Reflexes Chapter 6 Summary

Reflexes Chapter 6 Summary
Chapter six is about learning and the different ways we learn to do things. Instinct and reflexes are
things we are naturally born with. They are not something we learn as we get older. That's how
babies know how to suckle on their mother's breast and how baby sea turtles know how to find the
ocean and swim to it. Reflexes is a person's ability to respond quickly without conscious thought
while instinct is a fixed pattern of behavior in animals in response to certain events. Both of these
behaviors helps organisms adapt to its environment. While these two behaviors are natural for
organisms learning is something that changes your behavior or knowledge through experience.
Learning is getting knowledge and skills through experience. Associative ... Show more content on
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In his experiments with dogs, Pavlov implanted tubes inside of dogs cheeks to measure how much
saliva the dogs produced in response to various foods. Over a period of time, he began to notice that
the dogs began to salivate at the sight of food, empty food bowl, and at the sound of the laboratory
assistants footsteps. Since salivating to food in the mouth is a reflexive and salivating at the sight of
an empty food bowl is not this intrigued Pavlov. He conducted a lot of controlled experiments and
he was then able to train the dogs to salivate to things that had nothing to do with food, like the
sound of the bell. He came to the conclusion that organisms had two types of responses to its
environment: unconditioned responses and conditioned responses. In Pavlov's experiments,
everytime meat powder was presented to the dogs they would salivate. The meat powder was an
unconditioned stimulus, which is an event that draws out a reflexive response in an organism. The
dog's salivation was an unconditioned response, which is a natural reaction to an event. Next Pavlov
would sound a tone and then give the dogs the meat powder. The tone was a neutral stimulus, which
is something that does not usually draw out a response. The dogs would not salivate to the sound of
the tone. But when Pavlov would pair the tone with the meat powder repeatedly, the tone began to
draw out salivation from the dogs. So the neutral stimulus became the conditioned stimulus an event
that causes a response being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus. And then later on the
dogs began to salivate to the sound of the tone
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Infant Moving Room Study
Bachelor of Exercise and Sport science Skill Learning & Performance Infancy. The movements of
an infant are categorised into two categories, random, or spontaneous movements and infantile
reflexes. Spontaneous movements are done without a purpose, e.g. thrusting of legs and arms,
squirming and stretching of fingers and toes. Although these movements are done without a purpose,
they in fact resemble more mature movements which we develop later in life,like walking. If you
watch a new born kicking in a supine position it will be rhythmical and bilateral, meaning both legs
will kick at once. Usually by the end of the first year the knee, hip and ankle will move more
sequentially, which means they will move in a more logical sequence. The same ... Show more
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This is mostly due to the decrease in speed and range of motion they have. If one or more of the
individual's body systems become damaged/weakened, e.g. osteoporosis and arthritis, this would
greatly decrease and slow this person's movements, range of motion,strength and flexibility , this
means that less force is used to throw a ball, resulting in a lower velocity throw.These factors have
more of an influence on the velocity of the throw and not so much the accuracy.Another factor in an
elderly person is that some people develop a fear of falling due to the potential seriousness
associated with falling,some elderly people cannot recover from the injuries and will die from
possible infections ,e.g. a broken hip is very common with elderly

Characteristics And Challenges Of Infant Development
Infancy Exploration There are many characteristics and challenges of infant's development. The
following topics describe and explain the different stages of development, the reason why
attachment is so important, what it means and the different styles of attachments, the different
reflexes, Piagets's theories and why breastfeeding it's so important and why it's not practice as much
today which I believe are the most important factors of child development.
Reflexes are involuntary responses or moments we get when we are born. There five main reflexes
we're born with which are Grasping, rooting, sucking, startle and stepping reflexes. Grasping
reflexes is basically an automatic respond to grasp onto an object that stimulates the palm. For ...
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Attachment is the emotional relationship between the child and the caregiver. Attachment is
important for several reasons. A child that has a good emotional bond with their parent is more
likely to have better copping skills with negative emotions in stressful moments; they are more
independent and more confident to go out in the world and explore their options. There's two
particular theory of attachment id agree with which would have to be Bowlby and Harlow theory.
Attachment I believe comes from early age and it's based on how the caregiver takes care of their
child and the emotional connection they share with their child. Harlow's theory states that babies are
more attached to theirs mothers for the simple reason it's the parent that feeds them and shows
protection, once they find that in a parent they become more in order to survive.
There are different styles of attachments for example secure, insecure, avoidant, and anxious–
ambivalent. Secure attachment is when a child its upset when their caregiver leaves but once the
caregiver returns they are able calm down. This shows how they feel secure enough that they can
count on the parent to come back. Another type of attachment is insecure attachment is when the
child shows no emotions towards their caregiver and they don't really care whether their caregiver
comes back or not. Which for a baby it's not a good sign, this style of attachment

Newborn Reflexes Research Paper
Newborn reflexes play an important role in the construction of the traction in the early stages of
development because they are the first well established driving structures from which an infant may
start to diversify themselves and create new schemes. Reflexive behavior is fixed; it does not allow
for voluntary control to achieve a goal. However, from three months on babies begin to establish the
first relationships between actions and feelings. They are very simple movements in appearance, but
require the implementation of neural connections; they are a fundamental first step.
Doctors consider reflexes routinely at birth. The absence of them virtually only occurs in the context
of serious diseases, which are generally detected in other ways. Newborns reflexes have some value,
however, to assess the development and integrity of the nervous system, and ... Show more content
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This is in comparison to irregular sleep, which is also referred to as REM sleep. The eyes move
rapidly under the eyelids with irregular breathing and motor activity of arms and legs, sucking
movements, grimaces or smiles having been observed in this state of arousal. (___) The drowsiness
stage, also known as the transition stage, where alertness is mild, as the child is falling in and out of
sleep. Babies are attentive and quiet when in the quiet alert stage. They have few movements but can
track an object and stare at faces. This is ideal for sharing gestures, sounds, and looks with a child.
(___) The awake stage includes the most body movement, facial expressions, and irregular
breathing. Within the active stage there is a separate category for crying. It is an infant's way of
expressing their needs and it helps parents identify what might be causing a them discomfort so they
can assess their child and cater to their

The Effect Of Neural Reflexes On The Gastrointestinal...
ows neural reflexes to occur solely in the gastrointestinal tract, independent of the brain and spinal
cord (Widmaier et al. 2014).
Within the tubular gastrointestinal tract, the ENS is formed by various interconnected networks,
called plexuses, of enteric neurons, glial cells, and axons (Widmaier et al. 2014). The majority of
these nerve cells are found within two different arrangements of ganglia (Fig. 1): the myenteric
(Auerbach's) plexus and the submucosal (Meissner's) plexus (Furness 2006; Guyton and Hall 2006).
The nerve cells' axons either synapse with additional neurons in the plexus or innervate the smooth
muscle of digestive organs (Furness 2006). Neural activity in one plexus can affect activity in the
other since some axons in one plexus synapse with neurons in the other (Fig. 1) (Widmaier et al.
2014). Extrinsic nerve fibers from the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can also synapse
with neurons in each of the two plexuses (Fig. 1) (Guyton and Hall 2006). Though the ENS can
function without these nerve pathways, the subsystems of the ANS can influence gastrointestinal
activity (Guyton and Hall 2006; Widmaier et al. 2014). An example would include either inhibiting
or enhancing the GI tract's motility and secretory activity through the sympathetic and
parasympathetic fibers (Widmaier et al. 2014).
The myenteric and submucosal plexuses each have different physiological functions. The myenteric
plexus spans the length of the intestinal wall and consists of

