BIM for Health & Safety: Virtually Sorted
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BIM for Health & Safety: Virtually Sorted presentation from BIM Show Live 2015. Speaker: Stefan Mordue - NBS
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BIM for Health & Safety: Virtually Sorted
- 1. BIMHEALTH & SAFETY FOR VIRTUALLY SORTED
- 5. Stefan Mordue Paul Swaddle David Philp
- 6. OPPORTUNITIES FOR BIM AND H&S H&S INFORMATION WITHIN THE BIM PROCESS RECORDING AND PRESENTING HAZARDS & RISKS ONCE UPON A TIME…(SETTING THE SCENE)1 2 3 4
- 7. ONCE UPON A TIME SETTING THE SCENE
- 9. ‘If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct if properly, and the house which he builds falls in and kills its owner then that builder shall be put to death. Code of Hammurabi, 1750 B.C. ’
- 10. Source: Rockefeller Center, New York (1932) Photography by Charles C. Ebbets No Smoking on site…
- 11. Indirect impact Induced Impact Investment on construction Direct Impact £1 £1 + £1.09 + £0.75 = £2.84 = Source: ONS / UK Contractors group
- 12. Source: HSE
- 13. Efficiency = 13 Waste = 11 Value for money = 15 Times Health and or Safety = 0 Times Times Times
- 14. ‘An industry that attracts and retains a diverse group of multi-talented people, operating under considerably safer and healthier conditions, that has become a sector of choice for young people inspiring them into rewarding professional and vocational careers. Construction 2025 Strategy’
- 15. ‘Improve the image of the industry by inspiring young people and through a co-ordinated approach to health and safety and improving performance in the domestic repair and maintenance market. Construction 2025 Strategy ’
- 16. Falls 59 % Struck by falling/moving object 3 % Collapse/ overturn 5 % Hit by vehicle 10 % Electricty 7 % Source: HSE
- 17. A Hazard is something that has the potential to cause harm including ill health, injury, loss of product and/or damage to plant and property. Background Image: Michaelmolloy.co.uk A Risk is the likelihood of harm occurring and its severity. (Severity x likelihood)
- 20. Stefan is 5 metres away Newcastle Metro 6m delay Source: Google (Adapted)
- 21. Image Source: Shutter stock / highlightpress.com
- 22. Source: MyZone Worker Alert System
- 23. Exploitation of BIM information displays for construction site safety communication. Source: Exploitation of BIM information displays for construction site safety communication
- 24. Firm fined £60,000 for Fraserburgh roof death Source: BBC News 19.02.15 ‘In this case the difficulties arising from the language barrier resulted in fatal consequences. Image source: www.eveningexpress.co.uk
- 25. Man ‘Crushed to death by concrete’ Source: BBC News 23.02.15 The court heard that Mr Tkacik, 44, 'didn't know what he was supposed to do' on some occasions because of his lack of English. . Image source: Mailonline
- 30. Source: Source: Integrating BIM & Safety: An automated Rule- based checking system for safety planning and simulation
- 31. Source: MGF
- 32. Source: Tekla
- 34. Source: NYC Department of Buildings
- 38. Source: Adapted from Patrick MacLeamy
- 39. The potential to influence and prevent construction injuries decreases exponentially as the project progresses. Source: Adapted from Patrick MacLeamy
- 40. The potential to influence and prevent construction injuries decreases exponentially as the project progresses. Most effective form of safety programme starts at planning and pre construction stage
- 41. HEALTH & SAFETY INFORMATION PROCESS WITHIN THE BIM
- 47. BIMCDM
- 49. BS 1192 Collaboration PAS 1192-2 CapEx PAS 1192-3 OpEx BS 1192-4 COBie PAS 1192-5 (Draft) Security PAS 1192-6 (Proposal) Health and Safety
- 50. PAS 1192: Collaborative production of information Part 6:2015 Risk and hazard information for H&S Fewer costs and delays rising from data loss transcriptions Consistent documentation, management and communication of H&S hazards and risks 1 2 3 4 Improved tools for the detection, evaluation and an of H&S hazards and risks Reuse of beneficial H&S knowledge and experience through good information management and development of relevant data attributes. Source: AEC3 / BIM4H&S Group
- 51. Dissemination of existing and beneficial H&S knowledge and experience Representation of H&S hazards, risks and factors1 2 3 4 The means to embed H&S through information and data management Key processes in the exchange and re-use of H&S information Possible methods for mapping hazard factors to risks5 The benefits to cost, programme and carbon via effective use of H&S data attributes and provision of information 6 Source: AEC3 / BIM4H&S Group
- 53. NON GRAPHICAL ID INFORMATION PERFORMANCE INFORMATION MAINTENANCE/ INSTALLATION RISKS & HAZARDS LINK COSH DATA SHEETS?
