Curiosity Of Ivan Pavlov

Curiosity Of Ivan Pavlov
Curiosity that struck Ivan Pavlov with the idea of reflexes that all organisms possess led to the
beginning of classical conditioning. It became the very first concept of learning, which consequently
inspired other behaviorist psychologists to come up with more learning theories. As a result, Ivan
Pavlov is considered one of the first people to establish behaviorist psychology and define its
position and beliefs. Over time, behaviorist psychologists together modified the existing learning
theories and introduced new learning theories and techniques with significantly increased efficiency
and practicality. Therefore, behaviorist therapists now use different types of learning methods to
reinforce an individual to behave in a certain way. Moreover, psychology now shares key features
with modern science and asks powerful and critical questions that may influence the entire world.
Ivan Pavlov spent his childhood in Ryazan in central Russia and regularly attended a church school
and theological seminary as he was the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pavlov started out his experiment from his firm belief that there are certain actions a dog does not
need to learn to perform. He described the phenomenon in which dogs salivate as soon as they see
food as a reflex that is "hard wired" into the dogs. He called this naturally occurring response the
unconditioned response because there was a clear connection between a certain stimulus and a
response in the behavior of the dogs that did not require learning. Similarly, Pavlov called the food
the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically triggered a response, like
salivating. In short, he succeeded in proving that any object or event which the dogs learn to
associate with food would more likely to trigger the same response –– he discovered the general
principle of the classical conditioning.
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Classical Conditioning Paper
Classical conditioning (CC) is a form of learning in which the subject associates a behavior with a
certain stimuli. The theory of classical conditioning has been studied by many behavioral
psychologists who believe that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. CC was first
observed by Ivan Pavlov and his observation of dogs salivating in response to the arrival of food.
Pavlov is well known for training the dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. The implications for
Pavlov's findings are significant as they can be applied to many animals, including humans (Jarius,
et al., 2015). John Watson a behaviorist, used Pavlov's findings to further study the human
relationship between environmental cues and behavior. The study of CC is an

Behaviourism: Classical Conditioning and Neutral Stimulus
Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs
through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the
environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings and
emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior.
One of the best–known aspects of behavioral learning theory is classical conditioning. Discovered
by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through
associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
It 's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally
occurring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, Skinner 's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we
exhibit each and every day.
Examples of Operant Conditioning
We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children
completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing projects to
receive praise or promotions.
In these examples, the promise or possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant
conditioning can also be used to decrease a behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome or the
use of punishment can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable behaviors. For example, a child
may be told they will lose recess privileges if they talk out of turn in class. This potential for
punishment may lead to a decrease in disruptive behaviors.
Components of Operant Conditioning
Some key concepts in operant conditioning:
Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds
of reinforcers: 1. Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the
behavior. In situations that reflect positive reinforcement, a response or behavior is strengthened by
the addition of something, such as praise or a direct reward.
2. Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display
of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Research Paper
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov made several great discoveries. He discovered many
things about classical conditioning, conditioned reflex, subconscious, and a dog's digestive tract. He
won a Nobel Prize Award in 1904, in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion,
through which knowledge on crucial knowledge of the subject has been transformed and expanded
(Davis, para. 1) Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia on September 14, 1849. He was born as a
son of a priest, and went to church, because of this, he studied theology. But he was fascinated by
the studies of I. M. Sechenov, who was the father of Russian physiology, and gave up his studies of
theology to study science. In 1881, he married Seraphima Vasilievna Karchevskaya. They ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first he thought it was a sort of annoyance. The salivating is an unconditioned response (UCR)
which is an unlearned, naturally occurring, automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus. The
unconditioned stimulus (UCS), which is an effective stimulus that automatically and naturally
triggers a response, would be the food. He proved that the action of the UCR existed by giving the
dog a bowl of food and measuring the amount of saliva. When food was presented the dogs
salivated quickly, but over repeated testing, the dog salivated before contact with the food. Just the
sight of the food was enough to stimulate their drooling. Then, just seeing the food dish, or even
hearing the footsteps of Pavlov or his assistant was enough to trigger this built in reflex. What was
going on to prompt this response? Pavlov was very intrigued by this action and decided to find out
the answer to this question, by systematically varying the stimuli and measuring the dog's reaction.
Metronomes, lights, and bells were all used by Pavlov as stimuli, and they all worked as covers for
the

The Theory of Behaviorism
A significant piece of several psychological theories in the late nineteenth century was introspection,
which is "the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes" (Press,
2013). In retort to this theory behaviorism came about. Behaviorism is predominantly concerned
with observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. In other words behaviorism does not
look at the biological aspects but it suggests that all behaviors are learned habits and changes in
response to the environment. It endeavors to explain how these particular habits are formed.
Behaviorism claimed that the causes of behavior was not necessarily found in the complexities of
the mind but could be observed in one's immediate environment, from stimuli that produced,
reinforced, and punished certain responses also known later on as conditioning. It wasn't until the
twentieth century that the scientist began to discover the actual systems to learning, thereby laying a
foundation for behaviorism. A theorist by the name of Ivan Pavlov was a major contribution to the
discovering of significant behavioral theories.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in the small village of Ryazan, Russia. He
was the son of Peter Dmitrievich Pavlov, who was the village's own priest. As the son of a priest,
Ivan went to church school and attended the theological seminary. The family hoped that Ivan would
follow in his father's footsteps and become a priest as well, but Ivan had other plans.

Operant Vs Classical Conditioning
Describe the difference between Classic and Operant Conditioning
Key terms to know
Classical Conditioning: Classical conditioning refers to learning by association, and involves the
conditioning of innate bodily reflexes with new stimuli.
Stimulus: Any feature of the environment that affects behavior. E.g. in Pavlov's experiments food
was a stimulus
Response: The behavior elicited by the stimulus. E.g. in Pavlov's experiments salivation was a
response.
Unconditioned Stimulus: A feature of the environment that causes a natural reflex action. E.g. a puff
of air blown into the eye causes an involuntary blink.
Conditioned Stimulus: A feature of the environment that has an effect through its association with a
U.C.S. E.g. Pavlov's dog learned to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pavlov used the bell as the neutral stimulus and the smell of food was the unconditioned stimulus.
The dogs in his experiment would smell the food, and then naturally begin to salivate in response.
The smell of the food alone would make the dogs salivate. Similar to when you smell your favorite
food, or cookies baking in the kitchen, you begin to feel hungry. You will find that the taste of food
causes involuntary and automatic behaviors. Once Pavlov used the neutral stimulus (the sound of
the bell) and the unconditioned stimulus (the food). The sound of the bell alone would induce
salivating as a response. The conditioned stimulus is the sound of the bell and the salivating in
response to the dog hearing the bell is the conditioned response. Another human example is a feather
tickling your nose causes you to sneeze. The feather tickling your nose is the unconditioned
stimulus. Simple association for the dog between bell and food until the dog anticipated food at the
sound of the

