Basic english grammar by tanbircox

Cambrian College Basic English Grammar
Department of English
Cambrian Publications: Plot-2, Gulshan Circle-2, Dhaka.  9891919, 01720557160/1704
Lecture Sheet
PARTS OF SPEECH
Parts of Speech Bs‡iwR Mªvgv‡ii GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| Parts of Speech Qvov Bs‡iwR wkLv Am¤¢e| ï× Bs‡iwR Rvbvi ‡¶‡Î Parts
of Speech Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AblxKvh©|
Definition: ev‡Kï Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU A_©‡evaK kã‡K Parts of Speech e‡j|
GLb Avgiv Rvbe Parts of Speech c‡o Avgv‡ì wK jvf n‡e|Avwg Av‡MB e‡jwQ Parts of Speech Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wj‡L †kl Kiv
Am¤¢e Zvici&I Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Parts of Speech †_‡K mainly wZbwU welq Rvbv GKvš— Ri“ix| ‡m ¸wj nj:
(a) Identifying Parts of Speech:A_©vr Parts of Speech wPb‡Z n‡e KviY ‡Kvb kãUv †Kvb Parts of Speech Zv hw` bv ai‡Z
cvwi Zvn‡j Avgiv kã mwVKfv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cvie bv ZvB GKUv k‡ãi A_© Rvbvi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡ì Rvbv ìKvi kãUv †Kvb Parts of
Speech.
(b) Word Function: k‡ãi KvR A_©vr GKUv kã ev‡K¨ wK wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|Verb wnmv‡e bv Noun wnmv‡e |hw` kãUv noun nq
Zvn‡j noun wnmv‡e hw` kãUv Verb nq Zvn‡j Verb wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|
(c) Word Formation: kã MVb A_©vr GKUv kã †_‡K Av‡iKUv kã MVb Kiv| nq‡Zv GKUv k‡ãi A_© Avgiv gyL¯’ Kijvg , gyL¯’
Kivi mgq †`L‡Z n‡e kãUv Noun bv Adjective hw` kãUv Noun nq Zvn‡j Gi Abïƒçwj †hgb: Adjective,Verb,Adverb wK
n‡e| †hgb: Success kãUv Noun Gi A_© mdjZv GLb Rvbv ìKvi Gi Ab¨ iƒçwj wK †m¸wj nj: Success k‡ãi Verb nj
Succeed A_© mdj n&Iqv| Gi Adjective nj Successful A_© mdj|Gi Adverb nj Successfully A_© mdjfv‡e|Gfv‡e Avgiv
GKUv kã †_‡K PviUv kã Rvb‡Z cvwi|
CLASSIFICATION
Parts of Speech are of eight kinds (Parts of Speech AvU cÖKvi)| h_v:
(a) Noun (b) Pronoun (c) Verb (d) Adjective
(e) Adverb (f) Preposition (g) Conjunction (g) Interjection
GLb GB 8 cÖKv‡ii GK K_vq msÁv †`Lve:
(a) Noun : A noun is a naming word.
(b) Pronoun : A pronoun is a replacing word.
(c) Verb : A verb is a doing word.
(d) Adjective : An adjective is a qualifying word.
(e) Adverb : An adverb is a modifying word.
(f) Preposition : A preposition is a relating word.
(g) Conjunction : A conjunction is a joining word.
(h) Interjection : An interjection is an emotion expressing word.
Parts of Speech
Noun
Pronoun Adjective Adverb PrepositionVerb Conjunction
Interjection
Basic English Grammar
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6
Lecture Sheet
Class No-3 Noun & Pronoun
The name of anything is called a noun (‡Kvb wKQyi bvg ‡K Noun e‡j|) ‡hgb:
(a)Rahim is a good boy.
(b)Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.
(c)January is the first month of English year.
GLv‡b Rahim, Dhaka, Ges January bvg eySv‡PQ Rahim Øviv GKRb e¨vw³i bvg eySvq ,Dhaka Øviv GKwU ¯’v‡bi bvg eySvq Ges
January Øviv GKwU gv‡mi bvg eySvq|
Classification of Noun
Traditional Grammar Abyhvqx noun cÖ_gZ: `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
(i) Concrete Noun; (i) Abstract Noun;
(i) Concrete Noun: Concrete Noun Avevi Pvi cÖKvi| h_v:
(a)Proper Noun; (b) Common Noun; (c)Collective noun (d)Material Noun;
GLb Concrete Gi GB Pvi cÖKvi Ges Abstract Noun wg‡j †gvU cvuP cÖKvi Noun nj|
bx‡P QK Gi gva¨‡g Noun Gi cÖKvi‡f` †`qv njt-
GLb Concrete Noun Gi GB Pvi cÖKvi Ges Abstract Noun wg‡j Noun †gvU cvuP cÖKvi nj †m ¸wj nj:
(a) Proper Noun; (b) Common Noun; (c) Collective Noun;
(d) Material Noun; (e) Abstract Noun;
(a) Proper Noun: ‡h kã Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev ¯’v‡bi wbw`©ó bvg eySvq Zv‡K Proper Noun e‡j|
‡hgb:
(a) Rahim is a good boy. (b)Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.
(b) Common Noun: ‡h kã Øviv †Kvb e¨w³, e¯‘ ev ¯’v‡bi mvaviY bvg eySvq Zv‡K Common Noune‡j|
a. He is a good boy. b. His father is a doctor.
(c) Collective Noun: hv Øviv GKKfv‡e KvD‡K bv eySv‡q †Kvb wKQyi mgwóMZ bvg eySv‡e|
wPbvi Dcvqt- wPbvi Rb¨ †Lqvj ivLv `iKvi †h Collective Noun nj K‡qKwU Noun Gi mgwó GUv Øviv GKvGKv KvD‡K eySv‡e bv
eis mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ bvg eySv‡e| ‡hgb:
(a) I read in class seven. (b) I saw a herd of sheep in the field.
Here class and herd are collective noun.
(d) Material Noun: (`ªe¨ evPK we‡kl¨) †h mg¯— wRwbl ¸bv hvq bv kyaygvÎ IRb Kiv hvq Zv‡K Material Noun e‡j| Material
Noun Gi †¶‡Î hw` Avgiv bx‡Pi Q›`wU g‡b ivwL Zvn‡j †Pbv mnR n‡e-
¸b‡Z cvwi bv IRb Kwi ,
Material Noun Zv‡K awi|
Material Noun Gi Av‡M
Articles Kfy bvwn jv‡M|
‡hgb: (a) Gold is a precious metal. (b)Water is liquid.
GLv‡b Gold nj Material KviY Gi A_© ¯^Y© GUv MYYv Kiv hvq bv eis GUv &IR‡bi gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv nq Abyiƒcfv‡e wØZxq
D`vni‡Yi Water nj Material KviY Gi A_© cvwb GUv MYYv Kiv hvq bv eis GUv &IR‡bi gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv nq|Abyiƒcfv‡e bx‡Pi
†gvUv A¶‡ii kã¸wj&I ZvB eySv‡PQ-
(c) He is eating rice. (d) Sugar is sweet. (e) Milk is white.
AbstractConcrete
Proper Common Collective Material
Noun

Cambrian Publications: Plot-2, Gulshan Circle-2, Dhaka.  9891919, 01720557160/170 7
Lecture Sheet
(e) Abstract Noun: hv Øviv †`v‡li bvg, ¸‡bi bvg eySvq, Ae¯’vi bvg eySvq, hv aiv hvq bv, †Qvqv hvq bv,ïaygvÎ Abyfe Kiv hvq ZvnvB
Abstract Noun. ‡hgb:
(a)Kindness is a great virtue. (b)Honesty is the best policy.
GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Yi Kindness Øviv GKUv ¸‡bi bvg eySv‡PQ KviY `qvjy GUv ¸Y wKš‘ `qv GUv GKUv ¸‡Yi bvg| Abyiƒcfv‡e
wØZxq D`vni‡Yi Honesty nj Abstract Noun KviY Gi A_© mZZv GUv GKUv ¸‡bi bvg eySv‡PQ KviY mr GUv ¸Y wKš‘ mZZv
GKUv ¸‡Yi bvg| Abyiƒcfv‡e bx‡Pi †gvUv A¶‡ii kã¸wjI ZvB eySv‡PQ--
(a) Patience has its reward. (b) Unity is strength. (c) Friendship makes a man happy.
**hLb †Kvb k‡ãi †k‡l cy, ce, age, ry, ice, ship, tion, ness, ism, ty, ment BZ¨vw` _vK‡e ZLb †m ¸wj Abstract Noun
n‡e †hgb: Advice, carefulness, wisdom, growth, accuracy, heroism.
GQvov&I wb¤§wjwLZ cvuP cÖKv‡ii kã Abstract Noun wnmv‡e MY¨ n‡e|
(a) Quality(¸YevPK kã) Gentleness, Greatness, Strength,
(b) State(Ae¯’v evPK kã) Healthy, sickness, Childhood, freedom,
(c) Action(KvR evPK kã) Arrival, Departure, education, obedience
(d) Name of Science and Arts (Science Ges
Arts Gi Subject mg~‡ni bvg)
Chemistry, Physics, Logic, Economics
(e) Name of Disease (‡iv‡Mi bvg) Malaria, Asthma, Gastric, Dysentery,
Function of a Noun in the sentence:
(1)ev‡K¨i Subject wnmv‡e e‡m The dog is faithful to its master.
(2) ev‡K¨i Object wnmv‡e e‡m He reads a book. I'll buy a pencil.
(3) Verb Gi Complement wnmv‡e e‡m We made him captain. He is a teacher
(4) Preposition Gi Object wnmv‡e e‡m He was absent from the meeting.
(5)Case in Apposition wnmv‡e e‡m Kamal, the teacher of Dhaka University is a pious man.
]
Home Work
a. Find out noun from the following:
1. Have you heard her name?
2. A lot of practice is needed to keep balance.
3. No one knows the answer.
4. Who knows the man?
5. He believes in God.
6. I am sure of his success.
7. He is the captain of this class.
8. They are talking to Rahim.
9. I know the man who came here yesterday.
10. He is the captain of this class.
b. Identify proper, common, collective, material and abstract noun from the following:
1) He is an honest man.
2) Raju and Saju are talking in the field.
3) The committee will take the decision.
4) Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