- 54. The Electricity at Work Regulations Working space, access and lighting “For the purposes of enabling injury to be prevented, adequate working space, adequate means of access, and adequate lighting shall be provided at all electrical equipment on which or near which work is being done in circumstances which may give rise to danger”. Assume minimum of 100 mm clearance to sides and 500 mm clearance at top of unit for heat dissipation. Assume 1 m clear zone in front of data equipment cabinet when doors are in the fully open position. Where side and/ or rear access panels are fitted, provide 1 m clearance. Data cupboard
- 55. Link to permit Type Manufacturer Radius of swing/boom length Permit number 1 2 3 4 5 Load Capacity6 Level of Detail Level of Information Source: NYC Department of Buildings
- 56. Project Time Line Source: NBS BIM Toolkit Concept Design Developed Design Technical Design Construction Hand over
- 57. Identify key H&S risks and hazards. Prepare initial draft pre construction H&S information. Reviewing the contents of the current H&S file. Contractor to supply relevant info to update H&S file. Maybe more flexible under GSL. H&S file prepared Meet with design team and other parties involved to review any design changes that may have taken place from the concept design phase, review sequencing 1 2 3 4 5 RIBA Data Drop Stage 0 1 & 2 4 5 & 6 7 Post Occupation – All relevant documents, certificates. Building Manual uploaded Source: Mordue & Finch
- 58. Source: NBS National BIM Library
- 59. Source: Solibri
- 60. RECORDING & PRESENTING RISKS & HAZARDS
- 61. Source: ARUP
- 63. Hyperlink 4D Model with SHE Symbol Markers Source: Balfour Beatty Site Entry Photomontages Supply Chain CDM Register
- 64. Property Set Name Pset_Risk Definition An indication of exposure to mischance, peril, menace, hazard or loss. There are various types of risk that may be encountered and there may be several risks associated to an instance of a Process, Product or Spatial Element. This incorporates the values of a risk analysis matrix satisfying AS/NZS 4360. Name Data Type Definition Risk Type BUSINESS HAZARD HEALTHANDSAFETY INSURANCE The predefined types of risk from which the type required may be set. Nature Of Risk (free text) An indication of the generic nature of the risk that might be encountered. Assessment Of Risk ALMOST CERTAIN VERY LIKELY LIKELY VERY POSSIBLE POSSIBLE SOMEWHAT POSSIBLE UNLIKELY VERY UNLIKELY RARE OTHER Likelihood of risk event occurring. Risk Consequence CATASTROPHIC SEVERE MAJOR CONSIDERABLE MODERATE SOME MINOR VERY LOW INSIGNIFICANT The level of severity of the consequences that the risk would have in case it happens. Risk Rating CRITICAL VERY HIGH HIGH CONSIDERABLE MODERATE SOME LOW VERY LOW INSIGNIFICANT A general rating of the risk that may be determined from a combination of the risk assessment and risk consequence. Risk Owner DESIGNER SPECIFIER CONSTRUCTOR INSTALLER MAINTAINER A determination of who is the owner of the risk by reference to principal roles of organizations within a project. Preventive Measures (free text) Preventive measures to be taken to mitigate risk. IFC
- 65. Column Issue Name Fall1 CreatedBy nn@aec3.com CreatedOn 2009-11-04T11:08:38 Type Safety Risk Very High Chance Has Occurred Impact Very High SheetName1 Component RowName1 Intermediate floor 2 SheetName2 Job RowName2 Material storage 23 Description Risk of structural or balance failure Owner bjerold@je.com Mitigation Warnings to be relayed to operatives RECORDING DECISIONS ISSUE TIED TO OBJECT HYPERLINK TO FURTHER INFO RISK RATING RISK ASSESSMENT RISK CONSEQUENCE Source: AEC3 / Nick Nisbet
- 67. Contractor Caretaker FM Manager
- 68. FM & MAINTENANCE H&S File O&M Manual Breeam Guide + + = Website Source: Eurobuild
- 69. What information can be gathered How can it be translated into something useful New techniques & processes to be adopted? What new skills are required? Can H&S info be embedded into BIM? Digital Health & Safety file? ? ? ? ? ? ? Source: Mordue & Finch
- 70. ‘Experience in other industries (for example, ICT, retail and manufacturing) suggest that failure to understand and adapt human behaviour, rather than technology, is the biggest impediment to collaborative working. Sir Michael Latham– Constructing the team, 1994 ’
- 71. ‘The biggest danger is that we get bogged down in a technical discussion, when BIM is a behavioural change programme more than anything else. David Philp – Head of BIM Implementation Cabinet Office ’
Editor's Notes