Ivan Pavlov Unconditional Rex Research Paper
Ivan Pavlov, a physiologist, wanted to find why human bodies react to certain stimuli the way it
does. For Pavlov's experiment he got his assistants to introduce food and nonfood objects to a dog to
measure the rate of salvation. Different foods would cause the dog to salivate more. For instance the
dog would salivate more when it received dry food than when it received wet food. Pavlov called
this a reflex and concluded that happens automatically. Pavlov found two kinds of reflexes must
exist and one of these reflexes was an unconditional reflex which is an automatic reflex that is not
learned. The other reflex is conditional reflex which is learned or acquired during experience.
Pavlov wanted to see how the conditional reflex was actually

The Theory Of Classical Conditioning And Behaviorism
The paper explores the life and the theory of a Russian scientist, physiologist call Ivan Pavlov, who
was born in Russia in September 23, 1849 and died in February 27, 1936. His theory has delivered a
tremendous awakening in Psychology, which was rooted by quite an accidental experiment of how
dog salivate before and after conditioning. His fundamental study was based on digestion and
behaviors that are evoked during an event and an anticipate response. Yet, his experiment awoke the
twentieth century by a different type of learning called Classical conditioning, which is a
compulsory or unconditional type of learning from one stimulus to another through a response.
The master of classical conditioning and behaviorism
For many centuries ago, various studies have been conducted in psychology and medicine in order
to determine how humans and animals' brain react before an event and consequences it brings after.
There are always two classifications, which might be either conditional (stimulus or response) or
unconditional (stimulus or response). In the early twentieth century, a Russian scientist physiologist
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who was born in Ryazan Russia on September 23, 1849 and died on
February 27, 1936 in Saint Petersburg Russia. At his young, Ivan decided to follow his father's
religious belief, so he attended a theological seminary church where he serve for almost ten years.
In 1870, he abandoned his religious belief to pursue his studies in

Behaviorism 's Theory Of Psychology
Classification Behaviorism claims that "consciousness" is neither defined nor unable concept; that it
is merely another word for the "soul" of more ancient time (Watson, 1970). However, behaviorism
holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human
being.
Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the
observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States
psychologist John B. Watson. Many of the concepts of analysis of behavior can be traced back to
Pavlov. Pavlov focused on the behavior of animals.
History of Behaviorism The history of behaviorism began in the early 20th century in North
America. A psychologist by the name of John Watson was the person who brought forth the concept
of behaviorism; Watson wanted to create an objective science of psychology. The whole inspiration
for behaviorism comes from Watson's interest of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, who studied
animal learning. The behaviorism era begun when all the sciences: astronomy, physics, chemistry,
biology separated from philosophy. During the creation of behaviorism, there were three types of
behaviorism: methodological, psychological, and analytical. The purpose of this type of behaviorism
where to state the different method that occurs during each one of these behaviorism. Moreover,
behaviorism wasn't just established by John Watson. There were other behaviorist; such as,

Nintendo Classical Conditioning
In everyday life certain behaviors that individuals engage in, seem to happen without any effort.
This is due to the brain conditioning itself to react in a certain way when in the presence of a
specific stimulus. One of the biggest contributors to the study of Classical conditioning was Dr. Ivan
Pavlov. Pavlov took a group of dogs and began introducing them to a stimulus, in the form of a bell,
before he fed them. With the repetition of the bell each time food was given, the dogs linked the bell
to the delivery of food. He then, after a length of time, rang the bell and saw that even without food
present the dogs began to salivate thus showing they had associated the bell with food. The everyday
example of the smell of freshly baked cookies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The result as we had talked about is the flooding of lower classmen locker rooms with spray
deodorant because they are conditioned to believe it makes them more attractive. The basic idea of
conditioning is used often times to break people or animals of bad behaviors. One of the most recent
uses of classical conditioning is Nintendo's use of a bittering agent on their new game cartridges.
The game cartridges are relatively small and may pose a choking hazard to younger children, so to
combat this issue all of the cartridges are coated with a chemical that is extremely unpleasant to
ingest. This unsatisfactory stimulus then results in the association of the horrid taste with eating the
chip resulting in children not attempting to eat them. The same sort of concept is also being used in
dog shock collars. Certain brands of the training collar allow for the owner to emit a loud beep
before administering a painful shock in an effort to correct unsatisfactory behavior. As time
progresses the beep may be the only disciplinary action needed to stop the

Running Head : Man 's Best Friend
Running head: Man's Best Friend
Man's Best Friend
Louren Elizondo
Palo Alto College Man's Best Friend According to a scientific study that originated in Japan, "dogs
and their owners experience surges in oxytocin, a hormone responsible for maternal caring, when
they look into each other's eyes" (Ian). The same hormone has been shown to spike in mothers'
brains when they look into their children's eyes. Perhaps, this hormone is the reason that dogs have
been considered to be "man's best friend" for years. Perhaps, dogs and humans are more similar than
we'd like to think. Did you know, similar to humans and their races, there are hundreds of different
dog breeds in the world? Every dog in the world, just like every human, is made up of its own
characteristics and personalities. Ivan Pavlov didn't have a particular fondness for dogs, but little did
he know that through his experimentation with dogs and their neurological reflexes, he was going to
reveal the similarities of conditioning abilities within animals and humans.
There were many people that influenced Pavlov and lead him on to experimenting with classical
conditioning in dogs. One of Pavlov's main influences was Charles Darwin. Darwin was a scientist
who had many theories he was known for but one of the most widely known was his theory about
evolution. Darwin's evolutionary theory was based upon the main idea of natural selection that
occurred in breeding, he believed that, during the process of

