan wires and one copper wire. I found that the resistance increased as the
thickness of the wire decreased, however, when I did the test with the copper wire I found that it was
so unresistant that there would not be a lot of point in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pattern that I see in my results is that on my graph they form a straight line and are fairly
proportional. I have, however, drawn two different lines of best fit, because my results from wire
lengths of 150cm to 300cm are such a big 'jump' away from my other results, that I believe that, as
we recorded the two sets of results (20cm–100cm and 150cm–300cm) on different days, we
performed the experiment with the longer lengths of

The Impact Of Digital Technology On Consumer Electronics,...
Abstract–With the rapid development of digital technology in consumer electronics, advertising and
notification system has greater importance. Earlier systems had the drawback that the notice board
or systems that were to display notice has been done manually. The idea proposed to this project is
that using GSM technology so that the updates could be made with mobile and check for the
authority in the system. So updates to these notice boards could be made through a simple SMS. The
importance of notice in academic is well known to us but this system could be not only in the school
or educational but also for commercial purposes such as advertising or emergency notification
system.
Keywords: GSM modem, AVR 328, visual basic 6.0, LCD Display.
I. Introduction
This is an embedded based project. An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software
and perhaps other mechanical parts designed to perform a specific function. A Notice Board is a
very essential device in any institution/organization or public utility place like bus stations, railway
stations and parks. The big problem with these displays is to carry a computer or special keyboard
for generating and sending messages to LCD moving display board dynamically. Carrying a host
computer or special keyboard every time to generate message for LCD display boards is big
headache and also increase cost if it go for wireless based message sending. To make the
LCD display more portable, a GSM mobile phone is used

A Simulation For The Motor Of A Bldc Motor Drive With The...
This paper presents a simulation for the sensorless operation of a BLDC motor drive with the
estimation of initial rotor position at standstill. The system determines the actual rotor position of
the motor at standstill and provides appropriate starting pulses to inverter switches to turn on. Once
the motor starts to rotate, it then directly extracts the back EMF from the motor terminals between
the floating phase and the midpoint of DC link. Inductance variation sensing method is used for
estimating the initial rotor position of the motor followed by a sensorless operation by back EMF
sensing method. The principle behind the rotor position estimation is detection and comparison of
phase voltage and dc link current responses and relating it with stator inductances.
The most advantage is that it requires only three voltage pulse injections of small duration for the
estimation of rotor position. A resolution of 30o can be achieved. The effectiveness of the method is
validated by simulation results in Matlab Simulink platform.
Keywords– Brushless DC(BLDC), saturation, rotor position, voltage pulse injection.
I. INTRODUCTION ndustrial application of brushless DC motors (BLDC), is being increased day
by day because of their outstanding features like high starting torque, high efficiency, no excitation
losses, silent operation and durability finding applications such as compressor, in electrical vehicles,
hard disc drives.
An inverter driven three–phase BLDC motor, as shown in

Design Of A Standby Generator
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Bachelor of Engineering
Technology in Electrical Services Engineering Program Code: DT083 YEAR 4 Module: Electrical
Plant 2 Lecturer: Thomas Woolmington Student Name Karl Kidd Student Number D02127276 Class
Group AAssignment 1 Assignment title: Design of a Standby Generator Date issued 12/2/16 Due by
Date returned DECLARATION I hereby certify that the material, which is submitted in this
assignment/project, is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for any academic
assessment other than as part fulfilment of the assessment procedures for the program (DT083)
Bachelor of Engineering Technology in Electrical Services Engineering (B.Eng Tech). Signature of
student:............Karl Kidd.......... Date:............................................. Contents Introduction 1 Choice of
generator 1 Mode of Operating & Starting 2 Load transfer 3 Prevention of islanding 3 Type of
alternator/ exiter unit 4 Engine Type 4 Electrical Interface 5 Fuel and fuel storage 7 Noise Levels 7
Air intake and Exhaust 8 Maintenance 8 Location 8 Containment 8 Fire implications 9 Peak lopping
9 Conclusion 10 Figure 1 The SDMO T22K Generator 1 Figure 2 ATS021 Automatic transfer switch
2 Figure 3 Switching of non–priority loads 3 Figure 4 MECC ALTE ECP 28–1LN/4 Alternator 4
Figure 5The Mitsubishi S4Q2SD 4 Figure 6 The Apm 303 Standard controller 5 Figure 7 The APM
303 Standard Controller 5 Figure 8 TELYS Optional