- Over the centuries, many landmark buildings would not have existed were it not for the use of model. Sir Christopher Wrens ‘Great Model’ of St Pauls Cathedral now in the cathedrals trophy room contains geometic information and is an early BIM. Took 19 months to design between 1672 and 1673 and 2 years to build, Doesn’t correspond to finished building. Not as built record, practically useless in post construction phase.
- There is plenty of information to make use of, and plenty of ways of doing it, such as linking up documentation, improving relationships between pieces of information and user guidance, as well as filtering so that only relevant information is extracted. Information in the BIM comes from a variety of sources, including databases, spread sheets, design authoring software applications platforms (like Autodesk Revit or Nemetschek Vectorworks), as well as BIM tools for cost estimation, model checkers and construction specification tools such as NBS Create. The advantage of BIM is that it provides access to an environment that permits combination and conversion from these sources; … relevant information at all stages. Information may be rearranged around a particular topic, and then coordinated and disseminated so we can then find and understand it in a different application. Data generated for one purpose, as part of the specification perhaps, can be used elsewhere in the process, for visualisation purposes during a training exercise. The historical benefits of these procedures are well reported. The advantage that technology brings is to further automate (split infinitive) the reporting process. Risk analysis and safety evaluations can now be both carried out visually and the processes automated. As well as those regarding information handling, there are further opportunities for BIM, which involve making new uses of the data. These revolve around visualisation, simulation, virtual proto- typing, validation, and so on. Generally speaking, these involve techniques which allow ‘virtual’ models of the project to be generated in order to preview a series of different scenarios, so that users can view the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This technique is already used by cost planners when recalculating the financial implication for a project when proposing different materials or methods, but we can now consider risks and hazards as a form of currency, allowing users to calculate, perhaps, the health and safety cost of a particular action. With the addition of time as a parameter, consideration may be given to how the sequence of activities relates to the overall effect on the process. This is referred to as ‘4D’ BIM. Increasingly the term Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is being used to refer to the process of using BIM to improve the planning, design and construction processes. The Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering at Stanford University defines Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) as ‘the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives’. Opportunities for BIM-related health and safety applications will exist at all stages of the project lifecycle. They can be realised in a number of ways, including communication, planning and risk management. BIM is opening up new ways to integrate construction processes and health and safety issues, as well as developing new applications for the data and improving coordination H&S ‘cost’ is an interesting concept, I wonder what the ramifications are/could be? And how it sits with current H&S legislation/guidance? It almost suggests the risk of a ‘price worth paying’…? Presumably the cost would be capped? Safety Planning - Job hazard and analysis and pre-task planning Virtual Prototyping Risk and hazard detection even before work begins Clash detection – not only physical conflicts between the various parts of the model, but also those parts of the work, resulting in activities which may cause health and safety ‘pinch – points’; and workers may be exposed to danger. Compliance checking (See note on ‘rule based’ BIM) Model driven prefabrication. It is generally accepted that prefabrication and modularization is safer than insitu construction, and the model can assist in deciding which elements of the work are best suited to this procedure. Hazard Prediction: Workforce and material tracking Worker Safety training 3D Images and fly through and greater understanding of designers’designers intentions 4D visualise construction sequence - Using the aspect of time and scheduling we have the opportunity to simulate the construction sequence and detect potential hazards. Accident investigation Worker Safety training Production of facility management and maintenance phase health and safety information ‘Field’ BIM
- Smart BOX, Moved around by forklift.