The Reflex Of A Reflex
Sometimes people go to a doctor appointment and they get their knee with a small rubber hammer?
Or they go to the eye doctor and had them put drops in their eyes to dilate their pupils? These are all
in some way connected to a reflex.
Reflexes A reflex is an involuntary, or nearly instantaneous movement in response to a change in the
environment. Reflexes are done without having to think about it. All healthy people are born with
most reflexes that can help to protect themselves from harm.
Reaction versus Reflexes Reactions and reflexes are two different types of responses. A reaction is a
choice that is made by mentally making a decision. On the contrary, a reflex is instinctive and
automatic. A reaction goes through the sensory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The grasp appears at birth but only continues for another five or six months. This reflex occurs if a
finger is placed on their open palm. The infant 's hand will close around the finger and trying to
remove the finger causes the grip to tighten. Newborn infants have strong grasps and can almost be
lifted up if both hands are grasping fingers! The moro reflex, also called the startle reflex, is likely to
occur if the following happen: the infant 's head suddenly shifts in position, the temperature changes
abruptly, they are startled by a sudden noise, or the sensation of falling takes place. Even the baby 's
own cry may cause this reflex! The legs and head extend while the arms jerk up and out with the
palms up and thumbs flexed. The step reflex is sparked when the sole of the foot touch a hard
surface. The infant then lifts one foot, then the other, as if walking.
Children and Adult Reflexes Many infant reflexes continue into toddlerhood and some stay with
people all of our lives. Adults and children have reflexes such as the following: the accommodation
reflex, acoustic reflex, pupillary light reflex, brachioradialis reflex, deep tendon reflex, and patellar
reflex. These reflexes can help our bodies to stay protected and safe.
Accommodation Reflex The accommodation reflex is an action of the eye in response to focusing on
a object, whether it is looking at a near object and then focusing on a far object or vice versa. This

The Age Of Viability During The First Two Years Of Life Essay
By 21 to 22 weeks after fertilization, the lungs gain some ability to breathe air. This is considered
the age of viability because survival outside the womb becomes possible for some fetuses 2.
Describe some of the rapid growth that takes place during the first two years of life. Growth is rapid
during the first two years of life. The child 's size, shape, senses, and organs undergo change. As
each physical change occurs, the child gains new abilities. During the first year of the child's life,
physical development mainly involves the infant coordinating motor skills. The infant builds
physical strength and motor coordination by repeating motor actions. 3. When was the last time that
you saw an infant? Describe what the baby was doing. The last time I seen an infant was when I was
at my uncle house before I left for school. Although it was quiet and not making any noise the baby
was very observant and was aware when I came in the room. He had his pacifier and I picked him
up to play with him briefly before I left. 4. Briefly describe the most frequent activity that an infant
does. Now...take your own sleep quiz and see if you are sleep deprived. The most frequent activity
an infant does is cry and babble. Crying is almost an automatic thing when it comes to infants, you
really have to be able to understand the reason in which they are crying for and act on it. 5. Briefly
describe the growth of the infant brain during infancy. Between

Pediatric Lab Assignment
Pediatric Lab Assignment For this assignment, my groupmates and I decided to use the Peabody
Developmental Motor Scale. We chose this assessment because our patient was a chronological age
of thirteen months (premature 1 week, 9 days) and were aiming to look at her gross motor function
in the following areas: reflexes, stationary, locomotion, object manipulation. Our results provided us
with raw scores of: 12 for reflexes, 36 for stationary, 53 for locomotion and 1 for object
manipulation. Due to our patient, Olivia, being premature we decided to compare her percentile
ranks to her chronological age and her corrected age. Upon doing so, we found that our patient was
in higher percentile ranks for her corrected age than her chronological age.

Lewis Life Span Observation
On October 5, 2016, our Life–Span Development class had the opportunity to observe the physical,
cognitive, and social development of Lewis, a three month old male infant. The observation was
conducted at Dordt College in Room CL 1143 and the infant's parent consented to participate in the
live observation. From the instant that Lewis and his mother walked into the classroom, the pair
exemplified Santrock's concept of bonding (Santrock, 2014). The front facing carrier sling allowed
the infant to benefit from the physical contact of being secured against his mother's chest. The
carrying device also served to satisfy what Freud would call the Oral Stage, as he theorized that
"infants become attached to the person or object that provides them ... Show more content on
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Lewis didn't show any signs of a reflexive or a social smile during the observation, but his mother
said that he is easily able to giggle in response to external stimuli in various forms (Santrock, 2014).
Lewis is exposed to ample stimuli for social development that not all infants his age have the
opportunity to be experienced by like he does. This factor comes in the form of his lifestyle with two
older siblings, as described by Santrock on page 179 (Santrock, 2014). "Birth order might be a
strong predictor of behavior," contributing to why Lewis's temperament was described as extremely
laid back, a quality that wasn't as prevalent in his other siblings (Santrock, 2014, p. 179). Perhaps
because of his naturally high exposure to social stimuli, Lewis displayed a healthy reaction to the
Strange Situation, defined by Santrock as, "a measure of infant attachment in which the infant
experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver." When Lewis's
mother handed him to a student, thus causing an object permanence discrepancy in which his mother
disappeared and he was abruptly exposed to a stranger, Lewis still remained calmly

Describe the Expected Pattern of Children and Young...
1.1 Describe the expected pattern of children and young people's development from birth to 19
years.
Birth;
Recognise mothers voice and smell
Able to cry to let everyone know they need help
Actively learning through touch, taste and hearing
Swallowing and sucking reflexes– ensuring that babies can feed and swallow milk
Rooting reflex– babies move their head to look for a nipple or teat if the cheek and mouth are
touched, helping the babies to find milk
Grasp reflex– automatically putting fingers around an object that has touched palm of hand
Startle reflex– when babies hear a sudden sound or see a bright light, they move their arms
outwards, and clenching their fists
Walking and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Babies are able to feed themselves with their fingers
18 months;
Children are walking up and down stairs with adult help
Less babbling and more recognisable words, for example 'no', 'come', 'go', 'drink', 'bye' etc..
Signs of temper and frustration
Eagerness for independence– trying to feed themselves with a spoon
Enjoyment of pop up and posting toys

Sitting and pushing off with their legs on sit and ride toys
Determines to try things by themselves
Interest in other children
Awareness of where their parents are and what they are doing
2 years;
Enjoying songs and dancing to music
Pointing to pictures of familiar objects and naming them
Anger and frustration if they cannot do what they want to do
Delight and happiness when they are enjoying something
Keen to show things to adults
Playing on sit and ride toys
Running and climbing
Building with bricks, doing simple jigsaw puzzles
Some children moving out of nappies
Likely to have around two hundred words in their vocabulary
Starting to enjoy pretend play, taking an empty cup and drinking from it or giving a teddy a hug
They are showing individuality
They know what they want to do, touch and hold
They can move confidently and enjoy doing things for themselves
'Terrible twos'– frustration
2 1/2 years;
Still keen to be independent,