Senion Project for Producing Electronics Part Essay
Senior Project
Project Proposal Table of Contents:
Executive Summary.........1
Introduction.........2
Project Operation.........7
Project Scheduling (Gannt Chart) ......11
Bill of Materials.......13
Future Use and Expansion.......14
Hardware Schematics.........15
Hardware and Software Block Diagrams..........18
Bibliography..................20
Executive Summary:
Objective:
The objective of our senior project is to develop portable lab equipment and software interface for
first year college students. The idea of our project is to allow portability and convenience for
students to perform basic electronic labs at home. It is meant as a learning tool to generate a
comprehensive, hands–on guide for students to use on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Future Expansion:
This project could also include a multimeter and curve tracer. It could also be improved by having a
higher voltage and a better regulated power supply. The function generator could also have higher
bandwidth and frequency.
Cost:
Estimated total cost is $316. Introduction:
When we visualized our senior project, we decided that engineering and electronic students in
college could make use of portable, inexpensive, simple equipment in order to demonstrate concepts
off campus. This equipment would not necessarily have all of the functionality and versatility of the
lab equipment, but it would be useful in demonstrating concepts. The current lab equipment is great
for school, but if students have a need to use the equipment at home such as to finish labs, learn
more, or just hobby use, they are left without an inexpensive alternative with the equipment
currently on the market. Our solution was to address these issues with our project which we named
"Lab In A Box." This would allow students to have a portable oscilloscope, power supply, and

function generator at a greatly reduced cost. The labs performed usually only requires low
bandwidth and low voltage equipment. The power supplies in the labs are DC with the capability of
+6V and ±25V. The function generator is a 15MHz waveform generator that is capable of sine,
square, triangle, and saw–tooth waveforms. The

My Memories Of My Life
As a child growing up, some of my earliest memories were my mother taking us to church every
Sunday. It was a traditional type of Church that didn 't believe in the gifts of the Spirit, let alone God
speaking through dreams. Even though the gifts or ministry of the Spirit was not discussed in
Church, even as a child, I had a knowing that God speaks through dreams. As a youth, I turned away
from the things of God until I was 24 years of age. After continuously running, I finally surrendered
to God 's pursuit of me, and finally gave my life to Him. Only a year after my surrender, one of the
most incredible things happened to me. I met, fell in love with, and married the most beautiful
woman in the world! Shortly after Maricia and I were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was driving alone on this particular morning still pondering the dream. What little I understood at
the time, being a fairly new Christian, about spiritual warfare I was doing my best and trying to do. I
was praying God 's protection for Maricia, the kids and for me.
In those days, I was working for a local utility company as an apprentice lineman splicer. A lineman
splicer is a person who climbs wood poles in the back yard and works on transformers, electrical
services, electrical equipment, and high voltage. I was a year into my apprenticeship and being
trained how to work on high voltage, which according to electrical standards for our company is
anything over 600 volts.
The date was September 7th, 1989 and we were working on, what we call a re–conductor job. With
added businesses and homes in this area, the conductor, or wires, currently at this location was not
large enough to handle the extra load. Our job was to upgrade the electrical system and make it
capable of handling the increased electrical load associated with the growth in the community.
The energized conductor of 7,620 volts, we previously moved out and are now located on extension
arms called hot arms. Hot arms are mounted on both sides of the cross arm located near the top of
the pole. Moving the energized conductor away from the center of the pole gives room to pull in the
new larger conductor over the cross–arm. Our job for the day was to climb