8
Lecture Sheet
5) The Muslims fast during Ramadan.
6) February is the second month of English year.
7) Water is necessary for all.
8) Gold is a precious metal.
9) He passed the examination last year.
10) Kindness is a great virtue.
PRONOUN
Definition:
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. A_©vr Noun Gi cwie‡Z© eëüZ kã‡K Pronoun e‡j|
Example: Salim has a book. He reads the book. He reads it.
GL‡b cÖ_g ev‡K¨ Salim kãwU Subject n‡q‡Q wØZxq I Z…Zxq ev‡K¨ Salim Gi cwie‡Z© He kãwU Subject wnmv‡e eënvi n‡q‡Q|
Classification: Pronoun ‡K 8 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| bx‡P Q‡Ki gva¨‡g ‡mwU †`qv njt
GLb G‡ì we¯—vwiZ D`vniYmn †`qv njt
Name Example in words Example in sentences
Personal I, we, he, she ,it, my, his,
her
We know the matter very well. He came in
the evening.
Demonstrative This, That, These, Those These were lost last night. That was her pen.
Distributive Each, Every, Either,
Neither
Each of the boys has got A+. Either of the
pen will do.
Interrogative Who, What, Whom, Whose Who came late today? What do you know
about it?
Relative Who, What, Which, Whom I know who came here yesterday. Do what
he says to do.
Indefinite One, Someone, Anyone One can help you. Some one has done it.
Reflexive Myself,Himself,Themselves, I myself did it. He killed himself.
Reciprocal Each other, One another They are talking to each other.
1. Personal Pronoun: ‡h Pronoun e¨w³i cwie‡Z© eëüZ nq|
Example: a. I know this. b. We have done this. c. You have caught fish.
2. Demonstrative Pronoun: ‡h Pronoun GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example:
(a)This is my pen. (b)These are mine.
(c) That is her bag. (d)The climate of Sylhet is better than that of Dhaka.
3. Interrogative Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun cÖkœ Kivi Kv‡R eëüZ nq| Example:
(a) Who are you? (b) What is he? (c) Whom do you love most?
4. Relative Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun Zvi c~‡e©v‡jwLZ Noun Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i|
Example:
(a) I met the man who had just returned.
(b)I know what he likes.
(c) All that glitters is not gold.
5. Indefinite Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K Awbw`©ófv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i|
Pronoun
Personal
Demonstrative
ReflexiveDistributive
Interrogative
Relative
Indefinite Reciprocal

Lecture Sheet
Example:
(a) One should do one’s duty.
(b) Some are born great.
(c) Many of my friends are talking.
6. Distributive Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K c„_Kfv‡e eÈb wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example:
(a) Each of the boys gets a prize.
(b) Everyone has done the sum.
(c) Either of the girls is very simple.
(d) Neither of them is here.
7. Reflexive Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun Subject-Gi KvRwU‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| GwU AvZ¥wb‡`©kK Pronoun.
Example:
(a) I clean my room myself.
(b) Clean your room yourself.
(c) The boys cleaned the room themselves.
(d) The snake is hiding itself.
(e) We do it ourselves.
8. Reciprocal Pronoun: ‡h me Pronoun cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example:
(a) Tamal and Kamal helped each other.
(b) All students are talking to one another.
Home Work
FIND OUT PRONOUN FROM THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES :
1. He is greater than she.
2. He and I went there together.
3. It was not I who did it.
4. It is a sin to tell a lie.
5. You have wronged me.
6. His pen is finer than yours.
7. Our school is better than theirs.
8. The roads of Dhaka are better than those of Khulna.
9. He will do the same as his brother.
10. This pen is old, please give me a new one.
Spoken English-3
Small Talk
Telling how you have been doing-Positive
Keeping busy
Keeping myself busy
Keeping out of trouble.
Telling how you have been doing-Negative
Not good.
Not so good.
Not great.

Lecture Sheet
Class No-4 Number
Numbert e¨vw³ ev e¯‘i msL¨v‡K Number ejv nq|
Number Gi cÖKvi‡f`t Bs‡iRx‡Z Number `yB cÖKvi h_vt
a. Singular Number. b. Plural Number.
Singular Number: †h Word Øviv GKwU Noun/Pronoun †K wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K Singular Number e‡j| h_vt- Boy,
man, pen
Plural Number: †h Word Øviv G‡Ki †ekx Noun/Pronoun wb‡`©k Kiv nq Zv‡K Plural Number ejv nq| h_vt- Boys,
men, pens
ï× Bs‡iRx Rvbvi Rb¨ wKfv‡e Singular Number †_‡K Plural Number Ki‡Z nq Zv Rvbv ìKvi| bx‡P Singular Number
†_‡K Plural Number Kivi wbqg Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
1. mvaviYZt Singular Number Gi †k‡l S †hvM K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z nq| h_vt
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Book Books Novel Novels
Pen Pens Table Tables
Chair Chairs Spoon Spoons
Boy Boys Khata Khatas
Girl Girls Computer Computers
2. hw` Singular Number Gi †k‡l Sh,Ch ,SS, X,Z (hw` Ch Gi D”Pvib P Gi gZ nq) _v‡K, Zvn‡j G‡ì †k‡l ES †hvM
K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgbt
Loss Losses Glass Glasses
Bush Bushes Bus Buses
Bench Benches Dish Dishes
Box Boxes Ass Asses
Topaz Topazes Match Matches
Z‡e Ch Gi D”PviY hw` K Gi gZ nq Zvn‡j ES †hvM bv n‡q ïaygvÎ S †hvM K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e|‡hgbt
Monarch Monarchs Stomach Stomachs
3. hw` Singular Number Gi †k‡l GKUv gvÎ O _v‡K Ges Zvi Av‡Mi A¶iwU Consonant nq Zvn‡j Zv‡ì‡K ES †hvM K‡i
Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e| h_vt-
Hero Heroes Potato Potatoes
Mango Mangoes Volcano Volcanoes
Z‡e hw` `yBUv O _v‡K ev Gi Av‡Mi A¶iwU Vowel nq Zvn‡j Avi ES †hvM Kiv hv‡e bv ZLb ïaygvÎ S ‡hvM K‡i Plural
Number Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgbt
Cuckoo Cuckoos Folio Folios
Bamboo Bamboos Studio Studios
e¨wZµgt-GB wbq‡gi wKQz e¨wZµg Av‡Q A_©vr Singular Number Gi †k‡l GKUv gvÎ O Av‡Q Ges Zvi Av‡Mi A¶iwU
Consonant Av‡Q Zv m‡Z¡I Zv‡ì‡K S †hvM K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e| h_vt-
Photo Photos Radio Radios
Piano Pianos
4. Singular Number Gi †k‡l hw` Y _v‡K Ges Y Gi Av‡Mi A¶iwU hw` Consonant nq Zvn‡j Y D‡V hv‡e AZtci Zvi mv‡_
ies hy³ n‡q Plural Number n‡e| ‡hgbt-
Lady Ladies Army Armies
baby babies Fly Flies

12
Lecture Sheet
Z‡e Singular Number Gi †k‡l hw` Y _v‡K Ges Y Gi Av‡Mi A¶iwU hw` Vowel nq Zvn‡j Avi Y DV‡e bv eis Zvi
mv‡_B S hy³ n‡q Plural Number n‡e| ‡hgbt-
Boy Boys Key Keys
Toy Toys Monkey Monkeys
5. Singular Number Gi †k‡l hw` f /fe _v‡K Zvn‡j f /fe D‡V hv‡e AZtci Zvi mv‡_ ves hy³ n‡q Plural Number n‡e ‡hgbt-
Life Lives Half Halves
Calf Calves Knife Knives
Z‡e Singular Number Gi †k‡l hw` oof, ief, fe, ff, rf, _v‡K Zvn‡j Avi DV‡e bv eis Zvi mv‡_B S hy³ n‡q Plural Number
n‡e| ‡hgbt
Roof Roofs Dwarf Dwarfs
Proof Proofs Cliff Cliffs
e¨wZµgt- Z‡e GB wbq‡gi e¨wZµg Av‡Q| ‡hgbt-
Safe Safes Thief Thieves
Strife Strifes
Avevi wKQz wKQz Singular Number Av‡Q hv‡ì †k‡l ff, rf, oof Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡K `yBfv‡e Plural Number Kiv hvq h_vt-
Staff Staffs/Staves Scarf Scarfs/carves
Wharf Wharfs/Wharves Hoof Hoofs/Hoves
6. wKQz wKQz Singular Number Av‡Q hv‡ì g‡aï Vowel cwieZ©b K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e|G‡¶‡Î hw` wfZ‡i `yBUv
oo _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡ì‡K `yBUv ee †Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e Abyiƒcfv‡e hw` a _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡ì‡K e †Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡e|Avevi hw`
ouse _v‡K Zvn‡j ouse D‡V ice hy³ n‡e| ‡hgbt-
Man Men Foot Feet
Woman Women Tooth Teeth
Goose Geese Mouse Mice
Louse Lice
7. wKQz wKQz Singular Number Av‡Q hv‡ì ‡k‡l en,ren,ne K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ox Oxen Brother Brothers/Brethren
Child Children Cow Cows/Kine
8. Compound Noun Gi †k‡l hw` man kã _v‡K Ges †mB man kã Øviv gvbyl eySvq Zvn‡j man kãwU‡K men K‡i Plural
Number Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgbt
Fisherman Fishermen Salesman Salesmen
Boatman Boatmen Workman Workmen
9. Z‡e Compound Noun Gi †k‡l hw` man kã _v‡K Ges †mB man kã Øviv hw` gvbyl bv eySvq Zvn‡j man kãwUi mv‡_ S
†hvM K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgbt
Mussalman Mussalmans German Germans
Brahman Brahmans Norman Normans
10. ‡h mg¯— Compound Noun `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã w`‡q MwVZ nq Ges G‡ì ga¨Lv‡b Hypen _v‡K Zv‡ì‡K Plural Number
Ki‡Z n‡j wKQz Av‡Q hv‡ì cÖavb As‡ki mv‡_ S †hvM K‡i Plural Number Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgbt
Brother -in-law Brothers-in-law Passer-by Passers-by
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law Step-sister Step-sisters
Maid-servant Maid-servants Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief
Avevi wKQz wKQz Compound Noun Av‡Q hv‡ì Dfq As‡ki mv‡_B S †hvM Ki‡Z nq| ‡hgbt-