Reflexes And Reflex
Anthony Cusumano 11/29/15
Ms. Ashkenazy
F–Period
Measuring Reflexes and Reactions
Abstract: The purpose of this lab was to test how reflexes and compare them with our lab partner by
measuring them in various experiments. All of the students tested their reactions by using many
different experiments such as catching a ruler without moving your arm, hitting a student under the
knee, how long it takes them to complete a puzzle, the ping pong reflex test, and the pupil response.
For the ruler experiment one student placed their hand on the ledge of a table while the other
dropped the ruler, wherever the student caught it depends on how good their reflexes are. The knee
reflex was test by using a hammer. One student would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To complete the ping pong reflex one student would lightly throw a ping pong at the other and they
will observe their reaction to it. Finally the pupil response reflex was completed by having one
student close their eyes for 30 seconds and then the other student would see how their eye changed.
Introduction: Reflexes are actions that occur after a response without having to think about doing it.
Reflexes are very important to have because they keep us aware of what is happening. For example
if you touch a hot stove your body is telling you that its hot which would then help prevent you from
burning. A reflex arc is a neural pathway that commands a reflex action.
Reflex arcs tell our body to use our reflexes and are very important to us. While completing all of
the experiments in lab our body used reflexes and everyone's reaction time varied.
Hypothesis: If my reaction time to all of the experiments are high then that means I have good
reflexes?
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is the difference between a reflex arc and a nonreflex arc? In a reflex arc, a sensory neuron
transfers impulses from the skin and then brings

Rene Descarte Research Paper
History Rene Descartes had a big part in the finding of reflexes. Rene was born on March 31, 1596.
In Descartes lifetime, he was honored as the Father of Modern Philosophy and was famous for
reflexes. Rene had a great education, he even had a good education at age eight. Rene was a very
brilliant person! Rene Descartes was famous for reflexes, geometry, and algebra. In 1635, Rene
Descartes was honored with Father of Modern Philosophy. Known as a "Smarty" Rene Descartes
died February eleventh at age 53 ( A&E Networks. Heinrich Erb and Carl Westphal were two men
had a huge effect on reflexes. Erb and Westphal found out the uses to what we call today finger taps
of percussion hammers. Their work was phenomena! When people go the ... Show more content on
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Neurologic examination is the assessment of sensory neuron and motor responses. Erb had the first
emphasized detail in this theory. Also help in the finding of systematic reflexes. These scientist co–
discovered stretch reflex. Examination reflexes focus on knee jerk, jaw jerk, deep abdominal,
superficial abdominal, plantar, palmomental reflexes. All of this information was found in the 1800's
( Boes). During the same period of time, the first reflex hammer hammer was invented. Sir David
Barry was the scientist who came up with the theory. He found this theory theory in 1800. In the
1800's, Erb realized that there was such thing as a knee jerk reflex. A knee jerk reflex is what they
are testing while using reflex hammer. Finally in 1888, the first reflex hammer was created by
Philadelphia neurologist, John Madison Taylor ( Hunter). People who help truly find out what
reflexes are, are the following: Rene Descartes, Thomas Willis, Ivan Sechenov, Harvey Cushing,
Ernest Moro, Charles Sherrington, and Le V Vygotsky. Rene discovered the reflex arc in 1649.
Thomas discovered stimulus in 1664. Ivan published the The Physiology of the Nervous System in
1866. Harvey figured out what a sensory cortex was in 1909. Earnest was the founder of Moro
reflexes in 1918. Charles wrote Mammalian Physiology in 1919. Le wrote the Education Physiology
in 1923 ( The Method TImeline of General

What Are Primitive Reflexes?
Primitive reflexes are one of the first signs of conquering the world that can be seen in infants.
Primitive reflexes are the "evolutionary past" reflexes that are both automatic and individual. They
allow infants to respond adaptively to the new environment that they have been newly introduced to.
(Santrock, p. 81, 2014). All infants display some sort of variations of these reflexes, preferably all of
them until certain ages as they respond to the stimuli of the world. A male infant, two months old
was observed to see the development of his primitive reflexes. The subject was born at 39 weeks
gestation. The following paper is a further look into the subject's primitive reflexes response, along
with what the actual reflex consists of and what has been found that link the presence or lack of
presence of primitive reflexes to neurological disorders. The first primitive reflex to explore is the
blinking reflex. This reflex occurs when a light is flashed or a puff of air is exposed to a child's eyes.
This stimulus causes the eyes to close. As not the case with some reflexes, this one is actually
permanent and can remain visible on a subject for their entire lives. (Santrock, p. 83, 2014) The
subject was tested with both a puff of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stimulus is the subject's palms being touched. In response, the infant grasps tightly. This
response is said to weaken by three months and disappears by one year. (Santrock, p. 83, 2014). The
subject was able to grasp tightly within a quick response to the stimulus. The article stated that
persistence of this grasping reflex past four months could suggest neurological disease. A clenched
fist at all times beyond two months can suggest central nervous system damage, especially if the
fingers overlap the thumb. The subject did not always have his hand clenched which made it easier
to check for the grasping reflex. This reflex is always one that is practiced and useful for when
babies start to grab

Adhd Research Paper
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). ADHD is a neurological condition affecting brain
development. MRI imaging has found "abnormal grey matter and cortical thickness associated with
ADHD in frontal, temporal and cerebellar regions of the brain" (from the ADHD Institute). This
diagnosis has been given to 11% of American school aged children between 4–17. This is nearly 6.4
million children. ( https://www.cdc.gov) This number is staggering but is this what is really affecting
our children? Is it poor parenting, poor diet, or is this the retention of primitive reflexes? We will
attempt to answer these questions to determine if the ADHD diagnosis is overused or if the factors
listed above are truly changing the lives of our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, we look at the child's diet to see if that could be the cause of the ADHD diagnosis. The
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Food Advisory Committee determined that studies to date
have not proved there's a link between food colorings and hyperactivity. Food additives include
artificial colors, artificial sweeteners and preservatives. There's no solid evidence that food additives
cause attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).(Pelsser) However, the topic of food
additives and their possible effects on children's behavior is controversial. Ideally, parents should
limit a diet of sugary and processed foods and replace it with fruits and vegetables. Providing
children with meals that do not include extra sugar and additives may help reduce symptoms of
ADHD and certainly improve the health of the children.
Finally, we look at retained primal reflexes as a cause of ADHD. When a child has retained his or
her primitive reflexes the symptoms expressed depend on which specific primitive reflex failed to
integrate with the rest of the central nervous system. Here is a list of some examples of various
retained primal reflexes that has been shared by Dr. Yannick Pauli:
" A retained Moro reflex results in the inability to control emotions. The child might be aggressive,
insensitive, but also loving and compassionate. This may also cause a hypersensitivity to touch,
light, and textures.
A retained

