The Security Of Data Tightly And Information Security

The Security Of Data Tightly And Information Security
UCTION
In today's world transformation of data very securely and information security are the most
important categories for the organizations to follow or else the information can easily be taken away
by the enemies. In olden days the organizations used to follow the encryption and decryption for the
transformation of data securely which is known as cryptography. In cryptography the security of
data depends on how strong the encryption and decryption are said to be used. But it is not very easy
for the sender and receiver to recall all the passwords. So avoid those difficulties crypto–biometric is
used which is the combination of biometric and cryptography. The biometric is a technology that
identifies humans with their body uniqueness like fingerprints, face prints and voice patterns for the
validation purposes. In recent year's most of the analysts, trying to eradicate the password
identification and using the biometric. The combination of cryptography and biometric can eliminate
the recall of passwords because the information can be used only by the identified person. But there
are some of the problems that are faced in the biometric. The biometric system which contains the
information should not reveal any biometric features. It should also have the flexibility of
converting the varied data in to the fixed. So, the data cannot be revealed to the unauthorized person
when it was transmitted. Therefore, the result of Fingerprint based crypto–biometric system for
network
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Cisco Switch Configuration
Define hostname It is very useful define the name of your Cisco switch/router. To do it: Enable
administrative privilege Router>en Enter the configuration mode: Router#configure terminal Define
the hostname (the name router is changed to Ciscozine) Router(config)#hostname Ciscozine
Ciscozine(config)# Assign the privileged level secret The enable secret password allows you to enter
enable mode (sometimes referred to as privileged mode or privileged–EXEC mode). To set a secret
password: Enable administrative privilege Ciscozine>en Enter the configuration mode:
Ciscozine#configure terminal Define the privileged–EXEC mode password; remember to use a
strong password (combine letters, numbers, nd symbols). The enable secret ... Show more content
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To "encrypt" it: Enable administrative privilege Ciscozine>en Enter the configuration mode:
Ciscozine#configure terminal The actual encryption process occurs when the current configuration
is written or when a password is configured. Password encryption (it uses Vigenere algorithm) is
applied to all passwords, including username passwords, authentication key passwords, the
privileged command password, console and virtual terminal line access passwords, and Border
Gateway Protocol neighbor passwords. This command is primarily useful for keeping unauthorized
individuals from viewing your password in your configuration file. Ciscozine(config)#service
password–encryption REMEMBER:The Vigenere algorithm is used to obfuscate the passwords (not
really encrypt them as there is no encryption key) in order to prevent "shoulder surfing" from
exposing passwords to someone who briefly looks at a running configuration. If, however, someone
gets hold of the configuration they can easily retrieve the passwords using the reverse translation of
the Vigenere algorithm. You could check your current configuration with the command "show
running–config". Ciscozine#show running–config Building configuration... Current configuration :
782 bytes ! version 12.2 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime
msec service

HIPAA Security Policy
I. Purpose
The purpose of this policy is to comply with the HIPAA Security Rule's requirements pertaining to
the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of electronic protected health information (ePHI).
II. Scope and Limitations
This policy applies to all Topazworkforce members.
III. Related Policies Name and Number
Security Policy COM 002
IV. Definitions
Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI) – Individually identifiable health information
transmitted or maintained in electronic form.
HIPAA
Protected Health Information – Individually identifiable health information transmitted or
maintained in any form.
V. Procedures
1. Network Transmission
Topaz will maintain integrity controls to ensure the validity of information transmitted over the ...
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Encryption of Data
To appropriately guard against unauthorized access to or modification of ePHI that is being
transmitted from Topaz network's the procedures outlined must be implemented:
a. All transmissions of ePHI from the Topaz networks to a network outside of the aforementioned
networks must utilize an encryption mechanism between the sending and receiving entities or the
file, document, or folder containing said ePHI must be encrypted before transmission.
b. For an encryption strategy to be successful, an organization must consider many factors. For
example, for encryption technologies to work properly when data is being transmitted, both the

sender and receiver must be using the same or compatible technology.
c. Prior to transmitting ePHI from the Topaz networks to a network outside of the aforementioned
networks the receiving person or entity must be authenticated.(see HIPAA Security Policy).
d. All transmissions of ePHI from the Topaz networks to a network outside of the aforementioned
networks should include only the minimum amount of PHI. (See HIPAA Privacy Policy – Minimum
Necessary Request, Use or Disclosure of Protected Health Information).
e.
3. EPHI Transmission Using

The Impact Of Cryptanalysis Using Advanced 3d Playfair...
Impact of Cryptanalysis using Advanced 3D Playfair Cipher
Gaurav Kumawat1, Sandeep Upadhyay2
1 Department of Computer Sc. & Engg, Techno India NJR Institute of Technology
1gaurav_kumawat2002@yahoo.com
2 Department of Computer Sc. & Engg, Techno India NJR Institute of Technology
2sandeepupadhyay30@gmail.com
Abstract. The Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal
digraph substitution cipher. The cryptanalysis of the Playfair cipher is also aided by the fact that a
diagram and its reverse will encrypt in a similar fashion. The paper proposes to encrypt/decrypt by
choosing 216 ASCII characters out of 256 ASCII characters. The 216 characters includes the most
frequently & popularly usable characters like 26 upper & lower case alphabets, 10 numerals and 154
most commonly used special characters of ASCII character set. 40 special characters that are less
frequently used are exempted. 2D–Playfair cipher is a case sensitive cipher, as it requires only 26
alphabets rather than 52 alphabets (including lower and upper case both).The theme of this paper is
to provide security for the data that contains a wider coverage of alphabets numerals and special
characters in compare to 2D playfair cipher.
1 Introduction
Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of
third parties. The art of protecting information by transforming it (encrypting it) into an unreadable
format is called cipher text.

TJX Security Paper
TJX was the largest retailer of apparel and fashion in the United States, with over 2400 stores and
125000 associates. It functions on the basis of an internal information system, which is essential for
connecting people, places and information and; accessing data that enables quick and timely
decisions. The presence of an IT network is imperative to the productivity of any retailer. But this IT
network if not secured properly is the most sensitive to a cyber attack, thus making any retailer very
vulnerable to attacks. Apart from the internal networks, the CRM technologies and in–store
technologies (like bar–code scanners, kiosks, etc.) are also vulnerable to attacks.
On analyzing the TJX security intrusion, the following require immediate ... Show more content on
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The company should periodically delete the data pertaining to previous years.
TECHNOLOGY FAILURE POINTS:
The company was not only using encryption tools but also was failing at meeting the compliance
standards. PCI DSS was a security standard mandatory for all the retailers and TJX being the biggest
retailer managed to meet only 9 out of the 12 requirements of the standards. The company failed at
meeting the technology areas including encryption, access controls and firewalls. The company
needs to pay immediate attention to the encryption tools and endeavor to meet all the security
guidelines of the PCI DSS.
Apart from that, the TJX system was so weak that anyone could easily eavesdrop on the employees
and access information like user ID and passwords. The intruders had then easily created their own
accounts and gained remote access from anywhere in the TJX system.
Not only was the TJX system weak and lacked in system security, but also TJX was unable to
determine the contents of the files stolen. Also, the intruders had managed to successfully get hold
of the decryption key of their weak encryption