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Lecture Sheet
Lord-justice Lords -justices
Man-servant Men-servants Woman-servant Women-servants
12. we‡`k †_‡K AvMZ wKQz kã Av‡Q hv‡ì‡K Plural Number Kivi mgq bx‡Pi wbqg¸wj Abymib Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_vt
K. wKQy Greek Word Av‡Q, Zv‡ì †k‡l hw` is _v‡K Zvn‡j is D‡V es hy³ n‡e| h_vt-
Axis Axes Crisis Crises
Analysis Analyses Parenthesis Parentheses
Basis Bases Hypothesis Hypotheses
Thesis Theses Synopsis Synopses
L. hw` Singular Number Gi †k‡l us _v‡K Zvn‡j us D‡V i hy³ n‡e h_vt
Alumnus Alumni Syllabus Syllabi/ Syllabuses
Focus Foci Terminus Termini/ Terminuses
Radius Radii/ Radiuses Locus Loci
M. wKQy Latin Word Av‡Q hv‡ì †k‡l hw` um _v‡K Zvn‡j um D‡V a hy³ n‡e h_vt
Agendum Agenda Medium Media
Datum Data Memorandum Memoranda
Referendum Referenda Erratum Errata
N. hw` Singular Number Gi †k‡l ix / ex _v‡K Zvn‡j ices hy³ n‡e h_vt
Appendix Appendices Vertex Vertices
O. wKQy Greek Word Av‡Q hv‡ì †k‡l hw` a _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi mv‡_ s/e hy³ n‡e Avevi hw` †k‡l on _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi mv‡_ a
hy³ n‡e| h_vt
Formula Formulae/Formulas Phenomenon Phenomena
Criterion Criteria
we.`ª:AviI we¯—vwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ co–b A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney
Greenbaum Edition-1995 Page-88.
HOME WORK
1. Turn the following into Plural.
Box, Child, Book, Stomach, noise,
Name, Formula, Appendix, life, calf,
Leaf, lady, louse, mouse, maid servant,
Lord, justice, army, fly, Medium, knife
Spoken English-4
Small Talk
Explaining that you have been busy
I am busy.
Keeping busy .
Inviting a friend for a drink or coffee
Do you have time for coffee?
How about a cup of coffee?
Let’s go for coffee.
When you have just been introduced to someone

Lecture Sheet
Verb
Finite Non-finite
Principal Auxiliary Infinitive Participle Gerund
Transitive
Intransitive
Linking
Primary
Modal
Periphrastic
Present
Past
Perfect
Class No-5 Verb
Verb: ‡h word Øviv †Kvb KvR Kiv ev nIqv eySvq Zv‡K verb e‡j| †hgb t
a) He walks slowly. b) We know it.
Dc‡ii D`vniYØ‡qi `vM †`qv AskUzKz verb KviY H¸wj KvR Kiv eySv‡”Q| †Kbbv cÖ_gwUi A_© ÔnvUvÕ Ges wØZxqwUi A_© ÔRvbvÕ|
Kinds of Verb:
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi Verb cÖavbZt `yB cÖKvi h_v t
(i) Finite Verb I (ii) Non-finite Verb.
(i) Finite Verb: Subject Gi Number I Person Abyhvqx †h Verb cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K Finite Verb e‡j| †hgb t
a. He goes to college. b. Rana knows it.
D³ Sentenece Ø‡qi verb h_vµ‡g goes I knows D³ verb Øq Zv‡`i Subject → He I Rana Gi Kvi‡Y es ev s
MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
Finite Verb Gi cÖKvi‡f` t Finite Verb †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
(i) Principal Verb (ii) Auxiliary Verb
(i) Principal Verb: †h Verb Ab¨ †Kvb Verb Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbfv‡e m¤ú~Y© A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Principal Verb
e‡j| †hgb t
a. We play cricket. b. Man makes fire.
c. People know it. d. We need money.
GLv‡b play, makes, know Ges need G¸wj g~j verb KviY GB¸wj wb‡RivB ¯^vaxbfv‡e A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
(ii) Auxiliary Verb: †h Verb g~j Verb †K wewfbœ cÖKvi Sentence MV‡bi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K Auxiliary Verb e‡j|
†hgb t
a. I am reading a novel b. Students are making a noise.
c. We should respect our parents.
GLv‡b am, are I should GB ¸wj Auxiliary Verb KviY GB¸wj Zv‡`i Principal Verb ‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q|
Kinds of Principal Verb: Principal Verb ‡K Avevi 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
(i) Transitive Verb (ii) Intransitive Verb (iii) Linking Verb
(i) Transitive Verb: ‡h Verb Zvi A_© cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Object MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K Transitive Verb e‡j|
†hgb t
a. He flies a kite. b. We lost the pen.
GLv‡b flies I lost Dfq Transitive Verb KviY Zviv Object MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
(ii) Intransitive Verb: ‡h verb Zvi A_© cwic~Y© Kivi Rb¨ Object Gi cÖ‡qvRb †eva K‡i bv Zv‡K Intransitive verb
e‡j| †hgb t
a.The girl sings. b. Birds fly.
GLv‡b sings I fly verb Øq intransitive KviY object MÖnY Kiv QvovB, Zviv A_© cwic~Y©fv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q|
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16
Lecture Sheet
(iii) Linking Verb: ‡h Verb, Subject Ges Complement Gi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvab K‡i †`q Zv‡K Linking Verb e‡j|
†hgb t a. He is a student. b. He was a doctor.
GLv‡b ‘is’ I Ôwas’ linking verb KviY Zviv He Gi mv‡_ student I doctor Gi ms‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
N.B: be, appear, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, sound, run, smell, seem, taste, turn, GB
Verb ¸‡jv‡K A‡bK mgq Linking Verb wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
Auxiliary Verb Gi cÖKvi‡f` t Auxiliary Verb ‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t
a. Primary Auxiliary b. Modal Auxiliary c. Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary.
(a) Primary Auxiliary: †h verb Ae¯’vbyhvqx mvnvh¨Kvix Avevi Ae¯’vbyhvqx Principal verb wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq ZvnvB
Primary Auxiliary verb.
G‡ì msL¨v 3wU| h_v t be, do I have
(i) be → be Gi 8wU iƒc Av‡Q| h_vt am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been,
‡hgb t a. I am a student. b. I am reading English.
GLv‡b Sentence G am wU Principal verb n‡q‡Q Avi wØZxq Sentence G am wU Auxiliary verb n‡q‡Q
(ii) do → do Gi 3Uv iƒc Av‡Q| h_v t do, does, did.
‡hgb t a. He did it. b. I did not do it.
GLv‡b Sentence G did wU Principal verb n‡q‡Q Avi wØZxq Sentence G did wU Auxiliary verb n‡q‡Q
(iii) Have → Have Gi 3 Uv iƒc Av‡Q| h_v-Have, Has I Had
‡hgb t a. I have a pen. b. I have lost a pen.
GLv‡b Sentence G have wU Principal verb n‡q‡Q Avi wØZxq Sentence G have wU Auxiliary verb n‡q‡Q|
(b) Modal Auxiliary: ‡h verb ¸wji ci base form of verb e‡m, to e‡m bv Ges ing I hy³ nq bv Zv‡K Modal
Auxiliary e‡j| †hgb t He can do it.
msL¨v t Modal Auxiliary Gi msL¨v 13wU| h_v t can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must,
need, dare, had better, would rather.
G‡ì ‰ewkót-
1. G‡ì c‡i to e‡m bv |
2. G‡ì c‡i ing hy³ n‡e bv |
3. G‡ì c‡ii Verb wU Past ev Past Participle †KvbUvB n‡e bv|
4. G‡ì c‡ii Verb wU Present Form n‡e|
5. G‡ì c‡ii Verb wUi mv‡_ s/es †hvM Kiv hv‡e bv| myZivs ejv hv‡e bv- He can does it. He can doing it. He can
to do it.
(c) Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary: ‡h verb ¸wji ci to Av‡Q Ges to Gi Verb wU Present Form n‡e Zv‡K
Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary e‡j| †hgb t He is going to do it.
msL¨v t Periphrastic Modal Auxiliary Gi msL¨v 6 wU| h_v t be to, be going to, have to, used to, be about
to, ought to.
G‡ì ‰ewkót-
1. G‡ì c‡i to e‡m |
2. G‡ì c‡i ing hy³ n‡e bv |
3. G‡ì c‡ii Verb wU Present Form n‡e|
Home Work
1. Find out transitive, intransitive and liking verb from the following.
a. He will read English.
b. They are taking tea.
c. They should supply all things.
d. Will you come here?
e. Do not make a noise.
f. Have you heard the news?