A Brilliant Mind : Ivan Pavlov
A Brilliant Mind: Ivan Pavlov Shawn Potter College Of Central Florida Ivan Pavlov was born in a
difficult time in history, Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryzan, in the rise of
communism in Russia. Although today that Pavlov was known more as a Physiologist than a
Psychologist, due to Pavlov's father being a priest, Pavlov's early studies was in the church to
eventually become a priest like his father, although the plan to become a priest diminished after
Pavlov read a book that Charles Darwin wrote about the origins of species and another book by
George Lewes called "The physiology of Common Life" after finding so much interest in these
books, Pavlov decided to pursue a profession in Physiology. (Todes, 2000). After finishing studies at
the church Pavlov began studies in Physiology at the age of twenty–one, thereafter at the age of
thirty Pavlov completed his education at the Academy of Medical Surgery; then in 1883 Pavlov
earned his doctorate degree and was also a phenomenal surgeon, which eventually helped him
immensely with this research and surgical procedures. With all these achievements and academic
prowess, Pavlov organized the Department of Physiology and the Institute of Experimental
Medicine, and he hired many researchers for his institute, Pavlov was known to have new
researchers work on already existing problems that has been tested by himself and other established
researchers so Pavlov would never have to check it over, unless a

Ivan Pavlov 's Theory Of The Conditioned Reflex
Abstract
In the 19th century, there was a famous Russian physiologist who created the theory of the
conditioned reflex. His name was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Ivan Pavlov conducted a well–known
experiment for teaching a hungry dog to salivate at the sound of a bell when presented with food.
This experiment led Ivan Pavlov to become known for his development on Classical Conditioning,
which captured the attention of everyone, especially physiologist and psychologist. Ivan Pavlov was
born September, 14, 1849 in Russia. Ivan Pavlov's father was a priest and his mother was a
homemaker. Initially, Pavlov studied theology by shadowing his father's path. Later in the 1860's, he
abandoned his religious studies after reading Charles Darwin's book (Windholz, 1997, p.941).
Darwin greatly influenced Pavlov, so much so that he began a new pursuit in the interest in science.
In 1870, Ivan Pavlov attended the University of Saint Petersburg where he studied natural science
and physiology. In the establishment of the institute of experimental medicine, Pavlov helped to
facilitate the department of physiology (Windholz, 1997, p.941). For 45 year, Pavlov supervised and
devoted his time and efforts to the research program. During Pavlov's career, there were three major
conflicts focus by Pavlov that led to his animal research. This includes the nerves of the heart,
digestive glands in which Pavlov won a worldwide recognition and a Nobel Prize in 1904 and
condition reflexes. (Schultz & Schultz,

Operant Conditioning Punishment
Classical conditioning can be explained through humans best kept secret; urinating in the shower.
Though many deny, the sound of running water typically elicits the natural response to urinate. After
awhile, it is common to become conditioned to associate a shower (without the water on) with the
urge to urinate. Thus, classical conditioning is a learned association between a stimulus (any sight,
smell, sound, taste, or touch (like the sound of running water)), and a neutral stimulus (like the
shower) that triggers the same response (the urge to urinate). Even before Ivan Pavlov began
experimenting with dogs, their normal physiological response was to salivate when they saw food.
An unconditioned stimulus is something that occurs naturally ... Show more content on
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Reinforcement and punishment are the two main types of consequences and there are positives and
negatives to both. A relevant real world example is CSUSM's goal of having high ranking students.
Reinforcement tries to increase the tendency that the goal behavior, high ranking students, will
occur again. In a positive reinforcement something is being added. In this scenario, students who
follow the rules and maintain a high GPA will be rewarded with scholarships. In a negative
reinforcement something is being taken away to increase the tendency that the goal behavior will
occur again. Until professors are confident that students are engaged in the material, they will
continue to randomly call on students to answer questions. The act of participating takes away the
anticipation of being called out, and would enforce the goal behavior of good grades. On the other
hand, punishment will decrease a tendency that a behavior will occur again. CSUSM is going to
"punish" failing grades. A positive punishment means something is being added. If students do not
attend class or do not do the assignments a failing grade will be added to their transcripts. In a
negative punishment something is being taken away. If students do not maintain their GPA their
grants, scholarships, and even their admittance can be

Pavlov 's Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Bhavika D. Patel
Atlantic Community College
Abstract
Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on
different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two
stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is
conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov's studies learned to associate
countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which caused in them salivating when the stimuli
were presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as
conditioning. While the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The assistant's footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start
salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered how associations develop through the process of
learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of
footsteps with the coming of food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds
with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov decided to focus his research of dogs' salivation
(which he termed "psychic secretions") in these types of scenarios (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012, p.
248; Watson, 1968). Pavlov's examinations led to the development of classical conditioning.
Conditioned Response Experiment
To prove the process of classical conditioning Pavlov had created a basic research plan. Pavlov had
followed up to his observation and examining the connection between stimulus and response.
Pavlov has concluded that the type of behavior he was studying was involuntary or reflexive
salivating when there is food is universal, whereas the connection of sound and footsteps and
salivating is learned. Pavlov basically states that the sound of footsteps is the stimulus and salivation
is the response, which occur during learning.
Pavlov experiments led him to surgically insert a tube into the dog's cheek to allow a proper
collection of saliva. The tube was led to a measuring device which Pavlov used to calculate exactly
how much the

Research Paper On Ivan Pavlov
Physiologist is just one of the many titles earned by Ivan Pavlov. His unique background influenced
his career greatly. Throughout his life he had many remarkable accomplishments. From dog treats to
nerves of the heart, his experiments produced many useful conclusions. Also, his awards and leading
positions emphasize his contributions to the many fields of science. Although he focused mostly in
physiology, his studies have affected many realms of science, including psychology, and still prove
accurate today. On September 14, 1849, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born into a religious family in
Ryazan, Russia. Having a priest as a father and a daughter of a priest as a mother affected Pavlov
greatly. Ivan was the oldest and healthiest of his 10 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1870, he began college at the University of St. Petersburg. According to Lautenheiser, Pavlov's
professor Cyon inspired Pavlov to become a physiologist there. She also said that Pavlov began
work as a laboratory assistant, earning a mere 50 rubles per month (Lautenheiser). In 1875, Pavlov
graduated from the University of St. Petersburg and received the Candidate of Natural Sciences.
Next, he enrolled in the Imperial Medical Academy, which he graduated from in 1879. Overall,
Pavlov's educational background shows how diligent he is in his work and stresses his will to
succeed. Pavlov also had a very interesting family life. In 1881, he married Seraphima "Sera"
Vasilievna Karchevskaya. Like in his childhood, money was an issue for Pavlov and Sera.
According to www.biography.com, these financial issues led to Pavlov and Sera living separately
until their finances stabilized (Ivan). Their first child, Wirchik, died as a young child, but they ended
up having three more sons and a daughter. Interestingly, the couple named each of their children,
after Wirchik's death, with a "v" name: Vladimir, Victor, Vsevolod, and Vera. As his father did,
Vsevolod worked hard and became a well–known physicist and professor at Leningrad (Peterson).
In summary, Pavlov's family life is just one of the many aspects of his unique life. In 1880, Pavlov
began his further study and research at the Imperial Academy. By 1883, he had discovered dynamic
nerves of

