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Underground Cable Fault Detection Using Arduino
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 907 Underground Cable Fault Detection Using Arduino 1 2 3Department Of Electrical Engineering Sandip University, Nashik, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The Main objective of this project is to discover the faults And abnormalities occurring in undergroundcables mistreatment Arduino. within the urban areas, the electrical cables run in undergrounds rather than overload lines. The projected system finds the precise location of fault. this technique uses an Arduino microcontrollerkitandacorrected power supply. Here the present sensing circuits made with a mix of resistors are interfaced to Arduino microcontroller kit to assist of the inner ADC device for providing digital information to the microcontroller representing the cable in kilometers. The fault creation is created by the set of switches. The relays are controlled by the relay driver. A LCD display connected to the microcontroller to display the information. This project is organized with a collection of resistors that represents the length of cable. At each renowned km fault switches are placed to induce faultsmanually. Finally, thefault distance may be determined. Key Words: Arduino Board, Ohms Law, LCD (Liquid Cristal Display), cable Fault, ADC (Analogue to digital converter), Digital Data. 1. INTRODUCTION The Purpose of this project is to see the space from the bottom station’s underground cable fault in kilometer. during this project we have a tendency to used an easy idea of ohm’s law. once fault happens within the system the distance set on liquid show (LCD). till the last decade, Cables were designed to be placed above the pinnacle and, at present, there's no underground cable that's beyond the previous method. Antagonistic climate conditions, for example, storms, snow, significant rains and contamination doesn't impact on underground lineshoweverwhena blame happens in underground lines it's onerous to find the blame in underground link. we'll find theprecisespaceofthe blame in computerized structure. At that time, it's troublesome to dig out cable thanks to not knowing the precise location of the cable fault. 2. RELATED WORK Tasks moved in Arduino UNO pack perceive issues from the underground connections. Right when a fault occurs in the underground connections, we can find faults through Arduino controller pack. When a fault occur in the underground cables, we can find out the faults through Arduino controller kit. LCD display which display the faults in kilometer. In this project we created fault manually.Cable has many types. Every cable has different resistance which depends upon the material used. Every connection has different deterrent which depends on the material used. The estimation of the hindrance is depends on the length of the connection. 2.1 Types of Faults Faults has many types Frequently occurs the faults are given below. Earth Fault Short Circuit Fault Open Circuit Fault Earth Fault An Earth fault is an unplanned contact between an engaged conductor and earth or equipment frame. The entry method for the fault current is through the setting up structure and any work power or rigging that ends up being a bit of that system. Short Circuit Fault A short circuit fault occurs when there is an insulation failure between phase conductor or earth or both, further short circuit fault can be categorized in two types: Symmetrical fault (LLL, LLLG) & Unsymmetrical fault (LL, LG, LLG). Open Circuit Fault An open-Circuit fault happens if a circuit is interrupted by some failure. If the circuit it's not closed that's known as circuit fault. 3. LITERATURE SURVEY 1. Introduction A literature review was conducted to work out the technological and / or industrial techniques accessible or accustomed meet this would like for power corporations as delineated within the previous chapter. The investigation is proscribed to the United States. Patents listed in the last 5 years; Technical journals (IEEE Transactions on instrumentation and measurements, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems and transactions). A literature review was conducted to determine the technological and / or Prof Dr. Mangesh Nikose1, Siddhant Chavan2, Monik Patel3
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 908 industrial techniques available or used to meet this need for power companies as described in the previous chapter. The investigation is limited to the United States. Patents listed within the last 5 years; Technical journals (IEEE Transactions on instrumentation and measurements, IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systems and transactions). The indices of the publications of the energy industry. The periodic revelation of product throughout the last seven years and therefore the manufacturer’s documentation. Of the twenty five connected licenses found, 5,210,498 variety is that the most significant to the current endeavor. referred to as the “locator for perceiving underground connections and goofs in this victimization the ground-breaking electromagnet”. a way is pictured for locating ground- impelled faults by sending a banner on the wire and study the banner of surface. 2. Patents Of the twenty five connected patents found, 5,210,498 range is that the most applicable to the current project. called the "detector for police work underground cables and errors in that mistreatment the high-voltage electromagnet", a wayis represented for locating ground-induced faults by transmission a proof on the wire and viewing the signal Of surface. 