Data Encryption Essay
ENCRYPTION Introduction Often there has been a need to protect information from 'prying eyes'.
In the electronic age, information that could otherwise benefit or educate a group or individual can
also be used against such groups or individuals. Industrial espionage among highly competitive
businesses often requires that extensive security measures be put into place. And, those who wish to
exercise their personal freedom, outside of the oppressive nature of governments, may also wish to
encrypt certain information to avoid suffering the penalties of going against the wishes of those who
attempt to control. Still, the methods of data encryption and decryption are relatively
straightforward, and easily mastered. I have been doing data ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But, by the use of more than one translation table, especially when implemented in a 'pseudo–
random' order, this adaptation makes code breaking relatively difficult. An example of this method
might use translation table 'A' on all of the 'even' bytes, and translation table 'B' on all of the 'odd'
bytes. Unless a potential code breaker knows that there are exactly 2 tables, even with both source
and encrypted data available the deciphering process is relatively difficult. Similar to using a
translation table, 'data repositioning' lends itself to use by a computer, but takes considerably more
time to accomplish. A buffer of data is read from the input, then the order of the bytes (or other
'chunk' size) is rearranged, and written 'out of order'. The decryption program then reads this back
in, and puts them back 'in order'. Often such a method is best used in combination with one or more
of the other encryption methods mentioned here, making it even more difficult for code breakers to
determine how to decipher your encrypted data. As an example, consider an anagram. The letters are
all there, but the order has been changed. Some anagrams are easier than others to decipher, but a
well written anagram is a brain teaser nonetheless, especially if it's intentionally misleading. My
favorite methods, however, involve something that only computers can do: word/byte rotation and
XOR bit masking. If you

Security And Security Techniques
Overall information systems hardware, software, networks and data resources need to be protected
and secured to ensure the effective performance of an organization. One security technique used by
organizations to protect their computer systems from security threats is encryption this is a method
used by organizations to send data to others it works by using special mathematical algorithms to
convert the data into scrambled code before transmission and when the data is received it is decoded
when an authorized user accesses it. In my opinion, this is very effective because it stops people
from being able to read or use data if they intercepted it as the is in a scrambled letter and number
form. Another security technique is a firewall this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anti–virus software and Antispyware Software works by identifying suspicious software based on a
list of known threats it then checks the computer against that list and tells the user if it finds
anything on its list. In my opinion, Anti–virus software and Anti–Spyware Software is very effective
because it stops malicious software getting onto a computer which could steal or leak sensitive
company data. One security technique is protecting systems with usernames and passwords to
access any equipment, wireless networks and sensitive data should be guarded with unique
usernames and passwords for each member of staff, this is for two reasons it is an added layer of
security so if someone hacks in they have to get passed the password and it also allows companies to
see what exactly their employees are accessing, also the passwords that are used should be very
strong so the passwords should include numbers, letters and symbols and not have standard
dictionary terms or dates such as birthdays which are easy to guess. In my opinion, usernames and
passwords are very effective because it makes it harder for hackers to hack in and it allows
companies to keep an eye on employees for example they will be able to see what files they are
accessing and if they are a risk to the company. One more security technique is keeping sensitive
data out of the cloud, Cloud computing offers businesses many benefits like being a cheaper way to

Row Level Security And Virtual Private Database
Row Level Security/ Virtual Private Database
Row level security is important in this application because data related to many different users are
stored in the database. It would be wasteful to assign each student to their own database, hence the
need of a centralized database , but we cannot give full access to the data by the student.
Consider an instance where a student should only be able to view or modify the rows of data that
matters specifically to him. We can achieve this through creating a row level security or virtual
private database.
VPD enables the developer to enforce security, directly on tables, views or synonyms. It provides
row level access control beyond that of views, since it uses all the data manipulation languages ...
VPD can be implemented using stored procedures
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION specific_users
(
p_schema IN VARCHAR2 DEFAULT NULL, p_object IN VARCHAR2 DEFAULT NULL
)
RETURN VARCHAR2 AS
BEGIN
RETURN 'project_name = v( ' 'APP_USER ' ') ' ; END specific_users; /
SQL INJECTION
The user can influence the SQL code, this is usually as a result of the developer not properly using
the right code. The user with some knowledge of SQL will like to put in some values in the form to
try and query a database, this might select information from APEX application item, find items, and
learn about the application and then can hack the app easily, or execute any DDL command that will
alter the database objects.
Situation where the SQL statement is concatenated by substitution strings and static portion of the
query, such that the user provides the values. A section of PL/SQL that is susceptible to SQL
injection l_sql := 'SELECT *FROM project
WHERE project_name = ' ' ' ||p_project_name|| ' ' ' ';
When a user enters any valid name in the database report, but not the right data, the database only
ensures that the statement is syntactically correct , and parses it. Some records can be obtained
instead of the required one.
Solution to this attack is to use a bind variable, these are evaluated during the bind phase of
processing a query, the SQL will be

Security And Privacy Of The Cloud Storage Services
Cloud storage has been employed to provide online storage services for various kind of users having
different requirements. It provides great flexibility in the sense that users can take advantage of the
services from any location just with the availability of the internet connection. The data backup and
storage facilities provided by cloud computing allow the users to store their information in the
cloud, thus providing them the benefits of easy access, protection and reliability (as data is stored in
multiple sites). However, the users are unsure and unaware about where their data is specifically
stored and who all can have access to their data stored in the cloud. This makes the security and
privacy of users' data critical. In this project we aim at doing an analysis of the security schemes
employed by different cloud vendors to avoid the security and privacy intrusion of the user 's
information stored in their respective backup services. Different providers of the cloud storage
services address the problem of security and privacy in their cloud through various ways and may
come up with different schemes. There have been various studies catering to the individual scenarios
and past security and privacy breaches in the cloud. However, this project aims to study the various
techniques to provide a holistic view of the various threats to this technology and analyzed the
following cloud storage services in terms of the cryptographic schemes employed for the data