Lakeshia Jackson
Psy 390
August 1, 2011
Gary Burk
Although classical conditioning is something that most people experience in a daily basis, it may
also be the first thing someone remembers in a day. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009)
classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a
response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. In this paper
the subject is to describe the theory of classical conditioning as well as describing a scenario in
which one could apply classical conditioning theory to, and bring forth the scenario by showing
illustrations of how this could be used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is known as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Meat is the unconditioned stimulus because at
the sight of the meat the dogs begin to salivate (Feldman, 2010). The dog's response to the meat
educes salivation and is known as the unconditioned response (UCR). An unconditioned response is
defined as a reflexive and natural response that is not connected to prior learning. Unconditioned
responses always occur in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (Feldman, 2010). While
conditioning the dogs, Pavlov would ring a bell right before the presentation of meat. Eventually, the
dogs would associate the ringing of the bell with the meat. Therefore, the dogs would begin to
salivate at the sound of the bell. At this point, Pavlov could state that he had classically conditioned
his dogs. The bell which was a prior neutral stimulus had now become the conditioned stimulus
(CS) that brought forth the conditioned response (CR) of salivation (Feldman, 2010). Moreover, we
have to ask what would happen if these poor dogs were never again received food upon the ringing
of the bell. This would lead to extinction. Extinction occurs when a prior conditioned response
decreases in frequency and eventually disappears (Feldman, 2010). In order for Pavlov to
unconditioned his dogs he would have to break their association with the sound of the ringing bell
and the presentation of food. To do so he

Biography Of John B. Watson
John B. Watson has been credited for founding the school of behaviourism in 1913, his now renown
lecture given at Columbia University begun the official founding of behaviourism and he became
well–known for his "Little Albert" study that demonstrated how experience rearranged the stimuli
that caused emotional responses such as fear, rage and love. Watson may have founded
behaviourism but he paved the way for many individual functionalists such as Ivan Sechenov, Ivan
Pavlov, and Vladimir Bechterev to make their own contributions to the broader field of psychology.
So what is Behaviourism? Watson insisted that behaviour be psychology's subject of matter and that
psychology's goal was to be the prediction and control of behaviour. ... Show more content on
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The Psychological Journal soon after published his lecture in which history now marks the formal
beginning of the school of behaviourism (Henley, 2014). Watson was not the only one to make a
contribution to Behaviourism many came before and after him.
Ivan Sechenov was the founder of Russian objective psychology (psychology that insists on
studying only those things that are directly measurable) (Henley, 2014), he studied medicine and
sought to explain all psychic phenomena on the basis of associationism and materialism, he strongly
denied that thoughts cause behaviour, he insisted external stimulation causes all behaviour (Henley,
2014, p. 370). He also introduced the important concept of inhibition in his book Reflexes of the
Brain.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov obtained his degree on natural science and medicine, and continued on to
study physiology. His main interest was the digestive system, and his studies lead him to discover
conditioned reflex. Pavlov realised conditioned reflexes could be explained by the associative
principles of contiguity and frequency, organisms responded to the environment in terms of
unconditioned and conditioned reflexes (Henley, 2014, p. 375). Vladimir Bechterev obtained his
doctorate, and worked in the Psychic and Nervous Disease Department. In1904, Bechterev
published an important paper titled "Objective Psychology", he argued alongside with Sechenov and
Pavlov for a completely objective psychology, but he directed his focus on the

Ivan Pavlov Research Paper
Ivan Pavlov was a physiologist, who contributed to the field of medicine, with his study of the
physiology of digestion. He was born September 14th, 1849, in Ryazan, Russia, in the village where
his father was a priest. When he was young poverty was an issue and everyone assumed he would
follow in his father's footsteps and become a priest. However, he was greatly influenced by the most
prominent physiologist at the time, Darwin's and his theory of evolution, D. I. Pisarev and I. M.
Sechenov the father of physiology; who were spreading around their ideas. Pavlov's appeal to these
new ideas caused him to leave his religious practices and give himself away to science. He began his
studies on chemistry and physiology, at the University of St. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Petersburg, in Russia when he received his Nobel prize. His experiment helped understand the way
humans react to certain objects, or events; just like the dogs. This was cooperative because now we
can treat phobias, such as heights, crowding, and even spiders. Just like dogs, humans can be trained
to associate things like fears, anxiety and material objects to relaxation, or another emotion and
reaction. During this time the political climate was just starting to kick off. Both white and black
male could vote causing an agitation in the polls, however this did not seem to affect positively or
negatively Pavlov's research. All of his research was summed up and put in an outstanding book
named Conditioned. Although Ivan Pavlov did not have a nickname some people refer his
experiment as "Ivan's dogs." Pavlov's advancement in physiology were breakthroughs in science,
towards the understanding of the digestive system. Although he died the 7th of February in 1936, at
Leningrad, Russia, his research was later expanded by other scientist and evolved to a full
understanding of our digestive system. So next time you are sitting in the car and listening to music,
the explanation to why you react a certain way is tanks to Ivan Pavlov's

Ivan Pavlov 's The First Development Of The Experimental...
A Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov was doing research on digestion, which led to the first
development of the experimental model of learning. Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in
Ryazan, Russia. Poverty was always an issue with Pavlov's family as he was growing up. His father
was the priest of the village, where Pavlov attended regularly. Many of Pavlov's characteristics,
including a strong will to succeed was inherited from his father. Pavlov began school at the Ryazan
Ecclesiastical High. Pavlov entered the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary. At the seminar, he was
introduced to the works of Charles Darwin and Ivan Sechenov. After the seminar, Pavlov transferred
to the University of St. Petersburg to acquire knowledge about natural science. At St. Petersburg,
Pavlov gained a great respect for Cyon, a professor in physiology. With Cyon's enthusiasm for
Physiology, he became a physiologist during his third year. Pavlov started working as a laboratory
assistant helping out Cyon. At this laboratory is where Pavlov studied the digestion system. This
laboratory is where Pavlov's research later earned him a Nobel Prize on the physiology of digestion.
Pavlov would implant small stomach pouches in dogs. After implanting the pouches he would
measure the secretion of gastric juices that the dogs had when they started to eat. After time, with
the help of his assistants, he was able to condition the dogs to the sound of a tick. After the
progression of his work, he