3. Technical Journals Pantaloons proposes that a Gaussian estimator, of most frequency, of most probability can decide the switch feature of a linear system, of non-stop time, of ports with timedelay. The estimator may be used to discover a discontinuity in a cable. The area of the fault became primarily based totallyat the precept of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The cable became inspired with a pulse of brief duration. The stimulus and the primary mirrored image had been sampled and the primary spectral line F decided with the aid of using the short Fourier transform (FFT) became dispatched to the estimation algorithm. The propagation speed of the cable became essential to decide the very last area of the fault. A simplified analytical version defined with the aid of using A implies the modeling of a resistive or capacitivechargedline (RC) primarily based totally on locating the approximate poles of the switch feature. This switch version ambitions to make it simpler to put in force a computer-aided analysis; However, it isn't always as correct as different posted techniques 4. Murray Bridge Loop Murray Bridge loop could be a electric circuit used for localization of underground or submarine cable faults. it's been used for over one hundred years. One finish of the defective wire is connected by a combine of resistors to the voltage source. Also, a zero detector is connected. the opposite end of the cable is short-circuited. The bridge is balanced by modifying the RB1 and RB2 values. 4.BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig -1: Block Diagram 4.1 Block Diagram Description 1) RESISTOR Resistor may be a passive part to manage the present in a very circuit. Its electrical device is given by the quantitative relation of the voltage applied through its terminal to the current passing through it. Therefore, a selected resistor value, for a set voltage, limits the current there through. they're omnipresent in electronic circuits. 2) LED Light emitting diode (LEDs) are sources of semiconductor light. the sunshine emitted by the light-emittingdiodevaries visibly to the infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate at low voltage and power. On the idea of semiconductor diode, the LEDs emit photons once the electrons recombine with the holes of direct polarization. each terminals of the LEDaretheanode(+)and also the cathode (-) and may be known by their size. The longest leg is that the positive terminal or anode and a shorter terminal is negative. 3) POWER SUPPLY A device to convert the out there power of a group of functions to fulfill specified requirements. the everyday power supply application includes changing raw input power into a voltage and or managementledorstableforthe operation of current electronic equipment. Power provides belong to the sphere of power electronic, the utilization of electronic for the control and conversion of electrical power.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 909 A diet is typically called an influence device and also the method is termed energy conversion. the aim of every element within the power provide stylecircuit.Poweristhat the initial and most vital a part of our project.Forourproject we'd like a regulated +5 V with a most rating of five hundred mA 4) STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER The electrical device below is that the initial a part of the regulated power supply. To lower the world 230V AC, we'd like a transformer down. Here is the main feature of the electronic transformer. 1. Power transformer are typically designed to work from a coffee electrical phenomenon supply at one frequency. 2. it's necessary to make with adequate insulation of the required dielectric. 3. Notice transformer are in potential units. The volt electronic equipment of every of the winding or secondary coil is added to the secondary VA total. to the current are added losses. 4. Raising the temperature of a electrical device is set on 2 well-known factors, particularly unit losses provided by transformer dissipation and warmth or cooling. 5) RECTIFIER UNIT The Supply unit may be a CKT. It converts the electrical energy into DC by pulses. Generally, the semiconductor unit is employed because the grinding member owing to its property to conduct in one direction. In general, there are 2 varieties of rectifiers. Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier within the half-wave rectifier, solely the half cycle AC of A. is corrected so its potency is incredibly low. we tend to use an entire bridge kind rectifier, within which four diodes are used. In every half cycle, two LEDs have each and that they win the utmost efficiency in O/P 6) FILTER CURRENT Generally, a rectifier is needed to provide a D.C. Pure to be used in numerous places of the electronic circuit. However, the o/p rectifier includes a rhythmic character, i.e. if parenthetically a DC is applied to the electronic circuit a droning will occur, i.e. it'll stay AC parts DC components are undesirable DC and should be unbroken off from the load. 7) THE VOLATGE REGULATOR A transformer is associate electrical controller designed to mechanically maintain a continuingvoltagelevel.duringthis project a 5V and 12V power provide is required. to realize these voltage levels, voltage regulators 7805 and 7812 should be used. Specifications: Available o/p D.C Voltage = + 5V. Line Regulation = 0.03 Load Regulation = 0.5 Vin maximum = 35 V Ripple Rejection = 66-80 (db) RELAY The relay detects the device that detects the fault ANd sends a visit signal to the breaker to isolate the faulty section. A relay is an automatic device by suggests that of that an electrical circuit is indirectly controlled and controlled by a modification within the same or another circuit. There are completely different a) TRANSFORMER Features Output Current up to 1A Output Voltage of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection Description The KA78XX / KA78XXA three-pin positive regulator series is offered within the TO-220/D-PAK housing and a number of other mounted output voltages, creating them helpful in an exceedingly big selection of application. every sort uses and internal current limitation, thermal closedown and safe protection of the operative area, making it primarily indestructible. If adequate heat unharness is provided, they will deliver the output current 1A. though primarily designed as fixed voltage regulators, these devices will be used with external elements to produce adjustable voltages and currents. b) ARDUINO Fig -2: Arduino UNO