Lecture Sheet
Class No-6 Adjective
‡h me word- Noun A_ev Pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adjective e‡j| Example:
(a) She was weak in English.
(b) The boy was intelligent.
(c) I was alone.
(d) There are ten students in this class.
(e) I need some water.
GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Y weak kã Øviv ‡`vl eySv‡”Q, wØZxq D`vni‡Y intelligent kã Øviv ¸Y eySv‡”Q, Z…Zxq D`vni‡Y alone kã Øviv
Ae¯’v eySv‡”Q, PZz_© D`vni‡Y ten kã Øviv msL¨v eySv‡”Q, ‡kl D`vni‡Y some kã Øviv cwigvb eySv‡”Q|
Classification
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K eySv hvq †h, Adjective cÖavbZ: cuvP cÖKvi h_v:
Adjective
of Quality
‡Kgb e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi
cvIqv hvq Zvnv Adjective
of Quality
honest, true, good, bad,
clever, lazy, weak,
intelligent, old, healthy,
wide, blue, honest,
modest, essential, calm,
He became polite.
The boy was honest.
He was lazy. The
students are
intelligent.
Adjective
of Quantity
KZUzKz e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h
DËi cvIqv hvq Zvnv
Adjective of Quantity
little, some, many, few,
less, enough,
I ate some rice. I have
little money. You had
enough books
Adjective
of Number
KqRb e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h
DËi cvIqv hvq Zvnv
Adjective of Number
One, two, three, first,
second, third, some, all
The hand has five
fingers. It is the first
day of the month.
Proper
Adjective
‡h mKj Adjective
Proper Noun †_‡K DrcwË
n‡q‡Q
Bangladeshi, American,
English, Italian,
Spanish
I have an Italian
friend. He has some
English friends.
Pronominal
Adjective
‡h mKj Adjective
Pronoun †_‡K DrcwË n‡q‡Q
This, That, These,
Those
This pen is mine.
Those books are theirs.
Classification of Pronominal Adjective
Pronominal Adjective g~jZt †Kvb Adjective bq| GwU Øviv H mg¯— Adjective †K eySvq †h ¸wj Pronoun †_‡K DrcwË n‡q‡Q|
myZvivs †mB Av‡jv‡K Pronominal Adjective †K wb¤§wjwLZ K‡qKfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
Possessive
Adjectives
Possessive Pronoun hLb
Noun-Gi mv‡_ e¨eüZ nq|
my, your, his,
her, our, their, etc
My pen is costlier
than yours.
Demonstrative
Adjective
†h me Pronoun wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev
e¯‘‡K wb‡`©k K‡i
this, that, these,
those
That boy is
industrious. Those
pictures are
remarkable.
Adjective
Quality Quantity Number Proper Pronominal
Possessive Demonstrative Interrogative Distributive Emphatic

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Lecture Sheet
Interrogative
Adjectives
‡h me Wh Word Adjective
Gi KvR K‡i Ges hv Øviv cÖkœ
Ki‡Zeënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K
Interrogative Adjectives
e‡j|
What, Whose,
How, Whom,
Who
What things do you
sell? Whose pen is
this?
Distributive
Adjective
‡h me Adjective †Kvb
Noun-Gi cÖwZwU‡K wb‡`©k K‡i
every, either,
neither, each
Each boy reads here.
Neither of the boys
will stay
Emphatic
Adjective
‡h me Adjective ‡Rvi w`‡q
eySvq
very, own This is the very book
that I want. This is
our own country.
Identification of Adjective
1. Adjective mvaviYZ Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m H Noun †K we‡kwlZ K‡i|
Example: (a) Any logical essay is appreciable. (b) The art is an artificial work.
(c) This is an honorary degree. (d) It is an incredible incident.
2. `yBUv Noun cvkvcvwk em‡j c~‡e©i Noun wU Adjective wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Example: A ten page book, a two week vacation, five taka note, two day leave, cottage girl, school bag,
bed cover, university student.
3. Noun Gi c~‡e© eëüZ mg¯— Participle n‡”Q Adjective.
Example: A burnt house, A playing ground.
4. mg¯— determiners adjective wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Example: An apple, our country, three lakes, second girl, many books, several people, few friends, less
importance, much rice etc.
GLb Rvbv ìKvi determiners KqwU| G m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ eBwUi determiners Aa¨vqwU co‡Z n‡e|
bx‡P G m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t -
Determiners nj 5wU h_v:
(a)Articles: a, an, the.
(b)Demonstrative: This, that, These, Those,
(c)Possessive: My, his, her, your, our, its, their.......... .
(d)Numerals: Two, three, four, five, etc.
(e) Quantifiers: Some, many, much, a lot, all............ .
Home Work
Find out adjective from the following:
1. She is a village girl. Ans:
2. Sujon is a good boy. Ans:
3. There is much water in the pond. Ans:
4. Many men many minds. Ans:
5. Ruma is weak in English. Ans:
6. He drinks little water. Ans:
7. Rana earns much money. Ans:
8. You will get the whole property after my death. Ans:
9. I donot like that pen. Ans:
10. They have few friends. Ans:
11. He is hard of hearing. Ans:

Lecture Sheet
Class No-7 Adverb
†h me Word Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Phrase ev full sentence ‡K modify K‡i A_©vr we‡klfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adverb
e‡j| ev,
†h me Word wµqv ev Verb, KLb, †Kv_vq, wKfv‡e Ges †Kb Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i Zv e‡j †`q Zv‡K Adverb e‡j|
Example:
a. The man walks slowly. b. He is always late.
c. The boy runs very fast. d. Eventually, I got the first prize.
e. I have got a very nice college bag.
Classification: Adverb ‡K Zv‡ì eënvi Abyhvqx cÖavbZt wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_vt--
A. Simple Adverb.
B. Relative Adverb.
C. Interrogative Adverb.
(A) Simple Adverb: ‡h mKj Word Øviv mgq, ¯’vb,KviY, c×wZ BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K Simple Adverb e‡j|
For example: a. He comes very slowly. b. He is seen everywhere.
(B) Interrogative Adverb: Where ,When, Why, How GB Adverb ¸wj hLb cÖkœ Kivi Kv‡R eëüZ nq Interrogative
Adverb e‡j| Example:
a. Where is Rashed? d. When did he go?
b. How high is the building? e. Why are you late? c. How many boys are there?
(C) Relative Adverb: Where ,When, Why, How GB Adverb ¸wj hLb ev‡Kï gvSLv‡b e‡m GKwU m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Zv‡K
Relative Adverb e‡j |
Example: a. I know the reason why he did it.
b. This is the place where he lives.
c. Do you know the time when he will go?
Simple Adverb ‡K wbæwjwLZ K‡qKfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_vt---
(i) Adverb of manner: Verb Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi aiY ev c×wZ cÖKvk K‡i| wµqv‡K wKfv‡e e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv
hvq †mwU Adverb of manner.
Example: a. Please talk politely
b. We read the news attentively.
c. Suddenly, he fell.
G RvZxq adverb Gi mv‡_ mvaviYZt ly hy³ _v‡K †hgbt slowly, badly, quickly, cordially, hardly, loudly, suddenly,
wisely BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
(ii) Adverb of place: Verb Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi ¯’vb‡K wb‡`©k K‡i K‡i| wµqv‡K ‡Kv_vq e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq
†mwU Adverb of place.
Example: a. Come here. b. Let us go out. c. Walk backward.
d. He goes up and down e. I see him everywhere. f. Go there.
Here, there, up, below, outside, in, near, far, inside BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
(iii) Adverb of Time: Verb Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ Kivi mgq‡K cÖKvk K‡i| wµqv‡K KLb e‡j cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq †mwU
Adverb of Time.
Example:
a. He comes daily. b. Do it now. c. He came yesterday.
d. Do it again. e. I heard him before. f. Sometimes, he writes to me.
Now, yesterday, ago, last night, last year, last month ,currently, presently, today, tomorrow, afterword,
soon, already, always BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|

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Lecture Sheet
(iv) Adverb of Quantity or degree: Adjective ev Adverb Gi gvÎv ev cwigvY wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example:
a. I am quite happy. b. He is too weak to walk. c. The mango was almost ripe.
d. She is somewhat crazy. e. She is very nice. f. He writes extremely well.
(v) Adverb of order: Verb Gi KvRwU m¤úbœ nIqvi ch©vq ev µg cÖKvk K‡i|
Example: a. He came here once. b. This market sits twice a week. c. He came first.
d. She stood second. e. He went last of all.
Again, frequently, never, sometimes, ever, secondly, once, twice, thrice BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
(vi) Adverb of cause and effect: †h me Adverb ‡Kvb wKQyi KviY I djvdj wb‡`©k K‡i|
Example: a.He failed because he did not work hard. b. We therefore left the place at once.
Accordingly, consequently, so, because, hence, therefore BZ¨vw` G RvZxq adverb Gi D`vniY|
(vii) Adverb of Affirmation and Negation: ‡h Adverb Øviv n¨u ev bv eySvq Zv‡K Adverb of Affirmation and Negation
e‡j| †hgb:
a. Yes, he will come very soon. b. No, he will not come tomorrow.
Home Work
Find out the adverbs from the following:
1. Our team will play today. Ans:
2. It may rain tomorrow. Ans:
3. I clean my teeth everyday. Ans:
4. It rained yesterday. Ans:
5. Students are working hard to gain a good result. Ans:
6. Runa is a very good girl. Ans:
7. I am quite happy today. Ans:
8. The horse can run very fast. Ans:
9. I have hardly any money. Ans:
10. There are many students in the class room. Ans:
Spoken English 7
Good bye
Simple good byes
Good bye.
Good night.
Good night until next time.
See you later.
I will try to meet you later.
See you tomorrow.