Why Are Reflexes More Important Than Non Gamers?
In this essay I had to do a lot of research on reflexes. This was a research essay and I was to choose
a scientific project that turned out to be reflexes. I learned that I had capitalization mistakes and
repeats. If I had a chance to write this essay all over again I would definitely shorten things, check
my sentences more closely, and add more adjectives.
Reflex Test
Have you ever heard the science behind reflexes of gamers and non gamers? Well according to
research, the gamers have been proven to have better reflexes than non gamers. If the amount of
time they game is reasonable than it can have an affect. To understand the concept of how the
reflexes work you need to know about the stimulus, the neurons, and the velocity otherwise it's not
known as reflexes.
Your body has different actions or motion and one is reflexes. Reflexes are known as an automatic
reaction to a stimulus." Stimulus is the response of a cell or an organism to a stimulus is all the
processes that occur as a result of it occurring within or outside the cell or organism. ( Gene
Ontology Consortium)." Most reflexes just react in motion and not thinking you're just ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The spinal cord gets the message that the muscle is stretched, where there is a direct connection to a
motor neuron that contracts the muscle. "Neurons pass messages to each other using a special
signals in which they bring information to the brain from outside of your body, such as things you
see, hear, and smell while other signals are instructions for your organs, glands and muscles. (
Arizona Board of Regents)." But there are also connections to other muscles, which inhibit the
contraction so that you don't react too hard. Detection of the stimulus, the process in which a
stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal, is thus a class of stimulus
response. Kinetic energy takes place in reflexes as

Physical, intellectual, emotional and social development...
P1 – Physical, Intellectual, Emotional and Social Development of the Individual through the Life
Stages In this assignment I will be looking at all the PIES in each life stage. The Pies are: Physical
Intellectual Emotional Social Life Stage Age Key Features Conception 9 months before birth Egg
and sperm fuse after sexual intercourse and create new living being Pregnancy (gestation) 9 months
to birth Physical development of embryo and foetus Birth and infancy 0–3 years Attachment to
carers Childhood 4–9 years First experience of education Adolescence 10–18 years Identification
with peer group – puberty takes place during this period Adulthood 18–65 years The right to ...
Another part of intellectual development is the development of language skills, language skills are
important because they are need to express feelings, this way when having a conversation people
can understand the feelings they are having. It is also needed to communicate needs and give
information and develop relationships and imagination. At around 3 months infants begin to make
babbling noises because they are learning to control the muscles associated with speech. At around
12 months they begin to imitate sounds made by carers such as da–da, this then develops into the
use of single words. At around 2 they start to make two–word statements and build their knowledge
of words. At round 3 years of age they begin to say simple sentences with a rapid growth of
vocabulary. At around 4 when they start childhood they use clearer sentences that are understood by
everyone but they are expected to make mistakes with grammar and from 5 years onwards children
can using full adult terms, although vocabulary will continue to grow most children are expected to
use language effectively by age 5. Emotional – Emotional development is the development of
feeling towards other people and ourselves and it

Neonatal Reflex Essay
Archaeologists have traced the existence of Homos (humans) in the taxonomic rank of Genus to
about 2.5 million years ago. During this long period of time, until the subspecies Homo sapiens
appeared, was a period when humans are not only the predator but also the prey. Newborns are
especially vulnerable because they do not have the strength, or the ability to escape danger, thus
newborns must develop some other mechanism to survive and are especially sensitive to their
environment. Thus, babies are born with a number of infant reflexes to help them achieve that.
Infant reflexes or neonatal reflexes are unlearned and involuntary responses present at birth that
occurs due to a certain stimuli. These reflexes are predictable and are inhibited ... Show more
The child would fling his or her arms, fan the fingers and arches the back. The infant would respond
in such a way when exposed to sudden noise is because the noise represented danger and so the
child initiated his or her fight or flight reaction, which is a primitive response. The infant startle
reflex is usually gone by 16 weeks and is replaced by adult startle reflex. The difference between
adult startle reflex vs infant startle reflex is that adults would flinch instead of waving arms and legs.
The infant startle reflex would go away because the child would gain more and more control over
her muscles and since the startle reaction is an overreaction, it gradually gets under

The Effect Of Reflex On Children 's Health
Introduction:
Reflex can defined as "an automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve
impulse passing inward from a receptor to a nerve center and thence outward to an effector (as a
muscle or gland) without reaching the level of consciousness" (Merriam–Webster) or more simply
put–an reaction to an action that our bodies do to return to homeostasis without us having to think
about it. Reflexes play an extremely important role in remaining healthy and protecting us from
being harmed without having to take the time to think about it. For example, infants have a suck
reflex that causes them to start sucking when the roof of their mouths are stimulated; this reflex is
obviously important because if infants did not have this reflex, they could die of starvation since
they would not be able to draw milk from their mother's breast (this is actually a problem with
premature infants as the suck reflex does not develop until between the 32nd and 36th week of
pregnancy) (Stanford Children's Health). There are two main types of reflexes– the simpler
monosynaptic reflexes (or spinal reflexes) that can act without any input from the brain and the
more complex superficial reflexes which still requiring some processing from the brain. A reflex
consists of five main components, which as a group are called the "reflex arc." Component one is
the sensory receptor, which receives stimulus and then sends an and impulse to the second
component, the afferent pathway. The

The First Year Of Life
Infancy is defined as the period from birth to 12 months of age (Kyle, 2008). Growth and
development changes which occur in the first year of life are numerous and dramatic (Kyle, 2008).
The first year of life is an extraordinary and captivating time in the human lifespan (Kyle, 2008).
Infants reveal vast amounts of learning in the psychosocial and cognitive, language and
communication, and social/emotional domains (Kyle, 2008). The average weight of a newborn is
7lb. 8oz. (Kyle, 2008). Most infants double their birth weight by the time they are 4 to 6 months,
weighing an average of 16.5 lbs. (Kyle, 2008). The average height in most newborns is 19 to 21
inches long at birth, however the first 6 months; length increases by 1 inch per month (Kyle, 2008).
On average, the first teeth begin to erupt between the ages of 6 to 8 months (Kyle, 2008).
The normal development for a 6–month infant includes appropriate motor development such as
sensory and gross motor (Kyle, 2008). A newborn can see objects from about 8 inches away (Kyle,
2008). Infant begin to develop rapidly, by the time they are 6 months they have developed depth
perception, which is the ability to judge if objects are nearer or farther away than other objects
(Kyle, 2008). Babies at this age can already follow moving objects with their eyes and reach for
things (Kyle, 2008). Hearing is an important aspect, which by 6 months they can identify sounds
that may come from the left or the right side (Kyle, 2008).