Ivan Pavlov 's Classical Conditioning
As the 19th century came to a close, the studies of psychology were just beginning. Ivan Pavlov
opened the door to the idea of classical conditioning with his tests on salivating dogs. The
discoveries brought light to the way both animal and human minds work regarding associative
learning. After Pavlov's experiment, many more experiments came after. Even today Pavlov's
findings are so apparent it seems the idea of associative learning and conditioning of animals seems
to be common sense. Today there is a lot of speculation with ethics when it comes to psychology
and although other experiments built off Pavlov weremorally questionable, these were not the
intentions of Pavlov.
In the 1890's Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist began a study involving the relationship between
an unconditioned stimulus, an unconditioned response, and a conditioned stimulus. The results
Pavlov found showed how a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus once it becomes
associated with the unconditioned stimulus (McLeod). In this particular experiment, Pavlov studied
how much a dog would salivate as he associated the ringing of a bell with food. It is a dog's instinct
to salivate when it sees food and not something a dog learns to do, making salivating an
unconditioned response to seeing food, an unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov first measured the
amount his dogs would salivate when food was put in front of them. From that point he would ring a
bell whenever he would feed the dogs, introducing

Ivan Pavlov: Dog Training
Dog training is probably the most important topic to every dog owner. Even if it's not, it probably
should be. "Who did this on the rug", "who destroyed my brand–new leather slipper", and "what
happened to the cookies that were cooling on the counter" are also important topics for dog owners.
These topics, however, are less important simply because they are so easily answered.
Every dog is trained to some degree whether you realize it or not. The reason your dog is trained can
best be explained by the work of the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. I know what you are thinking.
You are thinking, "isn't he the goalie for the New York Rangers?" Wrong again, gentle reader.
Pavlov was a scientist who worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and is probably most
famous for his experiment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He noted that over time if he rang the bell, the dog would salivate, even if no food were present. It
seemed that the cue (the bell) led directly to the desired response (salivation), even when no reward
(the food) was present.
When Pavlov tried to publish these findings in a peer–reviewed journal, he was laughed out of the
scientific community, as they pointed out that most dogs salivate almost constantly. Actually, I made
that up. My dog salivates almost constantly, so I just thought I would mention it. In reality, Pavlov's
work on what became know as "conditioned response" was rewarded with a Nobel Prize. This may
have been the first Nobel Prize that led directly to an easier method for dog training.
Conditioned response is universal. If you don't believe me, watch a baseball or football game. When
the organist starts playing certain tunes, what do people do? When you hear the jingle of an ice
cream truck, what do you do? When you heard your mother use your full name, what did you do?
This is for science, so be honest! In all seriousness, this response makes dog training relatively

The Evolution Of Pavlov. Southwest State University Essay
Deja Tolbert
The Evolution of Pavlov
Southeast Missouri State University
Abstract
Pavlov was a Nobel Prize–winning physiologist who contributed a great deal to the field of
psychology. His research into the process of the conditioned reflex is considered a milestone
discovery in behavioral psychology as well as modern physiology. Pavlov focused on digestion
studies which then would lead him to the act of learning and the discovery of conditioned reflexes.
Ivan Pavlov was born in 1849 in the Central Russia area in a town called Ryazan and had eleven
other siblings. Pavlov could not continue his education due to an accident that occurred at the age of
seven. It prevented Pavlov from attending and get home schooled by his father. He entered the
theological seminary intending to prepare for priesthood to take after his dad. Pavlov shortly
changed his minded after reading about Darwin's Theory by Charles Darwin. Darwin's theory is the
theory of evolution and it suggest that living things change with time. Darwin is cited to be one of
the most significant psychologists who have made a huge impact in the world of psychology and
among the world today. Along with several others, Pavlov has dedicated a huge portion of his life to
finding new ideas and concepts toward the concept of psychology. With the help of the many others
the world of psychology is steadily evolving and becoming more innovative. As one can assume,
developing such theories require an

Classical Vs. Operant Conditioning
Classical and Operant Conditioning Ivan Pavlov once said, "Don 't become a mere recorder of facts,
but try to penetrate the mystery of their origin." Often times in the fast pace world that college
students live today many get so caught up in sheer memorization of everything that comes their way
just to pass with that sought–after A. What is often looked past is the true meaning of concepts and
ideas to retain the information needed for success. It was this very mindset instilled with in great
men such as Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and many more who have broken new ground and uncovered
amazing things so that the world is now able to have a better understanding of key concepts in how
humans and animals learn. After years of work and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Things that shouldn't be all that scary but over time have developed a stimulus that causes a reaction
(Field & Purkis, 2012, cited in Weiten, 2017). There are four basic terms that are very key in
understanding classical conditioning. First, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), is a stimulus that evokes
an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). The unconditioned
stimulus is a stimulus that occurs naturally without any outside interaction. This is something that
happens in a person's daily life, with no thought given to it. The second term is the unconditioned
response (UCR), an unlearned reaction to a nonconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous
conditioning (Weiten, 2017). This is the natural reaction to the natural stimulus. Nothing has been
learned or conditioned yet, these are both baseline things happening in a natural form. Third,
conditioned stimulus (CS), a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the
capacity to evoke a conditioned response (Weiten, 2017). Time after time the neutral stimulus
slowly become the conditioned stimulus, it has slowly been developed and learned to create a
stimulus. It is not something that is recognized while it is happening, gradually helps itself in the
forming of the stimulus. Lastly, the fourth term, conditioned response, a learned reaction to a
conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). This is where the

Ivan Pavlov Accomplishments
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian Physiologist who had a significant impact on the field of psychology.
Pavlov's discoveries and behavioristic studies are famous for the influence of many psychological
findings that still impact our lives today. A few of his major achievements include developing the
idea of nervism which led to the discovery of the basic principles of the nervous system. He also
investigated the activities of the cerebral hemispheres, and discovered human reflex theories through
his studies on conditioned reflexes. Although these are significant ways that he contributed to the
field of psychology, the one that he was most known for was his discovery of classical conditioning
which he found while studying the digestive system. Despite classical conditioning being the most
known discovery, his findings are all closely related in ways such as in order for a species to learn
classical conditioning there must be full function of their cerebral hemispheres and nervous system.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nervism is a theory that the nervous system plays a significant role in the functioning of the body.
After forming the idea of nervism he was able to present the basic principles of the nervous system
and the basic pattern for the activity within circulatory organs (Nobel Lectures, 2014). This research
is significant to us today because of the ways that it impacts many aspects of the medical field. This
discovery has helped to improve the overall knowledge about the body and allowed for many more
discoveries to be made in order for procedures to be done to improve living for many individuals.
Examples of this are the studies that have been done to perform surgery on the brain that would not
be possible without the knowledge about the function and importance of the nervous