- Slovakian Rene Tkaci killed in a tunnel below Fisher Street, in Holborn 44-year-old was employed by contractor BFK for £15billion rail project Said to have suffered 'devastating injuries incompatible with life' Mr Tkaci was working in UK so that he could pay for daughter's university It is the first fatality to hit the Crossrail project since it began An experienced construction worker was crushed to death by a tonne of wet concrete while working on a Crossrail building site, an inquest heard today. Slovakian Rene Tkacik was killed in a tunnel below Fisher Street, in Holborn, on March 7 last year, becoming the first fatality on the £15 billion project. Mr Tkacik, of Hackney Road, east London, had been working in the UK to earn money to send home to his family in Slovakia so he could pay for his daughter Esther to go to university, a statement from his wife Renata said. The court heard that Mr Tkacik, 44, 'didn't know what he was supposed to do' on some occasions because of his lack of English. Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2965586/Experienced-construction-worker-crushed-death-tonne-wet-concrete-working-Crossrail-building-site-inquest-hears.html#ixzz3TEDsrtSD Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
- One thing which has been well received is the ability of BIM to simulate and visualise a range of construction scenarios, which has been developed for use in ‘buildabilty’ testing and also in ‘on the job’ training
- Field BIM. $G communications is helping. H&S information can be added. We all have phones with 3g 4g wifi, gps and a camera. Training needs to be developed as well as company policy
- Manual checking is prone to be poor and prone to human error. BIM can help alough this will not rectify poor design. Not new, been evolving since research on its potential in the 1960s. While BIM applications can carry out automated rule and compliance checking, this process still needs human intervention and the setting up of ‘rules’. The software adopted can report on a huge range of criteria; however, it is up to a human specialist, versed in the subject matter, to design the rules and interpret the results. Nawri said. Building rules and regulations are written by professionals to be read and applied by people. Since the reasoning and interpretation ability of the human brain is unlike anything implemented in computer systems, the computerization of this process poses a real challenge to the AEC industry’. The specialist knowledge lies in the field of health and safety, so it follows that, of all the members of the design team, a health and safety professional should have the primary input into this process.
- MGF supplies and hires excavation support equipment, Developed 3D vidpes as part of training and tool box talks. Uploaded to you tube.
- BIM being made compulsory due to potential gains at post occupancy however the biggest benefits in post occupancy yet no info yet. Most of the data covered the design, preconstruction and construction stages. There were clear wins in design understanding, spatial and design co-ordination and 4D programme integration. Benefits post construction have still to be measured. Clearly, this demonstrates considerable upside potential, especially when the processes are applied to the entire project life cycle through to facilities management. These benefits increase further year on year, as around 80% of an asset’s cost is incurred during its operational phase. Whilst our case studies have focused on monetary benefits, studies are ongoing to establish similar relationships for carbon. BIM being used in design and construction stages of project, little is know abput the construction and FM stages (Most accidents occur during the construction phase). Construction stage is where personnel induction is ongoing due to high churn out rate of personnel in the industry. BIM is mature but in the US. UK at the start of our journey. Only now beginning to get a good appreciation of the benefit in relationship to efficiency and cost what implications for health and safety in the CDM coordinator in particular. BIM being used in design and construction stages of project, little is known as the construction and FM stages. Investors repost Most accidents occur during the construction phase. Construction stage is where personnel induction is ongoing due to high churn out rate of personnel in the industry. Biggest benefits in post occupancy yet no info yet.