Example Of The Rood Approach
5. Rood approach
Rood approach was first introduced by Margaret Rood in the 1950's which become center of origins
for many facilitation techniques used in this century. This approach came from the reflex of motor
control, also it builds up an arrangement of helpful activities to enhance cutaneous incitement for
patients who have neuromuscular dysfunctions adjacent to proprioceptive manoeuvers like situating,
joint pressure, joint distraction and the general utilization of reflexes, extend, and protection. The
best accentuation is given on interceptive applications, for example, tapping, stroking, brushing,
icing, warmth, weight, and vibration to fulfill ideal solid activity.
Firstly, the little amount force to apply more than ligament or muscle ... Show more content on
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Task–oriented approach
Task–oriented approach is often suggested as a preferred neurorehabilitation intervention to enhance
the work by polishing motor behavior. This approach is based on system model of motor behavior
and environment factors on motor performance. Task oriented approach patients is mainly having
neurological conditions like a cerebral vascular accident and traumatic brain injury which result to
shifts in multiple body function such as mental, sensory, and neuromusculoskeletal and movement–
related functions.
Task–oriented approach uses a top–down, client–centered, and occupation–focused approach to
evaluation and treatment. The evaluation process starts with the decision of role performance and
occupational performance. Then the therapist detects the patient performing challenging and
meaningful tasks, and determines the patterns that can be stable.
The therapist identifies the crucial person factors that intrude with task performance which known as
control parameters, control parameters are personal or environmental variables that are reflection to
constrain movement into desirable patterns and have the potential to shift behavior to a new pattern.
For example, therapists observe client and identify the following control parameters such as amount
of trunk support, level of attention to tasks, amount of energy, and incorporation of right hand, all of
control parameters referred to assessment

1.1 Explain the pattern of development in the first three...
From birth to the age of 3 children progress greatly, considering they are born with only simple
reflexes and are helpless and dependent on adults to feed and care for them.
At birth babies are born with many actions that are done without thinking, these are called reflexes,
and many of these reflexes are carried out in order to survive.
To ensure a baby can feed they have a swallowing and sucking reflex. To help a baby find food they
move their head to look for a nipple or teat if their cheek or mouth is touched this is called rooting.
Babies have a grasping reflex by where they will automatically grab whatever is placed in their hand
if it touches their palm. If there is a loud sound or bright light babies will perform their startle ...
They can now focus on objects and toys and explore them by using their mouth and fingers. Babies
start to show that they understand a little of what is been said to them and lift arms to show that they
want to be picked up. They are beginning to try and feed themselves by grabbing the spoon and
should be enjoying their food. Teeth are now beginning to come through which can be painful at
times. By this age babies are getting stronger and should be able to sit with support and should be
able to roll over form their back to their fronts. They should now be settled into a routine and will
nap and play throughout the day.
At 9 months babies should now be crawling or finding other ways of getting around, they will sit
and spend a lot of time playing and exploring their surroundings, babies can now pick up and handle
things and begin to feed using their fingers. Their language should now be developing; their
babbling is now more tuneful and long strings of sounds are put together. They can now understand
some simple words such as drink or bath and may get excited when they hear them. At around 8
months they may cry when they are left with a stranger and will try their hardest to be with their
parents. Around this age babies will now understand that objects and people around them do not
disappear but continue to exist when they can no longer see them. This development is important
and

Patellar Lab Report Essay
Introduction There are two groups of reflexes in the human body, with two ways to categorize each
of them. Reflexes can either be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be
learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes
or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral
organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of
reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1)
The Patellar reflex, or Knee–Jerk reflex, is used to test the nervous tissue in the spinal cord from
L2–L4. The patellar reflex is known as a "reflex arc". It is a negative feedback circuit that is made of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time the subject's patellar tendon was sharply tapped.
The final element that was tested against the baseline reflex was the influence of fatigue on the
strength of the reflex response. This was achieved by having the subject run up and down three
levels of stairs three times in the Frost building stairwell of Holyoke Community College. The
subject immediately came back to the original sitting position on the edge of the lab bench with legs
dangling freely, and the patellar tendon was tapped once more.
One subject was used, and was seated in the same position for each of the three tests performed.
Because the patellar reflex is immediate, a video was taken during each tap with the hammer to
visually compare the strength differences for each influence that was put into effect. This provided a
steady, unwavering result with the option of repeated viewing for the conclusion of the experiment.
After all three stages of the experiment were completed, the videos were reviewed for comparison
between the baseline reflex and the three changing factors, along with any discrepancies and
problematic areas that may have altered the results. The strength of the reflex was recorded as either
equal to, more vigorous than, or less vigorous than the baseline reflex and the results were put into a
simple chart.
Results
When testing the effects of muscle

The Stool Of A Bottle Fed Infant
Meconium is the first stool of the newborn, it is a mixture of amniotic fluid and secretions of the
intestinal glands. According to Leifer, "70% of term newborns pass meconium in the first 12 hours.
Meconium should be passed before discharge to ensure the patency of gastrointestinal tract" (Leifer,
2014, p.216). Meconium is a dark greenish black that is passed between 8–24 hours after birth. The
stools gradually change during the first week. The stool of a breastfed infant are bright yellow, soft,
and pasty. There may be 3–6 stools a day, the number of stools decrease with age. However, the
stool of a bottle fed infant are more solid than those of breastfed. There may be 1–4 stools a day for
a bottle fed infant, this gradually decreases to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plantar reflex is when infants curl their toes when pressuring the sole of the foot (Leifer, 2014).
Blinking and turning response– the infant will blink to a loud noise and will turn its head toward the
noise
Head: the brain grows rapidly before birth, and therefore the newborn's head is larger compared to
the rest of the body. The "head circumference must be measured and should range from 32–36cm"
(Leifer, 2014, p.283) .Due to the molding of the head from the birth canal, the fullest part of the
head just above the eyebrows is measured. (Leifer, 2014)
Height/weight/chest and head circumference: the following must be measured right after birth.
There are several ways to measure height, but the most common and simple way is to place the
infant on a scale paper and mark the paper at the top where the head is and extend the legs and
marked where the foot is located. This marked length on the paper is then measured in centimeters.
The infant is weighed unclothed on a scale in kilograms and then converted to grams for gestational
age assessment. (Leifer, 2014)
Eyes: the healthy newborn can see and can fixate on points of contrast. The newborn shows
preference for observing a human face and follows moving objects. Toys that make sounds and have
contrasting colors attract the newborn. Most newborns seem crossed eyed because their eye muscle
coordination

Observation Of Emily's Mouthing Behavior
The second child I observed was a 9 year old girl named Emily. Emily engages in mouthing
behaviors. This has become a safety issue and a concern for mom. Emily constantly puts anything in
her mouth and will lick, bite, chew or will usually consume it. Emily has swallowed things like:
paint, nail polish, lotion, shampoo, etc. When mom tries to redirect her, she will become frustrated.
Mouthing is defined as, insertion or consumption of non edible objects. The behavior that has been
defined is observable, measurable, clear, obvious and easily understood(Cooper, Heron & Heward,
2007). Observation took place in Emily's natural setting, which was at home. Observation took place
over three days. Emily was observed at the time when mom says her