Encryption in Today's Information Systems
In today's world of instant connectivity and information at users' fingertips, it's vital that sensitive
information is safeguarded against those who seek to do personal harm and profit from gaining
access to the data. The key behind keeping information safe is the method in which it's protected and
encrypted. In order to appreciate how information is secured, users must understand the encryption
concepts behind it. To do this, one must comprehend the current encryption standards, the trends and
developments in encryption technology, the importance of securing data, the government's
regulations pertaining to encryption, the companies involved in research and implementation, the
implications of leaked or stolen data, and a brief look into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
When a fellow general received the message, he would wrap the paper around his corresponding
scytale to decipher the message (Tyson 2014). Since the advent of computers though, encryption has
become increasing important and relies almost solely on cryptographic means to secure information.
When speaking about encryption today, it refers more to the process rather than the mathematical
formulas used to scramble data. The basic idea behind encrypting a computer message is such that it
is scrambled with a sequence of random bits, known as a key, and only parties with the
corresponding key can transpose it back into a comprehensible format. These keys are created via a
cipher, otherwise known as an algorithm. When a user sends a message, known as the plaintext,
across a network, the computer applies an algorithm to the information to encode it, resulting in a
ciphertext (Encryption Basics 2014). This method can be best summarized visually: Plaintext
message + encryption algorithm + secret key = Ciphertext Ciphertext + corresponding key +
decryption algorithm = Plaintext message Generally speaking, modern encryption techniques fall
into one of two categories – symmetric (homogeneous) and asymmetric (heterogeneous). Symmetric
encryption is a system of communication whereby both parties share the same key to encode and
decode a message. The Spartan generals used this method with their scytales.

Protocols Of Encryption And Encryption
INDEX
1. Objective
2. Introduction
3. Encryption
a. Asymmetric Encryption
b. Symmetric Encryption
4. Examples of encryption
5. Cryptography
6. Email Encryption
a. Advantages of Encryption Email
b. Disadvantages of Encryption Email
c. Why use the Encryption Email
7. Use of Encryption
8. How it works
9. Protocols of the Email Encryption
a. PGP
b. S/MIME
c. Message Encryption
d. Mail session Encryption
e. TLS
10. Conclusion
11. References
Objective
Email Encryption is the very important topic of todays need. Because it provides the proper security
to the message. And in now days everybody wants the proper security for our message so that the
original message as it is read by the recipient that are send by the sender without any
changes/alternation in the message. So this is the very important topic to cover up and secure our
messages from unauthorized user's access. That provide the security to our communication. So, we
can easily communicate without any afraid of hacking of data.
INTRODUCTION:– Encryption is the most effective way to provide the data security. It is a process
which converts original information into a difficult–to–interpret form. The original information is

known as plain text and the converted information/message is commonly known as cipher text.
In now a days you email delicate, individual and business data to your recipients, then encryption is
likely a need. But still 99% of all emails movement goes

Secure Patients Data Transmission Using
Secure patients data transmission using XOR ciphering encryption and
ECG steganography
Shaheen S.Patel1 Prof Dr Mrs.S.V.Sankpal2 A. N. Jadhav3
1 D.Y.Patil College of Engg and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra
2 Asso. Prof . D.Y. Patil College of Engg and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
3 Asso. Prof . D.Y. Patil College of Engg and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
E–mails: 1shaheenpatel7860@gmail.com , 2sankpal16@yahoo.com, 3ajitsinhj33@gmail.com
Abstract :–
As no of patients that are suffering from cardiac diseases are increasing very rapidly, it is important
that remote ECG patient monitoring systems should be used as point–of–care (PoC) applications in
hospitals around the world. Therefore, huge amount of ECG signal collected by body sensor
networks from remote patients at homes will be transmitted along with other personal biological
readings such as blood pressure, temperature, glucose level, etc., and get treated accordingly by
those remote patient monitoring systems. It is very important that patient privacy is protected while
data are being transmitted over the public network as well as when they are stored in hospital
servers . In this paper, a one new technique has been introduced which is the hybrid of encryption
and wavelet–based ECG steganography technique .
Encryption allows privacy and ECG steganography allows to hide one sensitive data into other
insensitive host thus guaranteeing the integration between ECG and the rest.
Keywords:–ECG ,encryption

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Visual Cryptography
Abstract– For preserving the security of data there has been tremendous research areas evolved and
explored since few years. Cryptography is seen to be the dominant strategy in the information
security domain. To differentiate security of multimedia data, visual cryptography is seen as the
prominent way for data confidentiality and secrecy of information being distributed.
The mechanism of visual cryptography is widely used approach which encrypts the secrete image
into the many meaningless share images and decodes by stacking some or all shares by human
visual system. There are many methods presented for visual cryptography with their own advantages
and disadvantages.. Over the years , in visual cryptography the scope of research mainly focused ...
The pixel expansion problem occurred in extended VC scheme using general access structure was
solved by algorithm proposed by Lee and Chiu with addition of meaningful cover image in each
share, without generating noisy pixels. This approach consists of two phases. In the first phase,
depending upon a given access structure, meaningless shares are constructed with the help of an
optimization technique. In the second phase, using stamping algorithm the addition of cover images
to each share is done. The construction problem of VCS for general access structures is formulated
as a mathematical optimization problem being solved using optimization techniques. They have
developed a hybrid method for EVCS constructions. With the use of stamping algorithm, all present
VC schemes can be changed so that the extended VC schemes are developed without redesigning
codebooks. The advantage of EVCS is the modularity. Each phase in the encryption procedure
maintained modularity thus its easy to modify each phase clearly. Another advantage is that as the
density of the cover images is adjustable, it is easy to modify the display quality of the cover
images.

Why Ssl Is Important Part Of Internet Communication
With the web in an uproar over privacy and encryption, the newbie webmaster might get
overwhelmed with all the acronyms, technical details and server configurations. Deciphering the
content on popular wikis such as Wikipedia just makes it more frustrating when descriptions get too
technical. Here is a breakdown of SSL, what it can do for you, why it's important and some simple
steps to get your own website encrypted.
What is SSL?
SSL stands for "secured sockets layer." Whenever you prefix a domain address with "HTTPS,"
you're sending encrypted communication across the Internet to a web server. SSL encrypts the
communication between the website and your browser, which means that any information you pass
over the Internet is jumbled in a way that only the recipient can decipher.
Importance of SSL
Understanding the mechanics of SSL is difficult, but it helps to understand why SSL is important
and how your Internet communications transfer to a recipient. Once you understand these basic
concepts, you'll understand why SSL is an important part of Internet communication.
When you type a website name into your browser, your browser first does a lookup for the domain's
IP address. Once the IP address is found, the browser makes a request to the server for a connection.
The server accepts, and then it sends you the website's HTML for your browser to display. Let's say
you find a contact form on a website and want to send the owner a message. You type your

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment Of Encryption Techniques
1. Type of operations used for transforming plaintext to cipher text. All encryption algorithms are
based on two general principles. Those are substitution, in which each element in the plain text is
mapped into another element and transposition in which elements in the plaintext are rearranged.
The fundamental requirement is that no information be lost. Most systems referred to as product
systems, involved multiple stages of substitution and transposition [2].
2. The number of keys used: If sender and receiver use the same key, the system is referred to as
symmetric, single key or secret key conventional encryption. If the sender and the receiver each uses
a different key the system is referred to as asymmetric, two key, or public–key encryption