- BIM being made compulsory due to potential gains at post occupancy however the biggest benefits in post occupancy yet no info yet. Most of the data covered the design, preconstruction and construction stages. There were clear wins in design understanding, spatial and design co-ordination and 4D programme integration. Benefits post construction have still to be measured. Clearly, this demonstrates considerable upside potential, especially when the processes are applied to the entire project life cycle through to facilities management. These benefits increase further year on year, as around 80% of an asset’s cost is incurred during its operational phase. Whilst our case studies have focused on monetary benefits, studies are ongoing to establish similar relationships for carbon. BIM being used in design and construction stages of project, little is know abput the construction and FM stages (Most accidents occur during the construction phase). Construction stage is where personnel induction is ongoing due to high churn out rate of personnel in the industry. BIM is mature but in the US. UK at the start of our journey. Only now beginning to get a good appreciation of the benefit in relationship to efficiency and cost what implications for health and safety in the CDM coordinator in particular. BIM being used in design and construction stages of project, little is known as the construction and FM stages. Investors repost Most accidents occur during the construction phase. Construction stage is where personnel induction is ongoing due to high churn out rate of personnel in the industry. Biggest benefits in post occupancy yet no info yet.
- BIM being made compulsory due to potential gains at post occupancy however the biggest benefits in post occupancy yet no info yet. Most of the data covered the design, preconstruction and construction stages. There were clear wins in design understanding, spatial and design co-ordination and 4D programme integration. Benefits post construction have still to be measured. Clearly, this demonstrates considerable upside potential, especially when the processes are applied to the entire project life cycle through to facilities management. These benefits increase further year on year, as around 80% of an asset’s cost is incurred during its operational phase. Whilst our case studies have focused on monetary benefits, studies are ongoing to establish similar relationships for carbon. BIM being used in design and construction stages of project, little is know abput the construction and FM stages (Most accidents occur during the construction phase). Construction stage is where personnel induction is ongoing due to high churn out rate of personnel in the industry. BIM is mature but in the US. UK at the start of our journey. Only now beginning to get a good appreciation of the benefit in relationship to efficiency and cost what implications for health and safety in the CDM coordinator in particular. BIM being used in design and construction stages of project, little is known as the construction and FM stages. Investors repost Most accidents occur during the construction phase. Construction stage is where personnel induction is ongoing due to high churn out rate of personnel in the industry. Biggest benefits in post occupancy yet no info yet.
- There is plenty of information to make use of, and plenty of ways of doing it, such as linking up documentation, improving relationships between pieces of information and user guidance, as well as filtering so that only relevant information is extracted. Information in the BIM comes from a variety of sources, including databases, spread sheets, design authoring software applications platforms (like Autodesk Revit or Nemetschek Vectorworks), as well as BIM tools for cost estimation, model checkers and construction specification tools such as NBS Create. The advantage of BIM is that it provides access to an environment that permits combination and conversion from these sources; … relevant information at all stages. Information may be rearranged around a particular topic, and then coordinated and disseminated so we can then find and understand it in a different application. Data generated for one purpose, as part of the specification perhaps, can be used elsewhere in the process, for visualisation purposes during a training exercise. The historical benefits of these procedures are well reported. The advantage that technology brings is to further automate (split infinitive) the reporting process. Risk analysis and safety evaluations can now be both carried out visually and the processes automated. As well as those regarding information handling, there are further opportunities for BIM, which involve making new uses of the data. These revolve around visualisation, simulation, virtual proto- typing, validation, and so on. Generally speaking, these involve techniques which allow ‘virtual’ models of the project to be generated in order to preview a series of different scenarios, so that users can view the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This technique is already used by cost planners when recalculating the financial