Lecture Sheet
Class No-8 Preposition, Conjunction & Interjection
What is Preposition?
A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other words in the
sentence
Pre=Av‡M/c~‡e©, position=Ae¯’vb|
A_©vr Preposition nj †mB me word hviv †Kvb k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m c~e©eZ©x word Ges H word Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| Ab¨ K_vq
ejv hvq, †h Word ev Word mgwó Noun ev Pronoun A_ev Noun equivalent Gi m‡½ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kwi‡q †`q Zv-B
Preposition.
Kinds of Preposition:
MVb Kvh© Ges e¨env‡ii wfwË‡Z Preposition ‡K Qqfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| ‡hgb t
i. Simple preposition: at, on, of, but, by etc.
ii. Double preposition: upon (up+on), without (with+out) etc.
iii. Compound preposition: about (on+by+out), behind (by+hind) etc.
iv. Phrase preposition: by means of, in front of etc.
v. Participle Preposition: The man went past me.
vi. Disguised preposition: He gets up at 8 O’clock (O=of)
CONJUNCTION
†h me Word `ywU word, clause, group of words ev sentence ‡K join K‡i|
Classification: Conjunctions are of three types:
1. Co-ordinating conjunction: ‡h me Conjunction `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK clause ‡K mshy³ K‡i|
‡hgbt therefore, then, thus, however, only, while, whereas, nevertheless.
Example:
a) I went to college and took the class.
b) Work hard and you will pass.
c) The day is wet and cold.
d) The knife is not sharp but blunt.
e) Hasan or Mahmud will come here.
f) Walk fast or you will miss the bus.
g) I am sure that he will pass.
h) He ran fast yet he could not get the train.
i) I hate him for so he is lazy.
j) He as well as his friends is lazy.
k) He along with his friends is coming.
l) I worked while he was sleeping.
m) He wrote whereas I read.
2. Subordinating conjunction: ‡h me Conjunction subordinate clause ‡K main clause-Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i Ges G‡K
Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj _v‡K| Example:
a) I had reached the college before the examination began.
b) Don’t go out if it rains. I did not go because I did not know.
c) It is one month since I received the letter.
d) As/since you like it, I will give it.
e) He could not reach though he walked fast.
f) Sit here till/until I finish my work.
g) They will not come unless I play.
h) You ran after I had seen you.
i) He looks as if / as though he saw a ghost.
j) Walk slowly lest you should fall down.
3. Correlative Conjunction: ‡h me Conjunction ‡Rvovq †Rvovq e‡m `ywU Word, Clause ev Sentence ‡K ci¯úi m¤úK©
hy³ K‡i| Example:
a) Both Salim and his brother are absent today.
b) He has both strength and money.
c) The day was either wet or dry.

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Lecture Sheet
d) Either he or his father has done that.
INTERJECTION
‡h me word Øviv mvgwqK Avb›`, `ytL, welv`, we¯§q ev Av‡eM cÖKvk cvq|
(i) Hurrah! We have won. (Happiness/Avb›`)
(ii) Alas! I failed. (Distress, sorrow/`ytL)
(iii)What a beautiful scenery it is! (wonder/we¯§q)
(iv) How beautiful the scenery is! (Wonder/we¯§q)
(v) Bravo! You have done well. (Approval/Aby‡gv`b)
(vi) Fie! Fie! (Hatred/N„Yv, making fun/VvÆv Kiv)
(vii) Hi!, Hello! (calling/Avnevb)
(viii) Hess!, Humph! (doubt/m‡›`n)
(ix) Hush! (Attention/g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y)
Home work
Find out preposition conjunction & interjection:
1. I know nothing about him. Ans:
2. The knife is not sharp but blunt. Ans:
3. Write an essay on flood. Ans:
4. Hasan or Mahmud will come here. Ans:
5. Walk fast or you will miss the bus. Ans:
6. I am sure that he will pass. Ans:
7. I saw him in the park. Ans:
8. I have neither a pen nor a book. Ans:
9. The field is so small that I cannot play. Ans:
10. It was beyond my means to go there. Ans:
11. I shall go out whether the day is wet or not. Ans:
12. The shirt has the same colour that I wear. Ans:
13. I am sure of his success. Ans:
14. Karim is no less strong than Rahim. Ans:
15. The dog is as clever as the fox. Ans:
Spoken 8
Simple agreement
You are right
Right you are
Sure
You got it.
Absolutely
Agreeing with a speaker
So it seems.
So it would seem.

Lecture Sheet
Class-10 Sentence
Definition: Sentence n‡jv language Gi GKK hv GKwU word ev GKvwaK k„•Ljve× word Øviv ˆZix, hv‡Z mPivPi GKwU
subject I GKwU verb _v‡K, hvi sense I meaning Av‡Q Ges expression cÖKv‡k m¶g| myZivs, ms‡¶‡c Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h,
word ev word ¸”Q hw` sense, meaning Ges expression mn GKwU language Gi unit wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB sentence.
Bs‡iwR‡Z-
A word or a set of ordered words having sense, meaning and expression and acting as a unit of a language is
called a sentence. ‡hgb-
a. He comes here everyday.
b. I know the matter very well.
c. Rashed can not read English fluently.
Classification of Sentence
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K mn‡RB eySv hv‡”Q Sentence ‡K `yBfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq h_vt-
K. A_© Abyhvqx (According to Meaning)
L. MVY Abyhvqx (According to Structure)
K. A_© Abyhvqx (According to Meaning)
Simple English Sentence †K Meaning Abyhvqx cuvP fv‡M Classify Kiv hvq| †hgbt-
i. Assertive Sentence ii. Interrogative Sentence.
iii. Imperative Sentence Ges iv. Optative Sentence
v. Exclamatory Sentence
Assertive Sentence
‡h sentence Øviv †Kvb wKQyi wee„wZ ev eY©bv †`Iqv eySvq Zv‡K Assertive Sentence e‡j| †hgb t
I am going to speak to the manager today. He is not a bad boy.
wPbvi Dcvqt- Assertive Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z me©`vB GKUv Subject _vK‡e|
Assertive Sentence Gi Structure t-Subject + Verb+--------------- .
Interrogative Sentence
‡h sentence Øviv †Kvb cÖkœ Kiv eySvq Zv‡K Interrogative Sentence e‡j|
‡hgb t Will you see him today? Who do you want to speak to?
wPbvi Dcvqt- Interrogative Sentence Gi ‡k‡l me©`vB GKUv Note of Interrogation(?) _vK‡e|
Interrogative Sentence Gi Structure t-a. Auxiliary Verb+ Subject+------------?
b. Wh +auxiliary Verb + Subject+-------?
Sentence
According to Meaning According to Structure
Assertive Interrogative Imperative Optative Exclamatory
Simple Complex Compound
Affirmative Negative

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Lecture Sheet
Imperative Sentence
‡h sentence Øviv †Kvb Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva, wb‡la BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K Imperative Sentence e‡j|
†hgb t Speak to the author today. Follow this way.
wPbvi Dcvqt- Imperative Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z GKUv Verb/Let/Please/Kindly _vK‡e|
Imperative Sentence Gi Structure t- a. Verb+-------.
b. Let+obj+Verb+-----
c. Donot+Verb+-----
d. Please/Kindly+ Verb+----
Optative Sentence
‡h sentence Øviv †Kvb B”Qv ev cÖv_©bv cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K Optative Sentence e‡j| †hgb t May Bangladesh win. Long live
Bangladesh
wPbvi Dcvqt- Imperative Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z May/ Long live _vK‡e|
Optative Sentence Gi Structure t- a. May + Subject + Verb+------.
b. Long live+ Subject+---------.
Exclamatory Sentence
‡h sentence Øviv g‡bi nl©, welv`, N„bv, †¶vf, wa°vi BZ¨vw` cÖKvk cvq Zv‡K Zv‡K Exclamatory Sentence e‡j| †hgbt What a
noise they are making!, Hush ! The baby is sleeping.
wPbvi Dcvqt- Exclamatory Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z Ah!/Oh!/Alas!/Hurrah/Hush! BZ¨vw` Exclamatory evPK kã _vK‡Z cv‡i
A_ev Bnv What/How Øviv ïi“ n‡Z cv‡i|
Exclamatory SentenceGi Structuret
a. What+article+ adj+noun+Subject+Verb!
b. How+adjective+Subject+Verb+!
c. Exclamatory Word +Subject+Verb+......
NB. GB cuvP iKg Sentence Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU†K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb :
i) Affirmative sentence ii) Negative sentence.
i) Affirmative sentence: n¨uv-evPK ev BwZevPK evK¨‡KB Bs‡iwR‡Z Affirmative sentence e‡j|
†hgb: In our country, corruption is everywhere.
ii) Negative sentence: ‡bwZevPK ev bv-evPK evK¨‡KB Bs‡iwR‡Z Negative sentence e‡j|
†hgb: Farid was not an extrovert.
L. MVY Abyhvqx (According to structures):
Structure Abyhvqx sentence wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vt-
(a) Simple Sentence.
(b) Complex Sentence
(c) Compound Sentence.
cieZx©‡Z G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
Home Work
Find out assertive, interrogative, imperative, optative and exclamatory sentence.
(1)Shahana missed the bus. Ans:
(2)May Allah help you. ` Ans:
(3) Have you ever seen the zoo? Ans:
(4) Long live Bangladesh. Ans:
(5) Who will go there? Ans:
(6)Do not make a noise in the class. Ans:
(7) What a dangerous thing a little learning is! Ans:
(8)We must obey our parents. Ans:

Class No-11 Article
Definition: ‡h mKj kã Øviv †Kvb noun †K wbw`©ó ev Awbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡bv nq Zv‡K Article ejv nq|
ev A, An I The †K Bs‡iRx‡Z Article ejv nq|
Kinds:
Dc‡ii QK †_‡K mn‡RB eySv hvq Article `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
1. Definite Article Ges 2. Indefinite Article.
The n‡jv Definite Article Ges A I An n‡jv Indefinite Article.
Definite Article:hw` Avgiv †Kvb noun †K wbw`©ó K‡i †evSv‡Z PvB Z‡e Definite Article eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
Examples: (a) The bird is flying in the blue sky. (b)The doctor has come.
Note: GLv‡b Avgiv GKwU wbw`©ó cvwL I GKRb wbw`©ó Wv³vi‡K eywS hviv e³v I †kªvZv Df‡qiB cwiwPZ|
Indefinite Article: Avgiv hw` GKwU Noun ‡K Awbw`©ó K‡i eënvi Kwi Z‡e Indefinite Article eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Examples: (a) A police man has come. (b) I saw an old lady in the street.
Note: GLv‡b Police man ev lady Gi †KDB †Kvb wbw`©ó Police ev Man bq| Zviv e³vi ev ‡kªvZvi cwiwPZ bq| ZvB ejv hvq †h
mvaviYZt Singular Countable Noun Gi c~‡e© wbqgvbyhvqx a/an em‡e, Ab¨w`‡K Singular Countable Noun, Plural
Countable Noun Ges Uncountable Gi Av‡M The eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
A/An The
There is a fan over my head.
I have an umbrella.
The fan runs well.
The fans of the room are new.
The information I gave you yesterday was true.
Uses of Indefinite Article (A, An):
A. hw` kãUv Consonant Sound w`‡q ïi“ nq Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a e‡m Avi hw` kãUv Vowel Sound w`‡q ïi“ nq Zvn‡j Zvi
Av‡M an e‡m|Examples:
A An
a boy
a book
a bag
a cat
a woman
a chair
a dog
a horse
an ass
an ant
an apple
an arm
an ice-cream
an idiot
an egg
an ear an eye
B. wKš‘ vowel w`‡q ïi“ nIqv m‡Z¡I hw` GKwU kã ‘BDÕ ev ÔIqvÕ Gi gZ D”PvwiZ nq Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© A e‡m, An bq| ‡Kbbv GLv‡b
GwU Consonant Sound.
Examples: (a) The man has a ewe. (b)I have a European friend. (c)I need a one-taka note.
‡Kbbv GLv‡b GwU Vowel Sound.
C. hw` k‡ãi ïi“‡Z h Av‡m Ges Zvi D”PviY ÓAÓ Gi gZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a bv e‡m an e‡m| Examples:
(a) Wait for an hour. (b)He is an heir of this property.(c) My father is an honest man.
D. hw` k‡ãi ïi“‡Z abbreviation (ms‡¶wcZ kã) Av‡m Ges Zvi D”PviY vowel Gi gZ nq, Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a bv e‡m an e‡m|
Examples:
(a) His mother is also an M. A. (b) His uncle is an M. P. (c) The man in the chair is an L.LB.
GLv‡b cÖ_g I wØZxq D`vni‡Y Gg evbvb Ki‡Z †M‡j ïi“‡Z ÓGÓ Av‡m ZvB Gi Av‡M an e‡m‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e Z…Zxq D`vni‡Y Gj
evbvb Ki‡Z †M‡j ïi“‡Z G Av‡m ZvB Gi Av‡MI a bv e‡m an e‡m‡Q|
E. wKš‘ hw` Zvi D”PviY Consonant Gi gZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a em‡e|
‡hgbt (a) The man standing before you is a B.A.
Article
Definite Indefinite

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Lecture Sheet
More uses of A/An
1. hLb GKUv e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K cÖ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv wb‡`©k K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M a ev an e‡m| Examples:
a. I saw a man on the street. b. An old lady came to our house.
2. Unit ev IRb ev gv‡ciGKK wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ Consonant Gi Av‡M a e‡m Ges Vowel Gi Av‡M an e‡m| Examples: a.
One hundred centimeters make a meter. b.An ounce is enough.
3. mvaviYZ: Proper Noun Gi Av‡M KLbI Article e‡m bv wKš‘ hLb Proper Noun Gi mv‡_ Pronoun Gi Zzjbv Kiv nq ZLb
Zvi Av‡M a ev an e‡m| Examples:
a. He thinks he is a Nazrul. b. You are a Robindranath, I see.
4. GKwU AcwiwPZ bvg ev cèxi c~‡e© a ev an e‡m | Examples:
a. A Kamal called on you. b.An Arif came here to collect the news.
N. B. GLv‡b Kamal Ges Arif-Gi c~‡e© A ev An bv _vK‡j eySv‡e Zviv e³v I †kªvZvi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ|
5. ‡ckv, †kªYx A_ev eëmv eySv‡Z a ev an e‡m | Examples:
a. He is a businessman. b. He is an engineer.
6. 'dozen', 'hundred', 'thousand', 'million' BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z a ev an e‡m| Examples:
a. Here are a dozen of bananas. b. There are a thousand people.
7. Per ev Each A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K ev cÖwZ eySv‡Z a ev an e‡m| Examples:
a.He earns one thousand rupees a month. b. He drives the car at 50 miles an hour.
8. GKwU †kªYx‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †evSv‡Z a ev an e‡m | Examples:
a. A cow has horns.(i.e.All cows have horns.) b. An elephant is also necessary.
9. hLb Exclamatory Sentences ¸‡jv What w`‡q ïi“ nq ZLb What Gi ci a ev an e‡m | Examples: a. What a
pretty girl! b. What a nice bird it is!
10. Superlative Degree-Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ The e‡m Z‡e superlative hLb very Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡i ZLb Gi Av‡M a e‡m|
Examples :
a. He saw a most wonderful sight. (a most = a very)
b. This is a most interesting story. (a most = a very)
11. wKQy wKQy Phrase †hgb: 'few', 'little', 'lot of, good deal, great many, good many BZ¨vwì c~‡e© Ges gv‡S gv‡S Many
Gi c‡i a ev an e‡m | Examples:
a. Here are a lot of books. b. A great many soldiers entered the town.
c. I saw a good many boys there. d. There are a few books on the table.
e. There is a little honey in the bottle. f. Many a time I have asked you not to do it.
Home Work
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROPRIATE ARTICLES
1. At school Adeb met ——— lot of people. Ans:
2. Kasem is —— cleverest boy in our class. Ans:
3. Rashed is — old bearer of——— school. Ans:
4. Doesn't it make — good profit? Ans:
5. Rina's grandmother had — accident. Ans:
6. Anser worked in — garden at his old school. Ans:
7. Gardening is ———— interesting hobby. Ans:
8. ——— blacksmíths were strong. Ans:
9. The students worked for — hour and a half. Ans:
10. Jamal gave — example of beautiful things. Ans:
11. They were looking at ——— old lady. Ans:
12. Once upon — time there were two friends. Ans:
13. Mr.Alam woke up early in ___ morning. Ans:
14. Greece is — country in __ south of Europe. Ans:
15. Mr. Rajjak was ——— idle farmer. Ans:
16. Mr. Azam is ——— active farmer. Ans:
Spoken 11

Lecture Sheet
Uses of The
1. ‡Kvb wbw`©ó e¯‘ ev e¨w³ eySv‡Z The e‡m| Examples:
a. Look at the boys. They are peculiarly dressed.
b. I want the Golden Book of Treasures. The book is out of print.
2. †mB Noun-Gi c~‡e© hv GKevi eënv‡ii d‡j wbw`©ó n‡q †M‡Q Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. There is a tree in the garden. The tree looks very nice.
3. ‡mB Noun Gi c~‡e© hvi mv‡_ AwZwi³ Phrase ev Clause eënv‡ii d‡j Zv wbw`©ó n‡q †M‡Q Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. The boy who came here is my friend.
b. The pen which I bought from market is not so good.
4. Singular Noun-Gi c~‡e© hLb The eënvi Kiv nq ZLb Zv Øviv mg¯— RvwZ‡K eySvq| Examples:
a. The dog is a faithful animal. b. The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.
5. Material Noun-Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ Article e‡m bv Z‡e Gi c‡i hLb of _v‡K Ges GwU‡K wbw`©ó Kiv nq ZLb Gi Av‡M The
e‡m | Examples:
a.The gold of the ring is very bright. b.The water of the Padma is dirty.
6. cÖK…wZ‡Z GKwU gvÎ Av‡Q Ggb †Kvb wKQyi bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The sun shines in the sky. b.The earth moves round the sun.
7. ‡h Noun Øviv †Kvb RvwZ ev †Mvwô †evSvq Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The English are industrious. b.The Bangalees are intelligent but idle.
8. †Kvb Road Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m | wKš‘ †Kvb Street ev Avenue Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© bq| Examples:
a.The bus is running on the Shere Bangla Road.
b.The book is bought from College Street.
9. ‡ckv eySv‡Z wKQy Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.He joined the Bar. b. He joined the Church.
10. Ordinal number Gi cy‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.Who is the first boy? b.The 23rd January is a red letter day. (But January, 23)
11. mgwó evPK †`‡ki bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The U. S. A. (the United States of America.) is a powerful country.
b.The U. K. (the United Kingdom.) is favourite to all.
12. Adjective hLb †Kvb we‡kl †kªYx †evSvq, ZLb Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a.The rich (= rich men) are not always happy.
b. The poor ( = poor men) are not always dishonest.
13. Superlative Degree Gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. He is the best boy in the class. b. She is the most beautiful girl.
14. A‡bK mgq kãUv Superlative Degree _v‡K bv wKš‘ sense Uv Superlative Degree _v‡K ZLbI Zvi Av‡M The e‡m |
Examples:
a.He is the singer of the day. b.He is the man of the match.
15. Comparative Degree-Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ Article e‡m bv Z‡e Gi c‡i hLb of the two A_ev of+ Proper Noun _v‡K ZLb
Comparative Degree Gi c~‡e© The e‡m Examples:
a. Rana is the better of the two. b. Of Rahim and Karim, Rahim is the better.
16. hZ ZZ A‡_© Comparative Adverb Gi c~‡e© The e‡m | Examples:
a. The sooner, the better. b.The more we have, the more we want.
17. mvaviYZt Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| wKš‘ wKQy wKQy Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m †m¸‡jv n‡jv Examples:
• Names of holy books(ag© MÖ‡š’i bv‡gi Av‡M): the Bible, the Quran, the Ramayana.
• Names of newspapers(cwÎKvi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Prothom-Alo, the Daily Star.
• Names of ships(Rvnv‡Ri bv‡gi Av‡M): the Titanic, the M. V. Akbar.
• Names of train(†Uª‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Silk City, the Lalmonirhat Express.
• Names of aeroplanes(†c‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Dakota, the Boeing 707.
• Names of space crafts(gnvKvk hv‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Apollo.
• Names of famous buildings(weL¨vZ `vjv‡bi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Tajmahal, the Victoria Memorial Hall.
• Names of rivers(b`xi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Padma, the Jamuna.
Class No-12 Articles