Nt1310 Lab 3.7 Decryption
3.3.7 Decryption
When a live finger is placed on the scanner at the time of authentication, the decryption process
needs to be initialized. With a slit of micorseconds the fingerprint image is analyzed . The RSA key
generation algorithm is performed on the fingerprint image captured and the current private key
generated is crossed checked with the encrypted fingerprint images existing(Fingerprint template) if
their private key matches. If the current private key generate matches witht the private key of any of
the fingerprint templates, that template is decrypted by the RSA decryption algorithm witht the help
of the private key. After which the M3gle fingerprint matching algorithm is used to perform further
authentication of the user [8]. Below is the RSA algorithm code used for the decryption: publicstring
decrypt(String imageToDecrypt)
{
char[] ar = imageToDecrypt.ToCharArray(); int i = 0, j = 0; string c = "", dc = "";
progressBar2.Maximum = ar.Length; try { for (; i < ar.Length; i++) { Application.DoEvents(); c =
""; progressBar2.Value = i; for (j = i; ar[j] != '–'; j++) c = c + ar[j]; i = j; int xx = Convert.ToInt16(c);
dc = dc + ((char)ImageCrypto.RSAalgorithm.BigMod(xx, d, n)).ToString(); } }
catch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is one of the commercial banks licensed by the Bank of Ghana, the national banking regulator.
HFC Bank Gh Ltd. is located in Koforidua, Ghana. The company is working in Banks, credit unions
business activities, etc. For a deeper understanding of the situation of biometric fingerprint security
system for windows installer with SMS alert and the markets need for it. The Trinidad & Tobago
company was founded 2009. The company and its products are a direct result from scientific
research made by resource personnel as a result of feasibility

Annotated Bibliography On Database Encryption
1. INTRODUCTION Database Encryption is one of the technique used for securing the data in
database. This method transforms information on a computer in such a way that it becomes
unreadable. So, even if someone is able to gain access to a computer with personal data on it, they
likely won't be able to do anything with the data unless they have original data key, complicated or
expensive software. The main function of encryption is essentially to translate normal text into
cipher text. Encryption makes sure that data doesn't get read by the wrong people, but can also
ensure that data isn't altered in transit, and verify the identity of the sender. Data Encryption method
typically uses a specified parameter or key to perform the data transformation. Some encryption
algorithms require the key to be the same length as the message to be encoded, yet other encryption
algorithms can operate on much smaller keys relative to the message. Encryption is most used
among transactions over insecure channels of communication, such as the internet. Encryption is
also used to protect data being transferred between devices such as mobile telephones, automatic
teller machines (ATMs), and many more. Encryption can be used to create digital signatures, which
allow a message to be authenticated. When properly implemented, a digital signature gives the
recipient of a message reason to believe the message was sent by the claimed sender. 2. THREATS
TO DATABASE 2.1 Database Databases are the

Security Techniques Essay
Techniques used by organisations
Overall information systems hardware, software, networks and data resources need to be protected
and secured to ensure the effective performance of an organization. One security technique used by
organizations to protect their computer systems from security threats is encryption this is a method
used by organizations to send data to others it works by using special mathematical algorithms to
convert the data into scrambled code before transmission and when the data is received it is decoded
when an authorized user accesses it. In my opinion, this is very effective because it stops people
from being able to read or use data if they intercepted it as the is in a scrambled letter and number
form. Another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anti–virus software and Antispyware Software works by identifying suspicious software based on a
list of known threats it then checks the computer against that list and tells the user if it finds
anything on its list. In my opinion, Anti–virus software and Anti–Spyware Software is very effective
because it stops malicious software getting onto a computer which could steal or leak sensitive
company data. One security technique is protecting systems with usernames and passwords to
access any equipment, wireless networks and sensitive data should be guarded with unique
usernames and passwords for each member of staff, this is for two reasons it is an added layer of
security so if someone hacks in they have to get passed the password and it also allows companies to
see what exactly their employees are accessing, also the passwords that are used should be very
strong so the passwords should include numbers, letters and symbols and not have standard
dictionary terms or dates such as birthdays which are easy to guess. In my opinion, usernames and
passwords are very effective because it makes it harder for hackers to hack in and it allows
companies to keep an eye on employees for example they will be able to see what files they are
accessing and if they are a risk to the company. One more security technique is keeping sensitive
data out of the cloud, Cloud computing offers businesses many

Advantages Of Secure Socket Layer
Secure Socket Layer:– Secure socket layer is a combination of public key and symmetric key
encryption to secure a connection between two systems. Secure socket layer is runs above the
TCP/IP protocol which is responsible for the transport and routing of data over network. The
transport layer security protocol evolved from SSL and has largely superseded it. The term Secure
Socket Layer and SSL/TLS are still commonly used.
Location of Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security in internet model.
One of the goals of these protocols is provide server and client authentication, data confidentiality
and data integrity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This protocol consist of a single message, which consist of a single byte with the value 1. The sole
purpose of this message is to cause the pending state to be copied into the current state, which
updates the cipher suite to be used on this connection. 1 Byte (a)Change Cipher Spec Protocol 1byte
1 byte (b) Alert Protocol
1 byte 3 bytes >= 0 bytes (c) Handshake Protocol
Secure Socket Layer Protocol Payload
Alert Protocol:– The alert protocol is used to convey the SSL related alerts to the peer entity. Alert
messages are compressed and encrypted, as specified by the current state.
In alert protocol each message is consist of two bytes. The first byte takes the value warning or fatal
to convey the security of the message. If the level is fatal , SSL immediately terminates the
connection. Other session may be the same session may continue, but no new connection on this
session may be establish. The second byte contain the code that indicates the specific alert.
The list of those alert that occurs fatal:–
unexpected_message:– The unreliable message was

Government Intervention On The Internet Essay
Government Intervention on the Internet
During the last decade, our society has become based on the sole ability to move large amounts of
information across great distances quickly.
Computerization has influenced everyone's life in numerous ways. The natural evolution of
computer technology and this need for ultra–fast communications has caused a global network of
interconnected computers to develop. This global network allows a person to send E–mail across the
world in mere fractions of a second, and allows a common person to access wealths of information
worldwide.
This newfound global network, originally called Arconet, was developed and funded solely by and
for the U.S. government. It was to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I am opposed to such content on the Internet and therefore am a firm believer in
Internet censorship. However, the question at hand is just how much censorship the government
impose. Because the Internet has become the largest source of information in the world, legislative
safeguards are indeed imminent. Explicit material is not readily available over the mail or telephone
and distribution of obscene material is illegal. Therefore, there is no reason this stuff should go
unimpeded across the Internet. Sure, there are some blocking devices, but they are no substitute for
well–reasoned law. To counter this, the United States has set regulations to determine what is
categorized as obscenity and what is not.
By laws set previously by the government, obscene material should not be accessible through the
Internet. The problem society is now facing is that cyberspace is like a neighborhood without a
police department. "Outlaws" are now able to use powerful cryptography to send and
receive uncrackable communications across the Internet. Devices set up to filter certain
communications cannot filter that which cannot be read, which leads to my other topic of interest:
data encryption.
By nature, the Internet is an insecure method of transferring data. A single E–mail packet may