implication for a project when proposing different materials or methods, but we can now consider risks and hazards as a form of currency, allowing users to calculate, perhaps, the health and safety cost of a particular action. With the addition of time as a parameter, consideration may be given to how the sequence of activities relates to the overall effect on the process. This is referred to as ‘4D’ BIM. Increasingly the term Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is being used to refer to the process of using BIM to improve the planning, design and construction processes. The Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering at Stanford University defines Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) as ‘the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives’. Opportunities for BIM-related health and safety applications will exist at all stages of the project lifecycle. They can be realised in a number of ways, including communication, planning and risk management. BIM is opening up new ways to integrate construction processes and health and safety issues, as well as developing new applications for the data and improving coordination H&S ‘cost’ is an interesting concept, I wonder what the ramifications are/could be? And how it sits with current H&S legislation/guidance? It almost suggests the risk of a ‘price worth paying’…? Presumably the cost would be capped? Safety Planning - Job hazard and analysis and pre-task planning Virtual Prototyping Risk and hazard detection even before work begins Clash detection – not only physical conflicts between the various parts of the model, but also those parts of the work, resulting in activities which may cause health and safety ‘pinch – points’; and workers may be exposed to danger. Compliance checking (See note on ‘rule based’ BIM) Model driven prefabrication. It is generally accepted that prefabrication and modularization is safer than insitu construction, and the model can assist in deciding which elements of the work are best suited to this procedure. Hazard Prediction: Workforce and material tracking Worker Safety training 3D Images and fly through and greater understanding of designers’designers intentions 4D visualise construction sequence - Using the aspect of time and scheduling we have the opportunity to simulate the construction sequence and detect potential hazards. Accident investigation Worker Safety training Production of facility management and maintenance phase health and safety information ‘Field’ BIM
- Process - to understand this think chemical plant – the product of the business. The integrity of the plant, equipment, machinery, pipework, vessels and systems needs to be assured – risk of failure is unacceptable. What are the hazards associated to processing and production – what are the risks? In a low risk office process hazards are harder to determine and may not even be applicable – which means the ‘P’ can be discounted from the thinking. However, subjectively in an engineering business perhaps lack of competence could be considered a process hazard – people are part of the product. Activity: what are the foreseeable activities and tasks required – for construction – for end-user operation – to fulfil business functions? What are the hazards and risks associated to the activities and tasks? The multiple activities to construct a deep caisson on a major project through to people driving in the provision of services – the hazards and risks need to be identified and mitigated. Location: what are the hazards and risks at the location – at the workplace as a whole or at the place of work for a task? Is the work at height next to a vent …. is it on soft ground making plant potentially unstable … is there little room to place tools, spares and materials? Emergency:no ‘e’ for low risk businesses or environments. A little ‘e’ where an unplanned event may have an impact. Big ‘E’ where the consequences of an incident are catastrophic and/or unacceptable. What are the emergency scenarios and within such what are the hazards and risk within the emergency occurrence? Bearing in mind an emergency event is a workplace for the responders and the hazards and risks they face should be considered and mitigated as well. Legalisation: what are the hazards set out in law that must be considered? Ionisation, asbestos, substances, Part 4 CDM activities …… etc. Notwithstanding, a noise (as an example) may fall under process, activity and location – but from different perspectives.
- that simply saying that using a recently constructed floor as a platform for storing material is potentially dangerous, is of little use of itself. To make it useful is to closely associate the floor ‘object’ and the storage ‘process’ . He continues by pointing out that even this is of little use unless people can make the connection between the ‘virtual’ objects and processes and the instruction and the activity on site. BIM on the other hand through shared structured data can link this information together. SB - SB: Closely associate in what way? It’s still not clear to me how to make it really useful to the HSP in real terms.