Ohm 's Law & Series Circuits
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
10 February 2017
Lab Report: Ohm's Law & Series Circuits Introduction
Theory:
Ohm's law defines the relationship between three important electrical properties namely: voltage,
current and resistance. Mathematically, ohm's law is expressed as: V=IR. By understanding the
importance of conduction, one is able to determine the total resistance and visualize how resistors
are connected in parallel circuits. In parallel connection, each resistor provides a separate path for
current [I] so that the total resistance of a parallel circuit is reduced as more resistors are connected
in parallel. In contrast, the resistance in series circuits increases when more resistors are introduced
into the circuit. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In effect, the resistor was aligned horizontally with the first end. A black wire extension (from the
negative polarity of the power supply) was connected vertically from one end of the last resistor
plugged into the first set of holes just below the blue line albeit aligned differently from the red wire
(Figure 1). Figure 1: Circuit diagram
A digital multimeter was used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel and series with the
components.
Analysis
Resistors connected in series are observed to share one current path. A breadboard effectively builds
a testing electrical and electronic system model. It also holds electrical components together
conveniently for practical applications.
Part 2: Measuring Resistors in Series A multimeter was connected across individual resistors and
resistance measurements were recorded. The multimeter was then connected across all the resistors
whereby measurements recorded. The values are tabulated in Table 1:
Table 1: Resistance values
Resistor Color–Code Measured Value
Ex. Brown Red Yellow Silver or Gold 119kΩ
120kΩ
R1=1kΩ Brown Black Red Silver 1kΩ
R2=2.2kΩ Red Red Red Gold 2.2kΩ
R3=330Ω Orange Orange Brown Silver 330Ω

R4=10kΩ Brown Black Orange Silver 10kΩ
For the branches shown in Figure 2, the total resistance was calculated and recorded. Afterwards,
each resistor branch was built on Multisim and the total resistance of each branch was measured and
recorded. Screenshots of each

Current and Resistance of a Wire and the Affects When the...
Current and Resistance Physics Investigation
Aim:
Investigate how the length of a wire affects the current and resistance of a wire.
Prediction and Hypothesis:
I think as you increase the length of the Constatan wire, you also increase the amount of resistance.
The current is the flow of electrons; the current is dependent on the amount of voltage, which is
applied. Voltage is the push given to the current. The current has to go through a circuit, which
contains resistance so if you increase that push you also increase the flow of the current. All
materials have a slight resistance to electricity factors affecting the resistance are: Length, Voltage &
Temperature and Surface Area
Length
The diagram shows the happenings of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This showed that the wire was very weak if given more than 5 volts because the wire lets electricity
flow faster and faster which then leads to the heat eventually breaking the wire. I found that if I
decreased the voltage to a reading of 1.5 volts the wire stayed in tact enough to give a good reading
and thereby giving better overall results.
Voltage used 5 Volts
Length Current (1) Current (2) Current (3) Current (4) Average Resistance 30cm 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.5
1.1 60cm 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.4 2.1 90cm 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.8 120cm 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 3.3 150cm
1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.25 4
Voltage used 5 Volts
Length Current (1) Current (2) Current (3) Current (4) Average Resistance 30cm 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.4
1.1 60cm 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 1.6 90cm 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.5 2 120cm 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.9 150cm 1.3
1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 3.8
The two tables above show the results given in the preliminary experiments they both seemed to

heat up the wire to a substantial heat proven by the red glow on the 30cm wire (occasionally). The
results obtained below show a much better picture of the happenings in the

What Are Peltier Modules Provide Voltages Using Nothing?
Peltier Modules provide voltages using nothing but the heat emitted from various sources such as
wood burning, candle flames, latent heat from industries, or the heat produced from the residential
areas while cooking. The temperature difference created between the hot side and the cold side
generates electricity. It can be highly useful in forest and mountain areas as well as in homes in case
of power outages and in this situations we can use candle flames or wood as heating source for hot
side and chilled water or ice as cooling source for the cold side also we can use heat sink on the cold
side to increase and improve the speed of process.
The core of the device is a significant number of Peltier modules and for general needs around ten ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The regulator happens to be mounted far from the sources of heating and cooling so that it can be
protected from heating and shorting.
FIG 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PMBEA
Heating might happen inside the chopper so that heat sink can be attached for proper dissipation of
heat. Also to get more heat concentrated equally on the module, a metal plate is used which spreads
the heat. To provide external support all the elements are fitted inside a box. Heating, an important
phenomenon is provided with the help of byproducts from both the industries and domestic areas
and in absence of byproduct, candle flames or woods can be used as the source. It is provided to the
Peltier modules which are connected to the cooling source. Cooling can be provided by chilled
water or ice storing into a metal tray or heat sink can be fixed with the Peltier modules and use of a
fan to dissipate the heat and provide cooling. This arrangement starts producing voltage in some
time and that too without making any noise. Also, the rigid construction can wield a much and the
Peltier modules itself can easily work for a long life span without any failures.
4.2 METHOD OF WORKING
The Peltier modules are fitted below the cooling source which can be a heat sink and cooling fan or
metal tray containing cooling source and they are fitted inside a wooden box. Peltier