Lady Macbeth Character Analysis
it's quite a image, Ophelia, topped in flowers, singing to herself because the current pulls her
underneath the water. It's particularly quite a image once you notice that Gertrude stood there and
watched the entire factor.
Did she yell, "Guards! facilitate her!"?
Did she yell, "Be careful, don't kill yourself!"?
Why did she follow Ophelia thereto remote spot? perhaps she simply needed to speak, far from the
castle, far from the dudes in body armor with swords. perhaps she pushed Ophelia within the water,
or surprised her, inflicting her to fall. perhaps her whole description of the event is associate in an
elaborate way elaborated lie. perhaps she simply watched, and thought, "She's higher off" or "That
ought to be ME." perhaps she thought, "What might I do associateyway?" perhaps she was jealous
of Ophelia of achieving an escape that she couldn't.
Working back from this moment, you have got to form a call concerning Gertrude. Did she aggroup
with Roman Emperor to murder the king? is that this a love story? Did she "Lady Macbeth" that shit
and set the entire unhappy plot in motion? Is she oblivious? Is she numb from grief and trauma? Is
she maintaining plausible deniability to make sure her own survival and perhaps discount for her
son's life? Instigator, victim, clever survivor–the text leaves space for all of those prospects,
however if you're swing on Hamlet, you have got to make a decision. you have got to visualize her
as a personality's being United Nations agency

Vsual Cryptography : A Branch Of Secret Sharing Data
1.1Overview
VISUAL cryptography (VC) is a branch of secret sharing data. In the VC scheme, a secret image is
encoded into transparencies, and the content of each transparency is noise–like so that the secret
information cannot be retrieved from any one transparency via human visual observation or signal
analysis techniques. In general, a –threshold VC scheme has the following properties: The stacking
of any out of those VC generated transparencies can reveal the secret by visual perception, but the
stacking of any or fewer number of transparencies cannot retrieve any information other than the
size of the secret image. Naor and Shamir [1] proposed a –threshold VC scheme based on basis
matrices, and the model had been further studied and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The probabilistic model of the VC scheme was first introduced by Ito et al. [2], where the scheme is
based on the basis matrices, but only one column of the matrices is chosen to encode a binary secret
pixel, rather than the traditional VC scheme utilizing the whole basis matrices. The size of the
generated transparencies is identical to the secret image. Yangs [31] also proposed a probabilistic
model of VC scheme, and the two cases and are explicitly constructed to achieve the optimal
contrast. Based on Yang [31], Cimato et al. [32] proposed a generalized VC scheme in which the
pixel expansion is between the probabilistic model of VC scheme and the traditional VC scheme.
Encrypting an image by random grids (RGs) was first introduced by Kafri and Keren [26] in 1987. A
binary secret image is encoded into two noise–like transparencies with the same size of the original
secret image, and stacking of the two transparencies reveals the content of the secret. Comparing
RGs with basis matrices, one of the major advantages is that the size of generated transparencies is
unexpanded. The RG scheme is similar to the probabilistic model of the VC scheme, but the RG
scheme is not based on the basis matrices. The recent studies include the RG for colour image [27],
and RG schemes [28], [29]. We also compare the proposed method with RG.
1.2 VISUAL CRYPTOGRAPHY SCHEMES:
Visual cryptography is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (pictures,

Keeping Data Stored On The Cloud Storage System
To study a system which will help to secure data stored on the cloud storage system. This system
may be helpful to for users who wants secure thier data as well as for companies who wants to give
access permission to limited data to their employees and secure their data in cloud storage system.
Document Conventions
All requirements specified are arranged as per priorities.
Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions
This document can be used by various stakeholders like developers, project managers, marketing
staff, users, testers, and documentation writers.
Product Scope Proposed system contains the following main modules.
User Registration.
Encryption of secret key to be share.
Encryption of files to be uploaded.
Generate hash value.
Cloud storage service account creation.
Validation of encrypted file.
Decryption of secret key.
Decryption of files using Secret key.
4.3.2 Overall Description
Product Perspective
The main purpose of the project is to provide security for cloud storage system and handle the
dynamic operation by owner.
Project Function Authentication of User and CSP
Encryption of files.
Acceptance of requests for files.
Secret Key Generation.
Validation of file and Secure transfer of file as well as key .
Decryption of files.
Operating Environment
HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor
Ram: 2GB
Hard Disk: 100 GB.

Input device: Standard Keyboard and Mouse.
Output device: High Resolution

What Are the Security Problems and Solutions of the Internet?
Internet has vital impact in our life nowadays as it becomes more and more popular. It allows us to
have wider range of communication and interaction, to exchange and share experiences, thoughts,
information, and to make business online. Without doubt, internet make our life more easier, internet
banking system allow us to manage our bank accounts, paying bills without queuing, online shops
allow us to make purchase without going out, online education, publication and article postings
allow us learn more than what we get from text book, and a lot more.
As Internet plays more important role in our daily life comparing to its initiation, some keen groups
are ringing our bell, hackers, and theft of data, crackers. These people are all ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
¡§PGP combines some of the best features of both conventional and public key cryptography. PGP is
a hybrid cryptosystem. PGP then creates a session key, which is a one–time–only secret key. This
key is a random number generated from the random movements of your mouse and the keystrokes
you type. This session key works with a very secure, fast conventional encryption algorithm to
encrypt the plaintext; the result is ciphertext. Once the data is encrypted, the session key is then
encrypted to the recipient's public key. This public key–encrypted session key is transmitted along
with the ciphertext to the recipient. ¡§(4)
However, no matter how secure the encryption system is, we should understand that it was created
by human being, That means there is chance to be cracked down. The speed of current computer
cannot do so, but no guarantee for our future computers. It is a matter of time. Hackers and data
theft treat security system as challenge instead of obstacles. The security threat is still on.
Network Security
Despite the perfection of available encryption system we have, if our network itself is not secured.
All encrypted transmission will be a wasting of time.
Imagine a man stand behind you watching you entering pin number in an ATM machine; the
security system cannot actually help you from