- Aside from the dimensions of the objects themselves we need to consider their relationship to other objects and zones. An example of this could be showing the clearance zone around plant machinery that is needed for maintenance. This is all information and knowledge that will exist however through BIM we can begin to add connections to this data. Nick Nesbit explains that simply saying that using a recently constructed floor as a platform for storing material is potentially dangerous, is of little use of itself. To make it useful is to closely associate the floor ‘object’ and the storage ‘process’ . He continues by pointing out that even this is of little use unless people can make the connection between the ‘virtual’ objects and processes and the instruction and the activity on site. BIM on the other hand through shared structured data can link this information together.
- There is plenty of information to make use of, and plenty of ways of doing it, such as linking up documentation, improving relationships between pieces of information and user guidance, as well as filtering so that only relevant information is extracted. Information in the BIM comes from a variety of sources, including databases, spread sheets, design authoring software applications platforms (like Autodesk Revit or Nemetschek Vectorworks), as well as BIM tools for cost estimation, model checkers and construction specification tools such as NBS Create. The advantage of BIM is that it provides access to an environment that permits combination and conversion from these sources; … relevant information at all stages. Information may be rearranged around a particular topic, and then coordinated and disseminated so we can then find and understand it in a different application. Data generated for one purpose, as part of the specification perhaps, can be used elsewhere in the process, for visualisation purposes during a training exercise. The historical benefits of these procedures are well reported. The advantage that technology brings is to further automate (split infinitive) the reporting process. Risk analysis and safety evaluations can now be both carried out visually and the processes automated. As well as those regarding information handling, there are further opportunities for BIM, which involve making new uses of the data. These revolve around visualisation, simulation, virtual proto- typing, validation, and so on. Generally speaking, these involve techniques which allow ‘virtual’ models of the project to be generated in order to preview a series of different scenarios, so that users can view the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This technique is already used by cost planners when recalculating the financial implication for a project when proposing different materials or methods, but we can now consider risks and hazards as a form of currency, allowing users to calculate, perhaps, the health and safety cost of a particular action. With the addition of time as a parameter, consideration may be given to how the sequence of activities relates to the overall effect on the process. This is referred to as ‘4D’ BIM. Increasingly the term Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is being used to refer to the process of using BIM to improve the planning, design and construction processes. The Centre for Integrated Facility Engineering at Stanford University defines Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) as ‘the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design-construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design - construction - operation team in order to support business objectives’. Opportunities for BIM-related health and safety applications will exist at all stages of the project lifecycle. They can be realised in a number of ways, including communication, planning and risk management. BIM is opening up new ways to integrate construction processes and health and safety issues, as well as developing new applications for the data and improving coordination H&S ‘cost’ is an interesting concept, I wonder what the ramifications are/could be? And how it sits with current H&S legislation/guidance? It almost suggests the risk of a ‘price worth paying’…? Presumably the cost would be capped? Safety Planning - Job hazard and analysis and pre-task planning Virtual Prototyping Risk and hazard detection even before work begins Clash detection – not only physical conflicts between the various parts of the model, but also those parts of the work, resulting in activities which may cause health and safety ‘pinch – points’; and workers may be exposed to danger. Compliance checking (See note on ‘rule based’ BIM) Model driven prefabrication. It is generally accepted that prefabrication and modularization is safer than insitu construction, and the model can assist in deciding which elements of the work are best suited to this procedure. Hazard Prediction: Workforce and material tracking Worker Safety training 3D Images and fly through and greater understanding of designers’designers intentions 4D visualise construction sequence - Using the aspect of time and scheduling we have the opportunity to simulate the construction sequence and detect potential hazards. Accident investigation Worker Safety training Production of facility management and maintenance phase health and safety information ‘Field’ BIM
- COBie is one standard layout and mechanism that can be used to add risks to a shared risk register. The ‘Issues’ tab implements the buildingSMART recommended risk model for example, the Risk (Risk Rating), Chance (Risk Assessment), and Impact (Risk Consequence) in tabulated in rows. It is important that the name of objects are cross referenced so that any issue are tied and associated to a particular object. Information within the sprCOBie is not a predefined list of what information is required. What it does define is how information is to be structured and what the minimum data fields are. It is a data format, not a standard on what information is to be provided for FM.