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 910 Arduino is an ASCII text file company, hardware and software system, project and users that style and manufactures microcontrollers and microcontroller kits to make digital cameras and interactive objects that may observe and management objects within the physical world. Project product are distributed in the type of open source hardware and software beneath the wildebeest Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the wildebeest General Public License (GPL) for the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution for any person. Arduino boards are accessible commercially in pre-assembles form, or as homemade kits. Arduino table styles use a spread of microprocessors and controllers. c) WORKING In our project we are able to notice the fault in 3 sections. In every phase of the system needed giant wire 3km,4km,5km. so this can’t slot in this method so used for this internal resistance of cable. as a result of because the length of the copper wire increase the resistance within the cable also increases. during this project simply connect switch to disconnect the wire in each kilometer segment. With the three-phage cable one reference cable also are gift to match with it. The Arduino board required the referenceresistance of cable with the fault cable resistance take into account one cable in which four resistances are connected with 4 switches And once fault occur the system at 2km distance. The 2kΩ resistance are given to the Arduino. The Arduino compare it with reference resistance. unremarkably individuals are mistreatment business voltage (230V). This voltage is journey down through development down transformer. electrical device is an device that trades electrical imperativeness between in any event 2 circuits through electromagnets induction. Generally, transformers are wont to addition or decreasing the voltages of mercantilism stream in wattage applications. These adventure down voltage goes to rectifier unit Rectifier is simply an electronic gizmo that used to amendmentoverAN AC provide into DC supply. This endeavor we tend to were mistreatment length rectifier.12V AC supply is changesover into 12V DC supply. These voltage moves to the controller unit. Controller is an electrical gizmo that is wont to keep up a reliable voltage. Here we were using 2 voltage controllers. expressly voltage controller 7812 and voltage controller 7805.7812 voltage controller keeps up the 12V DC supply. This voltage is adequate work hand-off unit and 7805 voltage controller keeps up the 5V DC supply. This voltage is employed to manage the Arduino unit. we tendtomovedthe program within the unit. Program was created if Any fault occur in the connection,nowcanopentheexchangeterminal and isolate that tousled line in a very manner of speaking. remainder of numerous lines works normally. By and by a days embedded system modified meteorically. Arduino is that the pushed variation of embedded structure. These Arduino has adequate types nevertheless we tend to picked Arduino UNO. These Arduino UNO serves to developed several motivated variations of Arduino UNO makes simple condition .it with success to urge various gizmos mistreatment consecutive port. Next, we move the hand-off. Move is simply an electrical contraption here which we tend regarding as a switch if any fault occur within the line, can isolate the road mistreatment hand-off.Theinstrumentation of the exchange moves from unremarkably shutdirectto the habitually open conduct. we viably notice the fault and to isolate the accuse line. Show unitispartnertheArduinopack that is employed to wherever the fault happens and to demonstrate to itself. 5. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS A. Advantages 1. Low Maintains of task 2. Improved open well-being 3. Less utilization of intensity 4. simple to handle B. Limitations occur. 6. CONCLUSION Finally, we've done this project for location of fault in underground cable within the rural areas wherever underground gear is used. it's troublesome to search outthe fault in the cable. thus this project is useful to use to observe the fault location. that the fault will simply find and extinguish. The Arduino has wildcat benefits over the microcontroller so use of Arduino is a lot of useful Arduino primarily based underground fault detection is more advantageous than microcontroller basedundergroundfault detection. 7. REFERNCES [1]. “Detection and localization of cable faults by time and frequency domainmeasurements”,QinghaiShi,TroeltzschU, Kanoun O. Conf. Systems and Signals and Devices, 7th International conference, Amman.2010; 1-6. [2]. “Computerized underground cable fault location expertise”, E. C. Bascom .in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc.General Meeting, Apr. 10–15, 1994, pp. 376–382.J. [3]. E. C. Bascom, “Computerized underground cable fault location expertise, ”in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General 2. Relay needs 12V dc. 1. The Arduino and different half need 5V DC Supply. 3. Typically system issues for country regions could
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 911 Meeting, Apr. 10–15,1994, pp. 376–382.J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rded., vol.2.Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73. [4]. J. Densley, “Ageing mechanisms and diagnostics for power cables—an overview,”IEEEElectr.Insul.Mag.,vol.17, no. 1, pp.
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