A Novel Design Of A Double Tail Comparator
A Novel Design of a Double Tail Comparator
.
P. satish babu/M.Tech student
Department of ECE
VLSI&ES
Machilipatnam, India
p.satish605@gmail.com
Abstract :A new CMOS clocked dynamic comparator using two input single output differential
amplifier as latch stage suitable for high speed analog to digital converters with the performance of
high speed, low power dissipation and low immune to noise. The conventional dynamic comparator
requires more power and has more delay. A conventional double tail dynamic comparator consumes
less power and works at high speed than its predecessor, the conventional comparator. There is very
much need to reduce the delay and power consumption which is possible by strengthening the
positive feedback during the regeneration. This can be achieved by adding few transistors to the
double tail dynamic comparator. Using the inverter based differential amplifier to design a novel
double tail comparator for reducing the no of transistors and better characteristics. The performance
of this method is to be analyzed with the existing two designs at different power voltages and
frequencies using 0.18μm CMOS Technology.
Key words: Double–tail comparator, dynamic clocked comparator, high–speed analog–to–digital
converters (ADCs), low–power analog design, inverter op–amp.
1. INTRODUCTION Comparators also known as single bit analog–to–digital converter that are
mostly used in abundance A/D converter. A CMOS dynamic latched dynamic comparators are
provide low

Statement Of Purpose In Electronics
Statement of Purpose
John Serin Varghese
Term: Fall 2015
Since my school days, I was always curious about how automated gadgets and devices work.
Various TV programs gave me some insight into the world of electronics. Vocational electronics
course in my higher secondary education acquainted me to the basics of electronics. After starting
my undergraduate course in electronics and tele–communication engineering, basic courses like
'Basic Electronics Engineering', 'Solid State Devices and Circuits' and 'Digital Logic Design' gave
me a deeper understanding of the building blocks of electronics like diodes, transistors and ICs. Not
only did these courses managed to partially sate this curiosity that I had since my childhood, but also
inspired me to explore the world of electronics further. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Accelerometer based ECU using CAN protocol', our third year mini project, was my first
experience in designing, testing and prototyping an embedded system application which included
the use of a microcontroller to transfer tilt angle information from accelerometer which is a MEMS
device. The success in my maiden attempt increased my interest in the field of microelectronics and
embedded system applications. Study of subjects like 'Microcontrollers and Applications', 'VLSI
Design and Technology' and 'Embedded System and RTOS' became captivating. With the view of
exploring further aspects of these courses, I tried to delve into the nitty–gritty by taking up small
projects that were not a part of the

A System Of Delete Unwanted Messages
A system to delete unwanted messages from osn use walls
abstract
One principal issue in today On–line Social Networks (OSNs) is to give clients the capacity to
control the messages posted naturally private space to stay away from that undesirable substance is
shown. Up to now OSNs give little backing to this prerequisite. To fill the crevice, in this paper, we
propose a framework permitting OSN clients to have an immediate control on the messages posted
on their dividers. This is accomplished through an adaptable standard based framework, that permits
clients to tweak the sifting criteria to be connected to their dividers, and a Machine Learning based
delicate classifier consequently naming messages in backing of substance based separating. Record
Terms–On–line Social Networks, Information Filtering, Short Text Classification, Policy–based
Personalization
existing system:
We accept that this is a key OSN administration that has not been given in this way. Surely, today
OSNs give almost no backing to avert undesirable messages on client dividers. Case in point, Face
book permits clients to state why should permitted supplement messages in their dividers (i.e.,
companions, companions of companions, or characterized gatherings of companions). Then again,
no substance based inclinations are bolstered and in this manner it is unrealistic to counteract
undesired messages, for example, political or obscene ones, regardless of the client who posts them.
Giving