Nt1310 Unit 1 Assignment
Now let's represent M by an integer between 0 and n − 1. If the message is too long, sparse it up and
encrypt separately. Let e, d, n be positive integers, with (e, n) as the encryption key, (d, n) the
decryption key, n = pq.
Now, we encrypt the message by raising it to the eth power modulo n to obtain C, the cipher text.
We then decrypt C by raising it to the dth power modulo n to obtain M again. Formally, we obtain
these encryption and decryption algorithms for E and D:
C ≡ E(M) ≡ M e (mod n) (5)
M ≡ D(C) ≡ Cd (mod n) .
Note that we are preserving the same information size, since M and C are integers between 0 and n
− 1, and because of the modular congruence. Also note the simplicity of the fact that the
encryption/decryption keys are both just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(6)
"gcd" means greatest common divisor.
The reason we want d to be coprime to (p − 1) (q − 1) is peculiar. I will not show the "direct
motivation" behind it; rather, it will become clear why that statement is important when l show
towards 4 the end of this section that it guarantees (1) and (2). We will want to compute e from d, p,
and q, where e is the multiplicative inverse of d.That means we need to satisfy
e d = 1 (mod φ(n)) . (7)
Here, we introduce the Euler totient function φ(n), whose output is the number of positive integers
less than n which are coprime to n. For primes p, this clearly becomes φ(p) = p − 1 . For n, we
obtain, by elementary properties of the totient function, that
φ(n) = φ(p) φ(q) = (p − 1) (q − 1) (8) = n − (p + q) + 1 .
From this equation, we can substitute φ(n) into equation (7) and obtain
e d ≡ 1 (mod φ(n))

which is equivalent to
e d = k φ(n) + 1
for some integer k.
By the laws of modular arithmetic, the multiplicative inverse of a modulo m exists if and only if a
and m are coprime. Indeed, since d and φ(n) are coprime, d has a multiplicative inverse e in the ring
of integers modulo

Data Encryption Essay
Missing Chart Encryption Encryption is a method of programming data for security so that it
appears to be random data. Only the people sending and receiving the information have the key to
decrypt the message, which will put it back into its original form making it readable. The only
people with the key are the people who are intended to read the message. Not many people know
what encryption is. I took a survey of twenty students and asked two questions. The first question I
asked was do you know what encryption means and the second question I asked was have you ever
heard of anybody using encryption. This is a chart of the information I received: Many people
wonder exactly how encryption works. People think that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, the word computer would be changed to FRPSXWHU (Parsons 328). This method
was easy because it was just a simple offset of the alphabet and you could just line up the letters of
both alphabets and figure out what the message was. There are weak encryption and strong
encryption. Caesars method is known as weak encryption because it can be deciphered. Deciphering
a code without authorization is known as "cracking" a code. In order to crack the simple substitution
code, you could make twenty–five different transformation tales where each of them has a different
offset. Strong encryption, the opposite of weak encryption, is very tough to crack. By using
expensive, specialized, code–breaking computers, strong encryptions methods can be broken. Also,
encryption methods can be broken by the use of supercomputers, mainframe computers,
workstations and personal computers. The codes can be broken using these computers by using the
brute–force method, which consists of trying all of the possible keys (Parsons 329). Symmetric key
encryption is where the key is used to not only encrypt a message but to decrypt it as well. This is
also known as conventional and secret key encryption. Symmetric key encryption is rarely used due
to the fact that the person who encrypts the information has to get the key to the person who
decrypts the information. This is uncommonly used because if the key is intercepted by an
unauthorized person, there can

Essay On Ransomware Attack
Attack Analysis
Recuperating from a ransomware disease or comparable sorts of assaults can be costly and
troublesome. It is in this manner basic that barriers are set up to keep ransomware from being
introduced on PCs and systems.
These are a portion of the arrangements that would assist moderate against assaults like this assault
Validation Methods
Validation methods, for example, Key Administration, Two Factor Confirmation, and Mechanized
Key Administration give the capacity to encode and unscramble without a unified key
administration framework and document security. There is ceaseless research incident to fortify
these verification systems.
Channel EXEs in email
Present a passage mail scanner can channel documents by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This apparatus is refreshed as new systems are found for Crypto locker, so you will need to check in
occasionally to ensure you have the most recent form. On the off chance that you must make
exceptions to these guidelines, they give this archive clarifies that procedure.
Utilize a trustworthy security suite
It is dependably a smart thought to have both against malware programming and a product firewall
to enable you to distinguish dangers or suspicious conduct. Malware creators as often as possible
convey new variations, to endeavor to keep away from identification, so this is the reason it is vital
to have the two layers of insurance.
These are a portion of the controls, for example, physical, regulatory, or specialized that can be
implanted to avert, identify, as well as right these assaults and shield our associations from
ransomware assaults, and truly, these practices have moved toward becoming standard in the
venture.
Framing a committed data security group
Leading staff preparing
Actualizing layered safeguards
Creating arrangements and strategies to moderate hazard
A data security group should direct hazard appraisals, distinguish vulnerabilities, and guarantee
guards are shored up. Security gaps must be stopped to avoid them being abused. The group should
likewise devise procedures to ensure basic resources.

They are a basic component of a ransomware relief technique:
Staff preparing is

Information Gathering : Information And Intelligence...
1. Information gathering: information and intelligence gathering are the foundations of a good
vulnerability assessment, to understand how the application "should" work, as well as technologies
in use, it would be able to detect when the application behaves in ways it "shouldn't". Information
can be obtained by:
Manually navigating through the application to understand basic functionality of the application
Observe the network interface used by the application – Mobile communication(GSM, GPRS,
EDGE, LTE), Wireless (Wi–Fi (802.11 standards), Bluetooth, NFC), Virtual interfaces (VPN)
Identify what frameworks are in use
Identify server side APIs that are in use –
– Does the application leverage Single Sign On or Authentication APIs(OAuth, Google Apps)
– Any other APIs in use(Payment gateways, sms messaging, social network, cloud file storage)
Identify networking protocols in use – Are secure protocols used where needed
Identify applications with which the application interacts – Telephone (SMS, phone), Contacts,
ICloud, Email
This also shows techniques used to gather information such as system scanning, network scanning,
port scanning, system identification, service identification scanning
Deliverables: data and intelligence gathering that would aid in the implementation of the
vulnerability assessment
Outcome/output: clear understanding of the application of the EFB system
2. Vulnerability Assessment:
The security technique that would be employed in this