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• Names of seas(mgy‡`ªi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Arabian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea
• Names of oceans(gnvmvM‡ii bv‡gi Av‡M): the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean.
• Names of gulfs (DcmvM‡ii bv‡gi Av‡M): the Persian Gulf, the Bay of Bengal.
• Names of mountain ranges(cvnv‡oi bv‡gi Av‡M): the Himalayas, the Alps.
• Names of groups of islands(Øx‡ci mgwói bv‡gi Av‡M): the Andamans, the West Indies, the Hebrides.
• Names of desert(gi“f~wgi bv‡gi Av‡M) : the Sahara, the Gobi.
• Names of the directions( w`‡Ki bv‡gi Av‡M) : Go to the north and then turn to the south.
Note. GKwU gvÎ ce©Z ev Øxc, Aš—ixc ev n«‡`i bv‡gi c~‡e© The e‡m bv| Examples:
Mount Abu, Mount Everest, Vesuvius, Ceylon, Sicily, Java and so on.
18. hLb Proper Noun Gi mv‡_ Proper Noun Gi Zzjbv eySv‡e ZLb wØZxq Proper Noun-Gi c~‡e© The e‡m| Examples:
(a) Rabindranath is the Shakespeare of India. (b)Dhaka is the London of Bangladesh.
19. Proper Noun hw` Adjective ev Adjectival phrases ev clauses Øviv we‡kwlZ nq, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© The e‡m| Examples:
a. The great Caesar is a historical person. b. The immortal Kalidas reminds us always.
Home Work
1. Use articles in the blanks.
Dhaka stands on(a)--- Buriganga. It is (b)--- old city.(c)---- city is overpopulated. People of different
communities live in the city. Their occupation is not (d)----- same.There is (e)----- engineering university in
the city.
Ans: (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
2. Use articles in the following blanks
I saw (a)------- one eyed man in the street. He is (b)---------- old man. He depends on (c)------ help of others.
He can not go (c)------ single day without the help of others. He always looks for (d)------- opportunity to
get money from (e)----- rich.
Ans: (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Nasiruddin was (a)-------- emperor of Delhi. Though he was an emperor, he lived like a poor man. He was
always busy for (b)----- welfare of his subjects. He did not take(c)----- single farthing from (d)---- Royal
Treasury. He led (e)----- honest life.
Ans: (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
There were many applications for (a)------ post. Sultan was unable to choose (b)---- honest man. So he
asked the counsellor to help him.(c)------ counsellor advised him to invite all (d)----- applicants to (e)---
palace.
Ans: (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
I often remember (a)----- days of my childhood. Whenever I am sick of the present, I recall memories of my
childhood. I was born in a small village in (b)---- district of Khulna. My father was (c)---- school teacher.
The school is situated far from our home. Ours was (d)---- simple home where I lived in (e)--- midst of my
parents, brothers and sisters.
Ans: (a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)

Lecture Sheet
Class no -13 Tense & All Indefinite Tenses
Definition: wµqv msNwUZ nIqvi mgq‡K Tense e‡j| Tense cÖ_gZt wZb cÖKvi| h_vt
1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense
bx‡P G¸wj‡K Diagram AvKv‡i †`qv njt
Present Tense: hv Verb Gi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Present Tense e‡j| Example: I play football.
Past Tense: hv Verb Gi AZxZ Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Past Tense e‡j| Example: I played football.
Future Tense: hv Verb Gi fwel¨Z Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Future Tense e‡j| Example: I will play football.
cÖ‡Z¨KUv Tense †K Avevi Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
• Present Tense
1. Present Indefinite Tense/Simple Present Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense/ Present Progressive Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
• Past Tense
1. Past Indefinite Tense/Simple Past Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense/ Past Progressive Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Future Tense
1. Future Indefinite Tense/Simple Future Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense/Future Progressive Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Tense
Present Past Future
Tense
Present Past Future
Present
Indefinite
Present
Continuous
Present
Perfect
Present Perfect
Continuous
Past
Indefinite
Past
Continuous
Past
Perfect
Past Perfect
Continuous
Future
Indefinite
Future
Continuous
Future
Perfect
Future Perfect
Continuous

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Lecture Sheet
cÖ‡Z¨KwU Tense Gi Avevi PviwU K‡i iƒc Av‡Q| h_vt
a. Affirmative b. Negative c. Interrogative d. Negative-Interrogative
Present Indefinite Tense/Simple Present Tense:
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l v (Av Kvi), † (G Kvi), I (Kvi), B, q BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + Present form of Verb + Object/Extension. ‡hgbt
 †m fvZ Lvq ---He eats rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvB ------ I go to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i --- Mother cooks rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj---- We play cricket.
N. B.: hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU He, She, It, BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular Number nq, Zvn‡j Verb Gi mv‡_ s/es hy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Negative Gi Structure: Subject+ does not/ do not+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m fvZ Lvq bv ---He does not eat rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvB bv------ I do not go to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i bv--- Mother does not cook rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj bv-- We do not play cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure: Does / Do +Subject+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lvq ? ---- Does he eat rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB?---- Do I go to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i? ---- Does mother cook rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj ---- Do we play cricket?
Negative-Interrogative Gi Structure: Does / Do +Subject+ not+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lvq bv ? -----Does he not eat rice? / Doesn’t he eat rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB bv? ------Do I not go to College? / Don’t I go to College?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i bv?----- Does mother not cook rice? / Doesn’t mother cook rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj bv? ---- Do we not play cricket? / Don’t we play cricket?
N.B: Negative-Interrogative Gi †¶‡Î not wU Subject Gi c‡i em‡e| Z‡e ev‡Kï Subject wU hw` Noun nq Zvn‡j not wU
Subject Gi Av‡M em‡e| ‡hgbt- iwng wK K‡j‡R hvq bv?-- Does not Rahim go to college?
GLv‡b iwng kãwU GKwU e¨vw³i bvg A_©vr GwU Noun myZivs G‡¶‡Î not wU Subject Gi Av‡M em‡e|
hw` do not, does not BZ¨vwì short form eënvi Kiv nq †hgb don’t, doesn’t BZ¨vw` nq Zv n‡j subject Gi c‡i not
emv‡bvi ìKvi bvB|
Past Indefinite Tense/Simple Past Tense:
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l qvwQj, qvwQ‡j, qvwQ‡jb,jvg,j,†j,†jb,Zvg,Z,†Zb,†Zg BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + Past form of Verb + Object. ‡hgbt
 †m fvZ LvBj ---He ate rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R wM‡qwQjvg ------ I went to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv K‡iwQj --- Mother cooked rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †L‡jwQjvg-- We played cricket
Negative Gi Structure: Subject + did not + Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m fvZ Lvq bvB ---He did not eat rice.

Lecture Sheet
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvB bvB------ I did not go to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i bvB--- Mother did not cook rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj bvB-- We did not play cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure:- Did + Subject + Present form of Verb + Object/Extension?
 †m wK fvZ †L‡qwQjvg ? ---Did he eat rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R wM‡qwQjvg?--- Did I go to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡iwQj? ---Did mother cook rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †LwjqvwQjvg -- Did we play cricket?
Negative-Interrogative Gi Structure:- Did + Subject + not + Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lvq bvB ? ---Did he not eat rice? / Didn’t he eat rice?
 Avwg wK K‡jR hvB bvB? --- Did I not go to college? / Didn’t I go to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i bvB?--- Did mother not cook rice? / Didn’t mother cook rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj bvB? Did we not play cricket? / Didn’t we play cricket?
Future Indefinite Tense/Simple Future Tense:
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l ev,e †e,‡eb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + shall/will+ Present form of Verb + Object. ‡hgbt—
 †m fvZ Lv‡e ---He will eat rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hve ------ I shall go to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e --- Mother will cook rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lje----We shall play cricket.
N. B.: hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU First Person nq A_©vr I/We nq Zvn‡j shall n‡e Ab¨ mKj Person Gi †¶‡Î will n‡e Z‡e
AvaywbK Bs‡iRx‡Z mKj Person G will eënvi Kiv hvq Z‡e mKj Person G shall eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ shall not/ will not+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m fvZ Lv‡e bv ---He will not eat rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hve bv------ I shall not go to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e bv--- Mother will not cook rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lje bv---We shall not play cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure:-Shall/Will+ Subject+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lv‡e ? ---Will he eat rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hve?------Shall I go to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e? ---Will mother cook rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lje? --Shall we play cricket?
Negative Interrogative Gi Structure:- Shall /Will +Subject+ not+ Present form of Verb + Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lv‡e bv ?---Will he not eat rice? / Won’t he eat rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hv‡e bv ?----Shall I not go to college? / Shan’t I go to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡e bv ?--- Will mother not cook rice.? / Won’t mother cook rice.?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lje bv ? ---Shall we not play cricket? Shan’t we play cricket?
Spoken 13
Focusing attention
Pardon me
Excuse me.
Are you listening to me?
Are you paying attention?
Am I making myself heard?

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Lecture Sheet
Class No-14 Continuous Tenses
Present Continuous Tense/ Present Progressive Tense:
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l ‡ZwQ, †ZQ , †Z‡Qb ev ”Q BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + am/is/are+ Present form of Verb + ing + Object. ‡hgbt--
 †m fvZ Lv‡”Q ---He is eating rice.
 Avwg ¯‹z‡j hvw”Q ------ I am going to school.
 gv fvZ ivbœv Ki†Q --- Mother is cooking rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ-----We are playing cricket.
N. B.: hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU He, She, It, BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular Number nq Zvn‡j is em‡e hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU
I nq Zvn‡j am em‡e, hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU we/you nq Zvn‡j are em‡e|
Negative Gi Structure: Subject+ am not/ is not/are not+ Present form of Verb +ing + Object/Extension.
 †m fvZ Lv‡”Q bv ---He is not eating rice.
 Avwg ¯‹z‡j hw”Q bv------ I am not going to school.
 gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Q bv--- Mother is not cooking rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ bv-- We are not playing cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure: Am/Is/Are + Subject+ Present form of Verb + ing + Object/Extension
 †m wK fvZ Lv‡”Q ? ---Is he eating rice?
 Avwg wK ¯‹z‡j hvw”Q?------Am I going to school?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Q? ----Is mother cooking rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ? ----Are we playing cricket?
Negative-Interrogative Gi Structure:- Am/Is/Are +Subject+ not+ Present form of Verb+ing +Obj/Ex.
 †m wK fvZ Lv‡”Q bv ?---Is he not eating rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvw”Q bv?------Am I not going to College?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Q bv?--- Is mother not cooking rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ bv? ----Are we not playing cricket?
Note: See, feel, like, love, hate, smell, hear, believe, consist, bring, hope, forgive, desire, want, belong,
remember, think, understand, notice, recognize, know, wish etc. GB Verb ¸wj‡K Av‡M Present Continuous
Tense G eënvi Kiv nZ bv| wKš‘ AvaywbK Bs‡iRx‡Z G‡ì eënvi Kiv nq|. Example: (i) I am seeing a bird. (ii) She is
feeling unwell. (iii) I am thinking of the matter.
Past Continuous Tense/ Past Progressive Tense
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l ‡ZwQj,†ZwQ‡j ,†ZwQ‡jb ev ”Qj BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + was/were+ Present form of Verb + ing + Object. ‡hgbt--
 †m fvZ Lvw”Qj ---He was eating rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvw”Qjvg ------ I was going to College.
 gv fvZ ivbœv KiwQj --- Mother was cooking rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †LjwQjvg-----We were playing cricket.
N. B.: hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU He, She , It Singular wKQy BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular Number nq Zvn‡j Was em‡e hw`
ev‡Kï Subject wU I nq, Zvn‡j Was em‡e hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU we nq Zvn‡j Were em‡e|
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ was not/were not + Present form of Verb + ing + Object/Extension.
 †m fvZ Lvw”Qj bv ---He was not eating rice.
 Avwg K‡jR hvwPQjvg bv------ I was not going to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv KiwQj bv --- Mother was not cooking rice.