A Study On The Mammalian Diving Reflex
Introduction: The mammalian diving reflex represents a primary physiological mechanism to
maximize underwater excursions in air–breathing animals. Traditionally, the oxygen–conserving
reflex consists of three metabolic and cardiovascular adjustments: (1) notable bradycardia; (2)
selective peripheral vasoconstriction; and (3) increased blood flow to the viscera (Kawakami et al.,
1967). Previous studies have observed such a response in birds and mammals, generalizing the
considerable reduction of heart rate, or 'diving bradycardia,' as indicative of the response (Butler,
1982). The evolutionary success of these diving animals relies partly on the functional significance
of reducing metabolic demands to prologue underwater survival. Although ... Show more content on
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Moreover, Gooden (1994) describes apnea as an essential element to the diving reflex; it ensures not
only the prevention of water inhalation, but also acts as an energy–saving device through decreasing
nerve stimulation to the diaphragm and intercostals. Therefore, heart rate will be monitored under
both experimental conditions and compared to the resting rate and apneic–resting rate. As a
profound autonomic phenomenon, further establishment of the diving reflex in humans will shed
light on the preservation of the reflex and its role in the survival during 'near–drowning' experiences.
Only by examining the physiological response in humans can we appreciate the evolutionary
significance of this innate neural circuitry.
Methods:
An untrained 22–year–old male human subject was chosen. A PT–104 pulse plethysmograph was
wrapped around his dominant (right) index finger. Connected through a IXTA data acquisition unit,
heart rate was monitored on LabScribe. The recordings were measured with ten seconds of leeway
at the beginning and end to allow baseline pulse recovery. Digital marks labeled the time interval of
the described action. First the subject's heart rate was measured during a resting phase for twenty
seconds. He was encouraged to relax and remain inactive in order to confirm an accurate baseline
reading. For the apneic condition, the subject repeated this

Ryan's Gross Sensorimotor Development
Ryan exhibits primitive postural and movement strategies through the use of the tonic labyrinthine
reflex in both prone and supine position. He also displays an ATNR reflex when he turns his head to
the left; if this persists it can inhibit the development of his hand eye coordination along with grasp
and reaching difficulties. Since Ryan's head control is beginning to be voluntary and muscles
necessary for neck control are being activated. This could be considered late primitive stage moving
into the early transitional stage. The development of Ryan's neck control can help his postural
control. Ryan displays weight bearing through his leg when positioned into the standing position.
This occurs based on his positive standing reflex, not the activation of lower extremity muscles.
Even though Ryan's strategies for purposeful movements are based on reflexes, this will make it
difficult for him to do activities as a typically developing child that does not rely on reflexive
movement.
2. Compare and contrast Ryan's gross sensorimotor development with that of a typical 15–month–
old child. Include the gross sensorimotor development level (in months) that you feel Ryan has
achieved and give a rationale for the level ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ryan's mother should first roll Ryan onto his side while she is semi–flexing his hip, bringing his arm
forward by having her hands supporting his scapula, and then Ryan can be raised into a sitting
position. Ryan's mother can use her forearms to keep Ryan's legs apart and turned out. This will
allow for Ryan's mother to use her hands to control Ryan's shoulders, bringing the shoulders forward
and in. Ryan's mother can hold him close to her body where Ryan is positioned with his hips and
knees flexed, shoulders are forward and hands are in midline. This will help Ryan's mother maintain
good posture for Ryan and control the extension

0-3 Months Essay
0–3 Months
Between the ages of 0–3 months children react to certain sounds with startle (moro reflex). Children
begin to react to sounds which are close by, by the age of 2–4 months children will begin to develop
distance hearing. Children are then awakened by loud noises, sounds and voices. Towards the end of
the third month a baby is able to recognise there mother's voice and will stop crying in order to
listen to to voices and there own sounds. Babies are unable to control there motor movements,
therefore most of there actions are reflexes. One of the most important reflexes for there speech
development is the rhythmic suck–swallow pattern. Babies of this age are now able to move in
response to voices and are able to express there feelings by cooing and gurgling.
4–6 Months
Between the ages of 4–6 months babies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children are able to listen attentively and retell stories and are able to accurately repeat sentences
with high predictability. Children may begin to substitute some stops for fricatives. For example, 'tat'
for 'sat'. However, children now begin to use possessives.
4–5 Years
Children are beginning to recall 5 or more facts from familiar stories. Children are also now
beginning to identify rhymes or things which don't rhyme in a set of 3–4. By the age of 5, the
phonological process of syllable deletion and fronting are suppressed. Children begin to ask
what/who/where or why do questions and why did questions. Children also begin to use has, had
and does in sentences.
5–6 Years
Children are now beginning to learn letter–sound associations and are able to expand on there
auditory understanding. By the age of 6 90% of children would have mastered being able to use a
variety of blends and self–monitored speech. Children are able to stabilize the correct usage of
irregular plurals and past and tense/ irregular verbs.
6–8

Comparing Latency Periods And Amplitude Periods
COMPARISON OF LATENCY PERIOD AND AMPLITUDE OF TWO SIMPLE SPINAL
REFLEX PATHWAYS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE JENDRASSIK MANEUVER ON EACH
RESPONSE
Jacob Simmons, Adam Middleton, Hamilton Moore, Max Smith, Trey Dickinson
University of Mississippi, Dept. of Biology, University, MS. 38677
A simple spinal reflex is a reflex–involuntary, graded, patterned response to a stimulus–that is
produced via a single synapse between sensory axons and motor neurons and confined to the spinal
cord. In this experiment, two simple spinal reflexes–the myotactic reflex and the H–reflex–were
stimulated. We compared a) the latency period–the amount of time between a stimulus and the
effector response– and the amplitude–magnitude of an electrical signal–of each reflex; then, b) the
effect of the Jendrassik Maneuver (JM) upon the latency period and amplitude of each respective
reflex. For the myotactic response, a mechanical stimulus, a sharp strike of the patellar tendon, was
utilized to elicit a signal in stretch receptors; however, to trigger the H–reflex, an electrical impulse
was applied. These reflexes originate from an action potential produced by a sensory neuron when a
stimulus is applied. Sensory neurons transmit the action potentials to an integrating center–the spinal
cord–where a response is determined. Then, this response is taken back to the effector organ via
motor neurons. The reflex occurs while the brain is becoming aware of the stimulus. Furthermore,
the myotactic reflex is

Sequence & Rate of Child Development from Birth to 19...
CT230 1.1 Explain the sequence and Rate of each aspect of development from Birth to 19 years of
age
Age Group | Physical Development | Communication Development | Intellectual & learning
Development | Social Development | Emotional and Behavioural Development | Birth to 2 mths | *
Usually born around 40 weeks gestation * Has swallowing and sucking reflex * Has rooting reflex *
Has grasp reflex * Walking or standing reflex * Gaining about 5–7 ounces per week * Growth about
5cms by age 2 months | * Will move their arms and clench their fists if a sudden noise or bright light
* Will cry when hungry or distressed * Will stop crying when they hear a familiar voice * Will
develop different types of cry | * ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
eeds * Holds out arm when coat being put on * Sticks out foot for shoe to be put on * Shows
affection, gives hugs etc * Want to stay with their parents | 2 yrs | * Able to manoeuvre toys with
wheels * Can run short distances and easily avoid objects * Climbs furniture and can get down by
themselves * Tries to kick a ball but instead walks into it * Can walk up and down stairs by self by
placing both feet on each step * Can throw a ball overhand | * Listens when spoken to * Listens to
other people's conversations * Recognises and can point to parts of the body * Can string around
three words together * Likes to sing nursery rhymes | * Scribbles in circles, will copy in lines and
sometimes will draw a V * Holds pencil nearer to the tip and uses tripod grasp * When shown a
photo of someone they know, they can identify them * Can build a six cube tower * Will carefully
turn the pages of a book * Can do simple jigsaw puzzles | * May be ready for toilet training * Will
play happily alongside other children but doesn't actually play with them (parallel play) * Can feed
self with a spoon with no problems * Says 'mine' a lot when others try to play with his favourite toy
* Takes exception if others get attention from his parent or carer | * Like role play or pretend play *
Can be clingy when upset but also can be defiant when told off * Likes to explore but no sense of
danger * Reluctant to compromise * Doesn't