Comparison Of Ivan Pavlov And John Watson
In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of
learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning
would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is
conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to
be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulus
would be put together with an excitatory one and over time the neutral stimulus would, at some
point down the line elicit the response that was associated with the original unlearned response.
Pavlov later added an element known as the nonexcitatory, conditioned stimulus which is but
together with an unconditioned stimulus (Lautenheiser 1999). Classic Conditioning can also be
known as stimulus response, conditioned response, respondent condition as these are the behaviors
that take place during the Classical Conditioning. There are two basic forms of associative
conditioning, classical and operant. Both Ivan Pavlov and John Watson were the first contributors to
these behaviorist theories. Ivan Pavlov's theory came about by working a dog and John Watson
worked his classical conditioning with humans. John B. Watson thought that psychology should be
known as the science of observable behavior because according to his writings "purely objective
experimental branch of natural

Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov
A research paper presented to
In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course
AP Psychology
May 24, 2011
Abstract
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian Physiologist that was born in Ryazan. He was born into a
Russian Orthodox family and was originally planning to follow in his father's footsteps as a priest.
His high–school training was received in an ecclesiastical seminary in Ryazan. He graduated
afterwards from the Natural Sciihck Faculity of the University of St. Petersburg, and in 1879
obtained his M.D. degree from the Medico–Chirurgical Academy in that city. He became a professor
of physiology in 1895 at the Imperial Military–Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, where he did
research on the digestive process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under his 45 year direction, this Institute became one of the most important centers of physiological
research (Babkin, 1949). In 1890, Pavlov was selected as Professor of Pharmacology at the Military
Medical Academy. Five years later, he was chosen to the then vacant Chair of Physiology, a position
he held until 1925.
Ivan Pavlov was known for many things. From studying digestion to studying the circulatory system
to studying nerves directing the digestive glands, he had an abundance of skill and knowledge. In
1889, he discovered the nerves controlling the gastric glands in which he received the 1904 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine. After setting aside his initial plan to follow his father into
priesthood, Pavlov received a medical degree at age 33 and spent the next two decades studying the
digestive system; but it wasn't until the last three decades of his life when he performed the
experiments that earned him his fame and significant place in history.
Classical conditioning is defined as "a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events" (Myers 2011). At first, it was his creative mind that set off on an
incidental observation. He noticed by putting food in a dogs mouth causes the animal to salivate.
Not only did that cause salivation, but the sight of food, smell of food, the food dish, and even the
person bringing the food did as well. This sparked his thoughts into trying to imagine

Ivan Pavlov Essay
Born in 1849, Ivan Pavlov's name became known worldwide due to several reasons. First, Pavlov
won the Nobel Peace Prize in his physiological work with collecting a dogs' gastric juice. His
original work then led to the psychological point of view of looking at a dog's drool, which opened a
strictly objective way to analyze how dogs learn, namely classical or Pavlovian conditioning.
Pavlov's work led to many contributions in the medical field and objective studies that are still used
today, however, without the use of unethical experimentation on dogs. Pavlovian conditioning is
well known, yet there are many misconceptions about the experiment and an individual's view on
Pavlov himself. The first misunderstanding that many people have is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The dogs were subjected to sham feeding in which an opening was created in the animal's throat
(called a fistula) so that the food could never make it to the stomach despite how much the dog ate.
The fistulas were also created along the digestive tract that allowed the collection of secretions to be
collected and analyzed in detail. Pavlov considered the dogs in his labs as machines that needed to
be kept alive for meaningful results and if one productive dog died they waited for another to arrive.
His actions towards the treatments of dogs could be also represented in his unpleasant personality
towards many people he knew. Pavlov was represented as an unpleasant person in all stages in life
and despite the many changes in Russian regime he continued to voice his own opinion in light of
the repercussions that could have come along with that. Surprisingly, he was well liked between
political members due to his contributions in psychology and physiology; they could not afford to
lose a valued scientist. Despite Pavlov's unlikeable personality, his contributions are well known
throughout the world and used today to help treat specific disorders. Pavlov's work, although
unethical and would not be conducted today, provided the foundation of learning and integrated
studies of physiology and

Ivan Pavlov Essay
"During the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in response to
being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room,
even when he was not bringing them food". At first this was something of a nuisance In his
experiment, Pavlov used a bell as his neutral stimulus. Whenever he gave food to his dogs, he also
rang a bell. After a number of repeats of this procedure, he tried the bell on its own. As you might
expect, the bell on its own now caused an increase in salivation. So the dog had learned an
association between the bell and the food and a new behavior had been learnt. Because this response
was learned (or conditioned), it is called a conditioned response. (simplypsychology.org) The neutral
stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus. Pavlov showed the existence of the unconditioned
response by presenting a dog with a bowl of food and the measuring its salivary secretions. Pavlov
knew that somehow, the dogs in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This behavior might even continue throughout the academic career of the student. Humans
demonstrating our need for social media or devices. For example, Your smartphone buzzes. Without
a moment's hesitation you grab it out of your pocket and check the alert: Was it an email? A test? A
Facebook notification? Or just a phantom vibration? One example given by Erica Goode was when
she used the analogy "Pavlov paired food with a bell; we seem to be pairing our human connection
with our phone. We may not salivate at each alert, but our brain is certainly responding"(
http://www.nytimes.com) Or Erica Goodes research on how a team of English researchers, using a
sophisticated brain scanning technique called functional M.R.I., has provided a vivid demonstration
of the neural processes at work in a simple Pavlovian conditioning experiment

The Contributions Of Ivan Pavlov Contributions To Psychology
Ivan Pavlov and His Contributions in Psychology
Han Seth Lu
University of Central Oklahoma
Introduction
Ivan Pavlov is a Russian physiologist. He is well–known for his behaviorism and psychosocial
experiments in the psychology society. In 1883, he earned his Doctorate Degree in Medicine at the
Academy of Medical Surgery, University of St. Petersburg (Palmes, 2000). "After performing
further studies in Germany, he was appointed to the University of Petersburg, which he held until
1925" (Palmes, 2000, p. 69). He experimented conditioned reflex on dogs, which later became a
famous and useful experiment in psychology, known as classical conditioning. After the experiment,
he continued studying in behaviorism, and made an extension in psychopathology. "During his
outstanding scientific career, Pavlov received continuous world acclaim and recognition," (Palmes,
2000, p. 70) and won a Nobel prize in medicine for his studies in 1904.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is recognized as one of the most important and famous experiments in
behaviorism–the scientific study of humans and animals' behavior. Classical conditioning is
experiments to find out whether an unusual stimulus could yield to a response in an organism other
than the usual stimulus. The result discovered by this research contributed to the development of the
concepts in organisms' behavioral development and learning process.
The classical conditioning experiment