The Application Of Hardware And Software
Introduction
Throughout the semester, the class was composed of lectures and recitations where we learn to use
MatLab, PSpice, and myDAQ. After ten recitations, we were assign a group project that
demonstrated the knowledge we had gained throughout the entirety of the course. Although we had
the option to choose from the following three detention circuits: a resistor–thermistor voltage
divider circuit, a phototransistor–resistor voltage divider circuit, or a standard PC microphone
driving the audioInput of the myDAQ, my group opted out towards the PC microphone detention
circuit. Within the PC microphone detention circuit, the microphone should have been able to detect
three different states of noise. The first state consists of the microphone detecting no noise, the
second state consists of the microphone detecting the presence of some noise, and the third state
consists of the microphone detecting a louder noise than usual.
The Implementation of Hardware and Software
For this project we used a smartphone and the myDAQ in order to make a detection circuit that
could detect no noise, low noise, and high noise. We first connected the myDAQ to the computer
and then plugged the myDaq with the smartphone, since the phone was the sound source. We then
created a new Blank VI project in LabView, we started by producing a while loop followed by
choosing acquire signals, analog input voltage, and finally selecting audioInputLeft and
audioInputRight. From there we chose analog

The Black Via A Push Button And Ldr Using C Code Without...
Objective
The purpose of the experiment is to operate an LED through the BeagleBone Black via a push
button and LDR using C code without libraries besides such as . The pins of the BeagleBone Black
will be operated by exporting pins so they can be read or written to in the C program. A LDR and
push button will be used in conjunction with the exported pins for read and write operations to
illuminate the LED when it's dark and vice versa when it's not. With the use of exporting pins to
read and write, the operation of the LED via the LDR or push button will be determined by opening
up the file locations and checking the state of the LED and the value of the push button and LDR.
The push button will be used to set the system in manual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Use a push button for Manual override. Whenever the push button is pressed, it must allow turning
off or turning on the LED regardless of which state the CdS sensor puts the LED in. Your program
should keep track of the exact time the LED is either on or off. Must output the date and time the
LED was turned on or off.
Lab Setup:
Figure 1: Lab Setup
Conclusion
The result of the experiment was a success. The C program used the BBB kernel via paths to operate
the LED as specified. The push button set the system to manual mode and turned off the light if it
was on and turned the LED on if it was off. The second push of the button switched it back to
automatic mode. The turning on and off of the LED also resulted in accurate time stamps of the
LED being on or off.
The lab was pretty simple, however, the process was a little challenging in the beginning. Unlike the
previous labs, we had to configure each pin for our desired functionality, which made it a bit
difficult. The majority time on this lab was spent on configuration of the pins, rather than writing the
code. Questions and Discussion:
What is Rmax and Rmin for your CdS sensor? What is the required resistance, R, for the other half
of the CdS voltage divider circuit?

The CdS resistance measured in full light was approx. 50 ohms. The resistance measured in a dark
lit area was approx. 350k ohms. The range

Pepsi Feasibility Study
________________ ____________
(Head of the department, ECE) (Assistant Professor)
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mentioning of the people whose constant guidance and encouragement made
it possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our project, which is result of studied blend
of both research and knowledge.
We express our earnest gratitude to our internal guide, Assistant Professor K.SRINIVAS RAO,
Department of ECE, our project guide, for his constant support, encouragement and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
ABSTRACT
This project deals with the calculation of the energy meter billing with prepaid facility by using
Smartcard based on the load consumption with GSM communication . The microcontroller
calculates the rupees that will be consumed by the loads as per the amount inserted in prepaid
recharge card ,which acts as input and displays it on the 16X2 LCD interfaced with the
microcontroller. This project thesis is also covers the recharge option on every insert of card in smart
module and the power is continued to process. This project is powered by an on–board power supply
takes the ac power and converts it into dc power that is fed to on–board devices and integrated
circuits.
2. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
What is Embedded system?
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional
mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system is a
microcontroller–based, software driven, reliable, real–time control system, autonomous, or human
or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold
into a competitive and cost conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software
system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High–end embedded &
lower end embedded systems. High–end embedded system –

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