Standard Picture Encryption And Decryption
Yong Feng et al, in 2009,the author proposed a new invertible two–dimensional chart, shouted Line
chart, for picture encryption and decryption. It charts a picture to an array of pixels and next, charts
it back from the array to alike sized image. A Line chart consists of two submaps: the left Line chart
and the right Line chart that are utilized for picture encryption and decryption. In order to vanquish
the shortcoming of standard picture encryption ways established on two–dimensional (2–D) charts
that can be utilized merely for permutation, this paper presents a novel picture encryption way
established on the Line charts, that can present two procedures of picture encryption simultaneously,
permutation and substitution, employing the alike maps. The counseled picture encryption does not
have data loss. Supplementary gains contain that it is fast and there is no check on the length of
protection key that is desirable for disparate protection requirements. Simulation aftermath display
the effectiveness of the new picture encryption scheme. [20]
Xiaoqiang Zhang et al, in 2010, the author introduced Safeguard transmission of confidential digital
pictures has come to be a public attention in both scrutiny and applications. As shown in their
preceding studies, Varied Picture Agent (MIE) encryption algorithm is a new and enthusing picture
encryption algorithm, though, its protection is altered by the unreasonable choice of camouflaged
images. To examine this factor, the

Hacker: Kevin David Mitnick Essay
Kevin David Mitnick was born in Los Angeles on august 6, 1963 and he attended James Monroe
high school in L.A. He was a hacker, phreaker and social engineer, who was the world's most
wanted computer criminal in 90's, He was charged for many criminal activities forfraud and
computer hacking into many top companies and stealing their confidential data. The Federal Bureau
of Investigation, arrested Kevin Mitnick on February 15, 1995. He spent nearly five years in a
federal prison for the charges. He is now a computer security consultant, author, and an ethical
hacker, who started a computer security company called "Mitnick Security Consulting, LLC" and
getting paid by the companies for ethical hacking. He was first convicted at the age of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally after struggling hard the FBI arrested Kevin on Feb 15, 1995, later he was in prison for four
years without a trial and hearing for bail and he even spent one year in solitary confinement. Finally
in 1999, he was charged of wire, computer frauds and illegally intercepting the wire communication.
He was sentenced to prison for 46 months and was finally released in 2003 with limitations and
restrictions using the computers and phones and later Kevin fought it out with the court decision and
later was allowed to use the web and computers. Kevin became popular after getting the public
attention through media, he gave many interviews and was seen in many TV shows, he wrote few
books which were bestselling and later he even started a consulting computer security company and
was paid to hack the companies which he loved to core, at present he is busy consultant giving guest
lectures about hacking and social engineering at companies, this is how Kevin Mitnick changed
from a hacker to ethical Hacker. 3) Pgp is an encryption software which was first designed by Phil
Zimmermann to encrypt data and secure it from predators while transferring the data, it is used in in
email service to encrypt the messages. Pgp encryption works with two keys which are known

Security Versus Privacy Essay
Security Versus Privacy
As a result of 9/11, our country has been faced with a new issue: electronic privacy. The terrorists
that attacked us used our own technology against us to protect their activities from our view.
Because of this, we are now forced to make a decision between two desirable things: privacy and
national security. On the one hand, our right to privacy will ensure that our personal rights are not
violated, whereas, on the other hand, national security would allow us some comfort against the evil
in the world. What are we supposed to do? This issue, however it is decided, will have tremendous
impact on each and every one of our lives. The ruling that the government makes concerning this
issue will greatly alter the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would eliminate the sheltering of illegal activities and allow increased, tighter surveillance of
cyberspace. Another similar solution would be to give the government a back–door into all areas of
cyberspace. Basically, that would allow them to see whatever they want, whenever they want.
Encryption technology would not have to be eliminated, but it would be required to include a
government ?back door?, so that any encryption code can be quickly broken if the need arises. A
writer for the Christian Science Monitor put it this way: ?people are willing to trade almost anything
for increased security, if they think it would make a difference? (Grier). Overall, however, this
position is held by very few people. The last solution is the one that is generally supported by those
who favor the right of personal privacy. They propose that everything should remain as it is. There
will be some minor adjustments to the current encryption technologies, but it will be allowed to
exist free of any back–doors or restrictions. In a debate of the new Anti–Terrorism Bill, Senator
Patrick Leahy stated that ?as Ben Franklin once observed, ?if we surrender our liberty in the name
of security, we shall have neither?? (Leahy). This is the position that is currently held by the Senate
on the matter of internet security.
The first side of this issue involves those people that are strongly concerned for our

Visual Cryptography Essay
In order for the benchmarking scheme to be properly developed and executed, a developer needs to
have an awareness of the history of Visual Cryptography. The developer also needs an
understanding of the underlying concepts of Visual Cryptography and how they are used to generate
shares of binary images. Recently, Visual Cryptography has been extended to accommodate shares
of gray and color images, further extending its capabilities and versatility. This understanding of
Visual Cryptography is necessary to allow an objective comparison of all the different types of
algorithms.
1.5. PROOF OF CONCEPT – BINARY IMAGES:
The process behind Visual Cryptography allows messages to be contained in seemingly random
shares. The generation of these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 Issue 6group occurring. A share generation scheme corresponding to k = 2 and n = 2. This is
applied to a binary image by assigning the corresponding sub–pixel grouping to the pixels
throughout the image. This results in two random shares where the message cannot be identified.
The mathematical proof of this scheme and its perfect encryption are shown in the original paper by
Naor and Shamir Visual Cryptography".
1.6 EXTENSION TO GRAY AND COLOR IMAGES:
The process of Visual Cryptography, as developed through the original algorithm [12], was designed
to be used with binary images. This is illustrated from the nature of the shares and the encryption
process documented previously. If the secret messages being encoded contain text or binary images,
the process shown in the original algorithm works well. However, the world is not composed of
solely black and white pixels. With the increasing production of images in the digital age, gray and
colour images have a pressing need for encryption and protection as much, or more, as binary
images.
1.6.1 GRAY IMAGES:
The development of an algorithm to encrypt binary images, they were also aware of the eventual
need to encrypt gray and colour images. In the last section of their paper, they proposed a technique
which involved printing each of the pixels in an image as half black – half white circles. This
allowed the rotation angle of the corresponding circles to vary

Virtual Private Networks Essay
Virtual Private Networks
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are an easy and cost effective way to connect two or more
networks over the Internet. This is achieved by using encrypted tunnels for security and efficiency.
VPNs use encapsulated and encrypted IP packets and transport them across leased Local Area
Network (LAN) lines.
The benefits of using VPNs are reduced cost overhead, reduced management overhead, and added
security (Microsoft Press, 2000). Least network lines are expensive and VPNs reduce then need for
extra data connections. This in turn also aids in reducing the amount of overhead associated with
managing a network. The added security benefits for a network include encrypted transmission of
network data and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cryptographic authentication is used for remote user authentication. Windows and Unix platforms
can both provide for this function. While payload encryption is used for encrypting the data that is
sent within the packet. An example of data payload encryption is Secure Socket Layer (SSL). SSL
can encrypt data without cryptographic authentication of the remote user.
VPN cryptographic authentication is used to securely validate the identity of a remote user and
determine the level of access and security appropriate for them. It may also be used to authenticate
for the exchange of secret or public payload encryption keys. Shared secret or Private encryption
keys rely on both parties knowing the keys value. Challenge response can be used to ensure that the
hashes of the Private key and not the key itself are transmitted. In addition, one–time password
variations can be employed to ensure that the Private key is changed every time that they are used.
Before data is encapsulated and sent over the Internet, it is encrypted. This is called data payload
encryption. Data payload encryption is used to encode all the contents of an IP packet, both data and
header, to hide any information about the nature of the network and data being transmitted. This will
prevent any snoopers from gathering information about the network that is sending the packet. Data