Adeline's Physical Development Report
I will begin by addressing Adeline's physical development. Physically she is on track if not even
ahead of where she should be. By four months we expect birth weight to double, and Adeline who
was born at seven pounds ten ounces, is now already at twelve pounds fourteen ounces at only two
and a half months old (BOOK, 90). This means she only has two more pounds to gain in order to
meet that four–month mark. She also is shooting up height wise. Born at a length of _____ she is
now _____, which is way more than the inch and a half per month an infant is expected to gain
(PARENTS). Her physical growth can be attributed to not only her dad's lengthy genetics, but also
that fact that she is breastfed. Babies that are breastfed are more likely ... Show more content on
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From my perspective she was always taking in the environment using all of her senses, taste of
course being a big one. Adeline would try to taste and place anything in her mouth that she was
given. What surprised me though was the fact that if the object was not skin feeling and if she did
not seem to get any value out of it she took it out of her mouth and put it down right away. Almost
as if she was able to perceive that it would not feed her or do much for her. Her eyes never were
fixed on one spot for longer than a few minutes either. She constantly was looking around, really
observing everything that was around her. By two months Adeline is able to not only stare at faces
but also start to perceived them and by three months, she will start to focus more on the eyes and
mouths (Book, 98). She is already at the three–month mark though, as both her mother and I took
turns making a smiley face and then a frowny face to which she changed her reaction. When we
smiled her eyes opened up bigger and she had a social smile on her face. When we frowned she did
not smile and got a look of sadness on her face as well. You could tell cognitively that she was really
starting to perceive and interpret what our faces meant. Hearing, which develops in the 3rd trimester
of pregnancy, was another way she took in her environment (BOOK, 97). Adeline was more likely
to react and look to human sounds, than those that

Trigeminal Reflexes
According to the European Federation of Neurological Societies (EFNS) guidelines on neuropathic
pain assessment and the American Acade–my of Neurology (AAN)–EFNS guidelines on TN
management (Cruccu G et al., 2006) the neurophysiological recording of trigeminal reflexes
represents the most useful and reliable test for the neurophysiological diagnosis of trigeminal pains.
(Figure 1.1). In patients presented with pain in the trigeminal territory, trigeminal reflexes offer the
clinician with useful information. Abnormalities are often discovered in divi–sions that appear
clinically unaffected. An objective demonstration of dysfunction is provided in all patients with pain
secondary to a docu–mented disease, such as symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, ... Show more
They are also special regarding the lesions in which they are involved, both at the peripheral level
because of the suscep–tibility of some terminal branches, and at the nuclei because of their large size
and the large amount of connections with other centers. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging
studies are often not suffi–ciently informative to demonstrate very tiny lesions that could be re–
sponsible for an important damage in the brainstem. . Therefore, clini–cal neurophysiology and
specifically, the techniques used in the study of the trigeminal functions, remain as convenient
diagnostic and re–search tools to document clinically evident lesions or uncover subclini–cal
abnormalities. Therefore, an abnormality in the excitability recov–ery of the R2 component with no
changes in that of the R1 component would indicate a disorder of the excitability of brainstem
interneurons mediating the R2 component.(Veciana M et al., 2005). Electromyographic (EMG)
investigation of the trigeminal nerve reflex–es, including the blink reflex, may provide valuable
additional infor–mation about the site of a lesion that cannot be obtained with physical information
(Pardal–Fernandez JM et al., 2009). When accurate lo–calization of a lesion is possible with EMG,
more tailored MRI exami–nations might be possible, limiting MR imaging

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale ( Nbas )
After the birth of an infant, physical conditions are evaluated using the Apgar or Neonatal
Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). The commonly used method is the Apgar, which measures
five vital signs, including the infants breathing, heartbeat, reflexes, skin, and muscle tone. Each area
is scored at 1 and 5 minutes and can have a score of 0–2 in each area. The maximum points is 10,
which means a baby is in the best possible condition. The NBAS measures the same vitals as the
Apgar and also evaluates vision, hearing, alertness, and irritability. The baby 's birth weight is
another important indicator of health. In general, small babies and very large babies are at greater
risk or problems. Infant 's weight is monitored daily in the nursery to assess growth, fluid, and
nutritional needs. It is common for babies to lose 5–7%. Of their birth weight and usually gain it
back by two weeks of age. The infant 's measurements are also taken. These include the head
circumference, abdominal circumference, and length. During the physical exam of the newborn each
body system is carefully examined for signs of health and normal function. Each of these exams are
important ways to learn about an infant 's well–being at birth.
Infants are born with a number if reflexes that help them to adjust outside of the womb and serve as
the foundation for future behavior. Reflexes are an indication of whether or not an infant 's nervous
system is functional. Some of these reflexes last for a few weeks

Why Do Infant Reflexes
Infant Reflexes
Reflexes are the infant's most obvious organized patterns of behavior. A reflex is an unlearned,
involuntary, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. A wide variety of reflexes are
seen in infants during the last four months of prenatal life and the first four months after birth.
Reflexes also occur subcortically, which means "below the level of cortex of the brain." (282 MD)
Reflexive movements are therefore without direct involvement of the higher brain centers. Reflexes
are an important role to infants, they are used for protection, nutrition, survival and development of
voluntary movement. Reflexes are an interesting subject that I learned in my motor development
class this semester as well as in this lifespan development class. I found it fascinating that we as
humans use reflexes to survive and eventually they help us learn to function.
PART A:
Reflexes play apart in infant's everyday lives. "In normal healthy infants, the infant reflexes
typically do not last much beyond their first birthday." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Stereotypies are characterized by patterned, stereotyped, highly intrinsic, and apparently
involuntary movements of the legs, feet, arms, hands, torso, and head." (302 MD) Stereotypies are
like reflexes in that they are important for voluntary movement in later life. Stereotypies are often
simple extensions, flexions, and rotations that are repeated. Rhythmic kicking is an example when
the infant is in a supine or prone position. This is developmentally significant, because it precedes
voluntary movement in the legs, which contributes to walking in the future. "Stereotypies are typical
during the first year of life." (302 MD) Reflexes and stereotypies are different in that stereotypies
stimuli is unknown and in reflexes the stimulus is