How Might Classical Conditioning Help You Understand Some...
How might classical conditioning help you understand some students' emotional responses to
instructional events?
The concept of classical conditioning may prove very useful in understanding some students'
emotional responses to instructional events. For instance, as demonstrated by renowned
psychologist Ivan Pavlov via his experiments with dogs, classical conditioning may cause organisms
to associate unrelated events with each other, merely due to the temporal proximity of these events.
In Pavlov's classical experiment, the dogs were experimentally conditioned to associate a ringing
bell with food by the presentation of these events at the same time. As a result, after this response
had been experimentally conditioned, a ringing bell, alone, was sufficient to induce the dogs to
salivate in anticipation of food.
In accordance with Pavlov's classical experiment, it may be hypothesized that students' past
experiences in prior learning environments may have naturally conditioned them to form a mental
association between these experiences and the respective instructional events. For instance, if a
student experienced academic failure or embarrassment in a middle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, if a student experienced academic failure or embarrassment in a middle school
mathematics class, they may have been naturally conditioned to associate the aforementioned
negative emotions with learning mathematics. As a consequence of this natural conditioning, this
student would likely exhibit a negative emotional response to any future mathematics–related
instructional events, even though the original negative experience may no longer be relevant to the
student's present learning environment, e.g. high school, or

Classical Conditioning In Psychology
11695795
Oklahoma State University
Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a way of learning in which something that did not
previously have a particular response now has one due to exposure to another thing. Russian
physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, discovered the phenomenon of classical conditioning while researching
the digestive patterns of dogs. Pavlov would place some meat powder in the dogs' mouths to
measure their bodies' reactions. Before the dogs were given the meat powder, a bell would ring.
They repeated this several times, and "Eventually, conditioning occurs in that the dog salivates just
to the bell alone" (Clark, 1998). After discovering what the dogs had adapted to, Pavlov classified ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example that happened in my own experience would be when I was sitting outside with my
family, and I felt something go across my leg. I thought that the tickling feeling that I felt was just
the wind pushing grass across my leg. When I kept feeling the tickling feeling, I looked down and it
turned out to be a spider crawling on my leg, which was very unfortunate because I am terrified of
spiders. Now every time I feel something on my leg, I cringe and panic, because I automatically
think that there is a spider on my leg. In this situation, the tickling feeling on my leg would be the
unconditioned response, which caused me to check my leg. The conditioned stimulus would be the
sight of the spider on my leg, and the conditioned response would be that I freak out every time I
feel something on my leg. Classical conditioning began with Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist,
and is still used in today's society. From Pavlov's salivation experiment, to Watson and Rayner
testing Little Albert, to the R–W Model, to the sheep and coyotes in the field, the world has had very
many important individuals and experiments that have paved the way to understanding of classical

Effects Of Classical Conditioning In A Bite Of China
Introduction
The psychology theory seems to be professional, and it is hard to use in daily lives in many common
people's views. However, some principles are used widely in TV shows or movies. For example,
classical conditioning can make people to perform a specific behavior after several times "training".
In the essay, the author will introduce a TV show called A Bite of China and discuss how the TV
show use classical conditioning.
Background information
Classical Conditioning was founded by a Russian physiologist, Ivan P. Pavlov, in the early 1900s. At
first, He assumed that animals have automatic connections called unconditioned reflexes, which is a
reflection between a fixed stimulus and response such as the food and secreting digestive juices. He
speculated that the stimulus can be transferred from one to another. After that, Pavlov did the
experiments and get the conclusion. In the process, he gave a dog food and the dog salivated. The
connection between the food and the salivation was automatic requiring no training. The food was
called unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the salivation was called unconditioned response (UCR).
The UCS is an event that automatically elicits an UCR. In other words, the UCR is the action that
the UCS elicits. Next, Pavlov introduced a new stimulus, such as a metronome. At the beginning,
the dogs heard the metronome but did not salivate. In this period, the metronome was a neutral
stimulus (NS) about salivation. After

Ivan Pavlov Research Paper
Major discoveries in physiology, or in any field of science, are the result of dedicated, hardworking
individuals. Ivan Pavlov was a world renowned physiologist and psychologist in the late 1800's.
Although he has passed, his legacy will live on forever through his extensive research in the field of
physiology. Ivan Pavlov's idea of classical conditioning influenced the world by making the
connection between his theory and the understanding of physiology and how the brain functions.
Pavlov's interest in physiology and the digestive system began at a time when people started to trust
science books instead of religion and philosophy. In the 1860's, many people turned towards science
to find answers to questions that religion could not provide ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After conducting an experiment, Pavlov realized that not only the dog physically eating the food set
off the chemical reaction in its body, but so did the appearance of the bowl or the smell of the food
(Saunders 48). From this hypothesis, he formulated the experiments that would later be known as
classical conditioning (Krapp). Pavlov created five more experiments which significantly helped in
proving his hypothesis (Saunders 50–51). In his first experiment, Pavlov would make a neutral
sound and then present the food immediately after (Saunders 47). Saunders said, "Pavlov was
interested in studying not the behavior of the dog in response to a stimulus such as food, but the
automatic changes in the dog's body in response to the stimulus (the reflex)" (Saunders 45). After
this first experiment Pavlov realized that over time, if the animal heard the sound, it would have the
same reaction as if it had just been fed. The dogs would drool and secrete stomach juices as if they
were being fed, although the chemical makeup of the juices was different than if the animal actually
ate the food (Saunders 48). In his next experiment, he found that a similar, not identical, sound
would also trigger a reaction in the dog. This is called "stimulus generation". By contrast, his third
experiment showed that he could teach a dog that a certain note from tuning a fork meant that it
would get food, and another note would mean it did not get food. This is known as "stimulus
discrimination". During his fourth experiment, he realized that he could get the same reaction by
creating another conditional stimulus. For example, he would pair a whistle with hand claps. For his
final experiment, he would present the stimulus multiple times without giving the dog food.
Eventually, the dog would not respond to the stimulus. This is known as extinction (Saunders 50–
51).