V. Issues Regarding The Public Key
V. Issues regarding the Public Key Cryptosystem With public keys being unique and the algorithms
creating extremely hard to crack encryption. Although with this method, it also is extremely taxing
on the computer system to encrypt and decrypt the message. Which is one of the main reasons that
private key encryption is still a thing to this day. The reason for this is the whole idea behind a
public key cryptosystem. To be able to release the encryption key without revealing the private
decryption key. For this to be achievable, much heavier mathematics is needed compared to a
private key which you just need to tangle up the bits so that the private key is the only thing that can
untangle the bits. With the known and used public key cryptosystems, they reach the necessary
security, but at the cost of a very heavy computation cost. The issue continues with using up
bandwidth as well. Anyone can use the public key, including an attacker. Which means that if all of
your data is decrypted in the same way the attacker can run an exhaustive search on any encrypted
data, even data they encrypted themselves, to crack your encryption. So any encrypted data that an
attacker can get their hands on is still valuable and useable data to them. To keep the level of
security we want, we need to add more randomness to the encryption. With extra randomness this
will include a data size increase. Let's say you need a 1024 bit key to keep an increased element of
randomness. This means you are

System Analysis Paper
2. System Analysis
2.1 Existing System
kallahalla et al has been proposed cryptographic storage system that helps user for securing his data
by sharing data for the un trusted worthy servers based on the techniques that divides files into file
groups and encrypting each file group with a file block key. In some times file block key also need
to be changed and distributed for a user revocation, so the system should have heavy key
distribution overhead. in other schemes have a data sharing on un trusted servers have been
proposed but in complexities of the user participation and revocation in there own schemes are the
number of data owners with linearly increasing of owners and revoked users.
Yu et al. has been combined the both the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It helps to design to achieve efficient access control for dynamic groups with the help of leveraging
access control polynomial. Even the security way for the data sharing the personal permanent
portable that not support between the user and server and once the personal permanent portable
secret is obtained by the attackers then automatically the private key will be disclosed.
Nabeel et al. has been proposed a schema for privacy preserving policy based content sharing
scheme in public clouds. Even this schema is not been secure because of the weak protection of
commitment in the phase of identity token issuance.
2.2 Proposed System
In this paper, we propose a secure way of data sharing scheme, which gives secure key distribution
and data sharing for dynamic group. The main contributions of our scheme include: 1) We provide a
Security by the key distribution while doing the data sharing without using any communication
channel and group manages will provide a private key to the group member separately.
2) In this all the group members will be having access to the cloud and all the members will be
having source in the cloud and revoked users cannot get the original data and they will not get the
cloud access once the user is revoked.
3) We can avoid the collusion attack while data sharing from the dynamic groups and in this revoked
user cannot get the original data if he get un trusted cloud.

Access Control and Data Updation in Cloud Computing
We consider a cloud computing environment consisting of a cloud service provider (CSP), a data
owner, and many users [few with read and few with both read/write permission]. The CSP maintains
cloud infrastructures, which pool the bandwidth, storage space, and CPU power of many cloud
servers to provide 24/7 services. The CSP mainly provides two services: data storage and re–
encryption. After obtaining the encrypted data from the data owner, the CSP will store the data. On
receiving a data access request from a user, the CSP will re–encrypt the ciphertext based on
attributes, and return the re–encrypted ciphertext. The data owner outsources a set of data to the
cloud. Each piece of data is encrypted before outsourcing. The data owner is responsible for
determining the access structure for each data, and distributing secret keys to each user. When a user
wishes to access data, he will first request appropriate keys from the data owner, and then request
the CSP to download the ciphertext. If his access right is effective when he requests the data, he can
successfully execute decryption. The data owner is the only one allowed to give read/write
permission to users. Data users with write permission can perform the updations and even delete the
data within their effective time period. A typical cloud environment is shown in Fig 1. Fig 1 A
typical cloud environment 3.2 Design Goals The main objective of our scheme is to achieve, 1) Data
confidentiality: The data is encrypted

Phil Zimmerman Research Paper
An introduction to Ultraprivate Smartphones Ultraprivate Smartphones were developed by a man of
the name Phil Zimmerman. Phil Zimmerman is a cryptologist and his company, Silent Circle,
encrypts phone calls, text messages, and any file attachments. Encryptment prevents eavesdroppers
from listening to your phone calls, knowing the number of the person you are calling, reading your
text messages, or seeing any files attached. Many governments, including US, listen in on people's
calls, read their texts, and see any files attached to those texts. A Ukrainian man finally went to
Zimmerman to seek help. Not only do governments use this tactic, but websites, advertisers, and
even retailers can track your movement through your phone. Zimmerman

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Steganographic File System...
Although database forensic lie in its generalization which should be applicable for all types of
operations, B+tree does not give much information about this is the disadvantage described in the
paper. The paper "StegFS: Steganographic file system" [1] introduce StegFS, a practical scheme to
implement a steganographic file system. StegFS hides user–selected files in a file system so that,
without the knowledge of related access keys, an attacker would not be able to find out their
existence. Even if the attackers have full knowledge of the hardware and software of the file system,
and about the data structures, an attacker cannot find its trace. StegFS ensures integrity of the file
and maintain sufficient space utilization. The Potential limitations ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Dead files by dead accounts may not be removed without the cooperation of the corresponding
users. In the paper "Steganographic Schemes for File System and B–Tree" [3], they have introduced
StegFD, a practical scheme to implement a steganographic file system in which a plausible
deniability to owners of protected files is offered. StegFD hides the selected files in a file system
securely in such a way that, an attacker will not be able to trace their existence, even if the attacker
has full knowledge of the hardware and software and data structures of the file system .They have
also proposed two schemes for implementing Steganographic B–trees in a StegFD volume. In paper
"A Multi–User Steganographic File System on Untrusted Shared Storage" [4] the threat to
steganographic file systems (StegFS) is described which arises when the storage system is untrusted
and is shared by multiple users. In such cases, the attacker could obtain multiple snapshots of the
storage content and analyze them to deduce the existence of secret user data. To solve this problem,
they have introduced a Dummy–Relocatable Steganographic (DRSteg) file system. It employs new
techniques to share and relocate dummy data at

The Security Of Data Tightly And Information Security

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