Samuel's Edema And The Lymphatic System
I. The system that is being attacked is the Lymphatic System. Samuel has edema or another word for
this is lymphedema. Edema is a type of lymphatic obstruction or a blockage in lymph system. This
is the medical term for swelling in this case it is the swelling or his lymph nodes and this is mostly
in the arms and legs. The swelling he is having is coming from the lymphatic fluids that are not
being taken back into the bloodstream. Since the Lymphatic system helps cleanse the blood and
takes toxic wastes out of the body. Those cells are involved in immunity is why he is getting
infections on his skin because the lymphatic system is not working right is making him get these
infections. If the body is not taking out all of the

Infantile Reflex And Neocortex
Infantile reflexes include the tonic neck reflexes, grasping reflexes and many others. As the
neocortex begins to mature, it inhibits these primitive reflexes, causing them to disappear in normal
adults. However, in people with frontal or parietal lobe damage or tumours, these reflexes are
reactivated. This raises the question: What kind of mechanisms does the neocortex employ to exert
inhibitory control over such reflexes? Since the brain is so complex, a vast variety of possible
mechanisms could exist and be utilised by the frontal and parietal lobes to suppress the reflexes.
Perhaps, there could be neuronal projections to the reflex centres where inhibitory neurotransmitters
such as GABA halt those reflexes. Another possibility could be

Description Of The Age Of Viability
Samuel Joseph
Worksheet #2
1. Describe the "age of viability".
By 21 to 22 weeks after fertilization, the lungs gain some room to breathe air. This is called the age
of viability because survival outside the womb becomes possible for some fetuses.
2. Describe some of the rapid growth that takes place during the first two years of life.
Growth is speedy during the first two years of life. The child 's mass, form, senses, and organs
undergo change. As each physical change occurs, the child gains new abilities. Physical
development during the first year of the child's life, mainly involves the infant coordinating motor
skills. The infant builds physical strength and motor coordination by repeating several motor
actions.
3. When was the last time that you saw an infant? Describe what the baby was doing.
The last time I seen an infant was when I was at my uncle house before I left for school. Although it
was quiet and not making any noise the baby was very observant and was aware when I came in the
room. He had his pacifier and I picked him up to play with him briefly before I left.
4. Briefly describe the most frequent activity that an infant does. Now...take your own sleep quiz
and see if you are sleep deprived.
The most frequent activity an infant does is cry and babble. Crying is almost an automatic thing
when it comes to infants, you really have to be able to understand the reason in which they are
crying for and act on it.
5. Briefly describe the growth of the infant brain

Why Reflexes Are Better Suing A Preferred Hands Or Non...
Introduction:
The aim of this investigation is to explore whether reflexes are better suing a preferred hand or non–
preferred hand. The method of this conducting this experiment was using a ruler and dropping it
between the index finger and thumb of the participants being experimented on and measuring the
distance the ruler has been dropped.
Technology was significantly utilised to provide visual representation of the results in graphs,
boxplots and also provide the measures of central tendency and spread. The utilisation of technology
also made the calculation of the results easier, hence the use of technology was highly
recommended.
The specific population chosen for this experiment were the male Year 11 students and a sample of
30 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the spread is not quite significant as 50% of the data were in a small range, thus the results
were consistent therefore, it can be concluded that the mean gives an appropriate representation of
the results.
The boxplot and histogram of the non–preferred hand indicates that there was a significant spread
between the results obtained, whilst the results also showed a symmetrical spread. Since there was a
significant spread, the mean may not give an appropriate representation of the results obtained
however, a large spread indicates that the results had large differences between the individuals
experimented on.
However, a higher percentage of the preferred hand would be above the mean as it is slightly
negatively skewed, whilst the non–preferred hand is more symmetrical hence higher percentage of
its results near the mean.
The standard deviation of the preferred and non–preferred hand results were quite similar which
indicates that the spread of the data were practically identical.
The preferred hand data has 50% of its results in a range of 2.6 cm, thus indicating that the results
were quite consistent as 50% of the results occurred in the range of 15–17.6 cm. Whilst the rest of
the data was quite spread quite as the minimum was 8.6cm and the maximum was 21.6 cm, which is
a range of 13 cm. Therefore the rest of data had been spread evenly as seen in the boxplot and

An Individual 's Reflexes Increase With Age
An individual's reflexes decrease with age which affects their ability to drive. The ability to make
quick decisions is an important skill to have to avoid accidents. Reflexes allow an individual to react
quickly to a dangerous driving situation. It is the time an individual takes to slam on the brake or
avoid an obstruction that makes reflexes so important while driving, Geriatrics' poor reflexes create
delayed reactions which ultimately increase the risk for accidents. Reflexes are needed to prevent
various types of accidents such as rear–ending and pedestrian striking. It is probable that as one
ages, the connection between the two hemispheres of your brain become delayed (University of
Michigan). Author Rachael Seidler states, "The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognition is defined as a mental action that is a result of intuition, sensation, and perception.
Medical Doctors at Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine states, "cognitive
impairment is defined as a decline in at least one of the following domains: short–term memory,
attention, orientation, judgment and problem–solving skills, and visuospatial skills (Washington
University). All important skills to have drive, it is evident that geriatrics' cognitive impairment
affect the ability to drive safely. Prevalent medical problems such as Dementia and Alzheimer 's
disease also contribute to an older driver's cognitive impairment. Whether it is forgetting to put on a
seatbelt or forgetting how to drive to a familiar location, these diseases affect safe driving.
According to S. Lloyd, "Outpatient surveys indicate that about 30 percent of older adults with
dementia are current drivers" (American Academy of Family Physicians). Dementia can affect
memory, visual perception, and focus while driving. One of the most dangerous symptoms of
Dementia is confusion. Confusion varies including forgetting familiar roads, forgetting meanings of
road signs, or forgetting the basic rules of the road. It is evident that confusion at four way stops and
intersections increases the risk for accident occurrence as well. One of the most prevalent type of
accidents occurs due to brake pedal confusion. At a local

Types Of Methods Used By Occupational Therapy For Treat...
There are four different types of methods to be used by an occupational therapy to treat their clients
with motor control problems to enable clients' functional movement, and independence. These
methods are Rood, Brunnstrom, Neurodevelopmental(NDT) also known as Bobath's, and
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF). These four methods have similarities according to
their different perspectives on how clients are going to be treated with abnormal tones. These four
methods are very helpful for OTs/OTAs to treat their clients. Examples of these dysfunctions are
abnormal muscle tones such as; rigidity – antagonist and agonist are both working together,
spasticity – hypertonic; and flaccidity – Hypotonic, as well as different abnormal reactions of the
client such as; inability to do righting reactions, equilibrium reactions; and protective extension
reactions. There are also two types of abnormal reflexes that the client might manifest if they have a
CNS dysfunction and those are Asymmetrical Tonic Reflexes for an Infant, and Deep Tendon Reflex
for an adult. Incoordination of Dorsal Column, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebellar are also examples of
CNS Dysfunctions that the client might have. Using these 4 approaches, such as rood's,
brunnstrom's, bobath's and pnf, will help reduce all of those abnormal patterns and normalize tone,
posture, and balance.
Rood's Approach
Basic Assumptions o Client must have a normal tone (Normal muscle tone is required for
movement)
o

Reflexes Chapter 6 Summary

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