Research Paper On Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist in Russia in the early twentieth century. He was doing research on
the salivation in dogs in response to being fed. He noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate
whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them food. At first he did not think
much of this, but he decided to look more into this. He did more experiments with the dogs and
different stimuli. Through his new experiments he came up with the theory of classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning is learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an
unconditioned stimulus; because of this pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned
stimulus with the same power as the unconditioned stimulus to elicit ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One example of a conditioned response is common for everyone. When it gets dark outside I get
tired and eventually go to sleep. I think this is the reason that babies do not sleep well at night. If a
baby is awake all night crying, it does not matter if it is dark or light out. As we get older we learn
that when it is dark outside it is night time so we know it is getting closer to the time we need to go
to sleep. The same thing happens in the morning. When my alarm clock goes off in the morning at
5:30, I wake up. I have been waking up at 5:30 for most of my life because of school. Now, I have
trouble sleeping past 5:30 on the weekends because my brain is just set to wake up at 5:30. I do not
even need an alarm clock on the weekends but I am so used to getting up at 5:30, I will wake up that
early even when I do not have to. Another example of classical conditioning in my life is putting on
sunscreen. When I was about nine years old, we went out for a boat ride on my grandfather's boat,
and it was a really fun day until we got back home. I realized that I had forgotten to put on
sunscreen that morning. I got so sunburned that I had to take pain medicine and I was very sick
because of the sunburn. Now, Everytime we go out on the boat, I remember to put on sunscreen
because I think about the time I forgot to. Now I have gotten sunburned since then, but never as bad
as that time

Classical Conditioning And How It May Help Explain Different
Classical conditioning and how it may help explain different Phobia Ying Xi Lion Chandler–Gilbert
community college
Abstract
This paper contains information on classical conditioning and explores several articles from some of
the early and most famous physiologists like Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, and others that researched
classic conditioning and how it may help explain fear and the many different types of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been many studies conducted on classical conditioning. The most well–known and best
example of this will be Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning was first proposed by John Watson from
the behaviorism movement base on Ivan Pavlov's Observation. He claims that classical conditioning
could explain almost all the different aspect of human psychology. Everything from the way to talk
and how your respond to emotions was just different patterns of stimulus and responses. Watson
believe that all different individual behaviors was due to the different experiences (McLeod, 2014).
An example of classical conditioning According to mastering the world of psychology, a great
example and one of first classical conditioning example was discovered accidentally by Russian
physiologist Ivan Pavlov (Wood, S., Wood, E.&Boyd,D, 2014) who wanted to clarify the role of
saliva in the process of digestion. He at the time looking at salivation in his dogs in response to
being fed. Dogs do not
need to learn to salivate whenever they see food, this is 'hard wired' (McLeod, 2013) into the dog.
This means that Unconditioned Stimulus (McLeod, 2013) (Food) > Unconditioned Response
(Salivate). However, after a while, the dog would salivate whenever the dogs hear footsteps, or saw
the attendant who fed them or heard that food dish rattling. Pavlov knew that somehow the

Classical or Operant Conditioning Essay
Classical conditioning developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov, laying the foundations for
behaviourism. From this J.B Watson and other behaviourists argued psychology should be indicative
of predicting and controlling overt behaviour using the conditional reflex. (Watson, 1994). This
essay will describe the important features of classical conditioning, consider their use in explaining
pathological behaviour and will be answered using empirical evidence. The earlier part of the essay
will focus on the development of the classical conditioning paradigm and cover the following topics:
the findings of Ivan Pavlov and the conditional reflex and the components of classical conditioning.
The latter part of the essay will cover: the fear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to induce a conditioned reflex Pavlov paired neutral stimuli, in this case a bell, with the
meat powder. Acquisition is the root of learning in classical conditioning whereby the CS is paired
several times with the US. The more pairings the more robust the learning as discussed by
(Balkenius, 1999). Pavlov observed that after conditioning when the bell rang the dog salivated
therefore, the neutral stimuli became conditioned stimuli (CS) and the dog, when presented with the
bell would show the reflexive response (CR) salivation. Extinction occurred if the CS is no longer
presented with the US. (Dhir, 2007). Conversely, reconditioning counters extinction when pairings
are re–presented, this time however, the learning is faster, showing the initial acquisition is not
completely removed from the memory of the animal. Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of the
learned behaviour returning extemporaneously after the animal has rested. Hence the CS is again
presented provoking the CR. Generalisation explains response to stimuli that is close to but not an
exact match of the original CS. The closer the stimuli are to the original CS the stronger the CR.
(Gleitman, Fridlund, & Reisberg, 1999)
Regarding pathological behaviours (Watson,J.B. & Rayner,R, 1920) studied fear responses,
believing they could be conditioned into healthy individuals. The study used an emotionally stable
infant. The Neutral stimuli was a steel bar and hammer, the US was the white

The Pros And Cons Of Classical Conditioning
Learning (behavioural)
This can be considered as the nature part of the environment where behaviour can be learnt and also
bring about a different behaviour within the environment. Classical Conditioning is where persons
learn to associate two stimuli as they occur together, the response can be trigerred by one stimulus
that can be transferred to another. Due to this fact, Ivan Pavlov did an experiment on the
behaviourism of animals that was considered as Classical Conditioning of these behaviours. While,
John Watson did a similar experiment but this was done on humans.
Theorists:
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian Psychologist, who, was born on September 14th 1849, in
Ryazan, Russia. Pavlov, who, was seen as the Department ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He began to cry just by seeing the white rat. (John Watson,1902)
3
Advantages of classical conditioning The impact of the environment emphasise on learning
(McLeod, 2014)
This is where persons can learn behaviour through Classical Conditioning, for example, learning to
fear. Take for instance, the Little Albert Experiment where a neutral stimulus was being paired with
a loud noise, which created a stimulus generalization between Albert and the white rat. Due to
empirical evidence, Albert learned to generalize the white rat with any object that seems to be white.
Nature being favoured more than nurture (McLeod, 2014)
This shows a contrast between both in which, the nature of our behaviour is mostly being affected
by means of Classical Conditioning.
Classical Conditioning is being based on scientific, empirical evidence, in which, psychologists
obtain their results. (McLeod, 2014)
Most complex behaviour are being broken down into units of behaviour of smaller stimulus
responses. (McLeod, 2014)
Classical Conditioning also helps to improve on the control of undesirable behaviours. (McLeod,
2014)

Disadvantages of classical

Curiosity Of Ivan Pavlov

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