Lecture Sheet
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †LjwQjvg bv -- We were not playing cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure:-Was/Were + Subject+ Present form of Verb + ing + Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lvw”Qj ? ---Was he eating rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvw”Qjvg?------ Was I going to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv KiwQj? --- Was mother cooking rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQjvg -- Were we playing cricket?
Negative-Interrogative Gi Structure:- Was/Were + Subject + not + Present form of Verb + ing +
Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lvw”Qj bv ?--- Was he not eating rice ?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvw”Qjvg bv ?------ Was I not going to college ?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv KiwQj bv ?--- Was mother not cooking rice ?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †LjwQjvg bv ?- Were we not playing cricket?
Future Continuous Tense/ Future Progressive Tense
evsjvq wPbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡K¨i wµqvi †k‡l ‡Z _vKe,†Z _vK‡e ,†Z _vK‡eb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + shall be/will be+ Present form of Verb + ing + Object. ‡hgbt--
 †m fvZ LvB‡Z _vK‡e ---He will be eating rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe ------ I shall be going to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Z _vK‡e --- Mother will be cooking rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lj‡Z _vK‡ev ---We shall be playing cricket.
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ shall not be/will not be + Present form of Verb + ing + Object/Extension.
 †m fvZ LvB‡Z _vK‡e bv ---He shall not be eating rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe bv --- I shall not be going to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Z _vK‡e bv--- Mother will not be cooking rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vKe bv-- We will not be playing cricket
Interrogative Gi Structure:-Shall/Will + Subject +be + Present form of Verb + ing + Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ LvB‡Z _vKe ? ---Will he be eating rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe?------Shall I be going to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Z _vK‡e? ---Will mother be cooking rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vKe---Shall we be playing cricket?
Negative Interrogative Gi Structure:- Shall/Will +Subject+ not+ be+ Present form of Verb+ ing +
Object/Extension.
 †m wK fvZ LvB‡Z _vKe bv ?---Will he not be eating rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe bv ?---Shall I not be going to college?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv Ki‡Z _vK‡e bv ?--- Will mother not be cooking rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vKe bv ?-- Shall we not be playing cricket?

Spoken 14
Expressing support for some one
I will stand by you.
I am standing behind you.
I am with you.
I am on your side.
You can trust me.
You can put your faith on me.

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Lecture Sheet
Class No-15 Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect Tense
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l qvwQ, qvQ, qv‡Qb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + have/has+ Past Participle form of Verb + Object. ‡hgbt
 †m fvZ ‡L‡q‡Q ---He has eaten rice.
 †m K‡j‡R wM‡q‡Q ------ He has gone to college.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †L‡jwQ-----We have played cricket.
N. B.: hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU He, She ,It A_ev Proper noun ( Younus, Anowar, Shanta) BZ¨vw` Third Person Singular
Number nq, Zvn‡j has em‡e| hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU I/We nq, Zvn‡j have em‡e |
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ have not/ has not+ Past Participle form of Verb + Object/Extension
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvB bvB------ I have not gone to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i bvB--- Mother has not cooked rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwj bvB---We have not played cricket.
Interrogative Gi Structure: Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle form of Verb + Object/Extension?
 †m wK fvZ ‡L‡q‡Q ? ---Has he eaten rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R wM‡qwQ?------Have I gone to College.?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i‡Q? ---Has mother cooked rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †LwjqvwQ? --Have we played cricket?
Negative - Interrogative Gi Structure:- Have/Has + Subject + Not + Past Participle form of Verb + Object /
Extension.
 †m wK fvZ Lvq bvB ? ---Has he not eaten rice?
 Avwg wK K‡j‡R hvB bvB ?------ Have I not gone to College.?
 gv wK fvZ ivbœv K‡i bvB ?--- Has mother not cooked rice?
 Avgiv wK wµ‡KU †Lwj bvB ?---Have we not played cricket?
Past Perfect Tense
evsjvq †Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l qvwQj, qvwQ‡j, qvwQ‡jb,jvg,j,†j,†jb,Zvg,Z,†Zb,†Zg BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
GB Tense G `yBUv NUbv‡K Av‡M (Before) ev c‡i (After) kã Øviv hy³ _vK‡e| †h KvRUv Av‡M msNwUZ n‡e †mwU Past Perfect
Tense Avi †h KvRUv c‡i msNwUZ n‡e †mwU Past Indefinite Tense n‡e| Z‡e me©`vB g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Before kãwUi c‡ii Ask Ges
c‡i k‡ãi Av‡Mi Ask n‡e Past Indefinite Tense Abyiƒcfv‡e Av‡M kãwUi Av‡Mi Ask Ges After k‡ãi c‡ii Ask Past Perfect
Tense n‡e| Z‡e ev‡K¨ Av‡M ev c‡i †h kãB _vKzK bv †Kb Translation me©`vB Wvb w`K †_‡K ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡e| bx‡P G‡ì
Structure †`qv njt-
Av‡M msNwVZ KvRt Past Perfect Tense t- Subject+ had+ Past Participle form of the verb + Object/Extension.
c‡i msNwVZ KvRt Past Indefinite Tense t- Subject +Past form of the verb +Object/Extension.
‡hgbt-
 Wv³vi Avmvi Av‡M i“wMwU gviv †Mj- The patient had died before the doctor came.
 Wv³vi Avmvi c‡i i“wMwU gviv †Mj- The patient died after the doctor had come.
 Zzwg Avmvi c‡i Avwg †mLv‡b wM‡qwQjvg- I went there after you had come.
GLv‡b cÖ_g ev‡K¨ i“wMwU gviv †Mj GB AskUzKz Av‡M msNwVZ n‡q‡Q ZvB GwU Past Perfect Tense Ges †h‡nZz Translation me©`vB
Wvb w`K †_‡K ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡e ZvB i“wMwU gviv †Mj GB AskUzK’ Av‡M Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
Future Perfect Tense
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l qv _vK‡e, qv _vKe ,qv _vK‡eb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + shall have/will have+ Past Participle form of Verb + Object. ‡hgbt--
 †m fvZ LvBqv _vK‡e ---He will have eaten rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvBqv _vKe ------ I shall have gone to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv Kwiqv _vK‡e --- Mother will have cooked rice.
 Avgiv wµ‡KU †Lwjqv _vKe-----We shall have played cricket.
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ shall not have/will not have + Past Participle form of Verb +
Object/Extension.
 †m fvZ LvBqv _vK‡e bv ---He will not have eaten rice.
 Avwg K‡j‡R hvBqv _vKe bv------ I will not have gone to college.
 gv fvZ ivbœv K‡i _vK‡e bv--- Mother will not have cooked rice.

Lecture Sheet
Class No-16 Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
evsjvq ‡Pbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡K¨ wµqvi †k‡l ‡ZwQ,†ZQ ,†Z‡Qb ev ”Q BZ¨vw` _vK‡e Ges Zvi mv‡_ nB‡Z/†_‡K ev awiqv/hver kã D‡jL
_vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + have been/ has been+ Present form of Verb + ing + Object +for / since +Time. ‡hgbt
 †m cuvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lv‡”Q ---He has been eating rice for five minutes.
 Avwg ‡mvgevi †_‡K K‡j‡R hvw”Q ------ I have been going to College since Monday.
 gv `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Q --- Mother has been cooking rice for ten minutes.
 Avgiv 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ-----We have been playing cricket since 1996 A.D.
N. B.: g~jZt SimpleContinuous Tense Ges Perfect Continuous Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ nj mg‡qi †¶‡Î| Simple
Continuous Tense G evsjv ev‡K¨ mg‡qi D‡jL _vK‡e bv| Avi Perfect Continuous G mg‡qi D‡jL _vK‡e | hw` evsjv
ev‡Kï g‡a¨ awiqv ev hver _v‡K, Zvn‡j for n‡e Avi hw` nB‡Z ev †_‡K kã D‡jL _v‡K, Zvn‡j since em‡e|
nB‡Z/†_‡K - since awiqv/hver - for
mKvj †_‡K - since morning 5 wgwbU a‡i - for 5 minutes
mKvj 7Uv †_‡K - since 7 a.m 1 gvm a‡i -for 1 month
1990 mvj †_‡K - since 1990 A.D 10 w`b hver - for 10 days.
Negative Gi Structur: Subject + have not been/has not been + Present form of Verb + ing + O/E + for/since +
Time.
 †m cuvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lv‡”Q bv ---He has not been eating rice for five minutes.
 Avwg †mvgevi †_‡K K‡j‡R hvw”Q bv------ I have not been going to College since Monday.
 gv `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Q bv --- Mother has not been cooking rice for ten minutes.
 Avgiv 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ bv---We have not been playing cricket since 1996 A.D.
Interrogative Gi Structure:-Have/ Has +Subject+ been +Present form of Verb +ing + O/E+ for/since +Time?
 †m wK cuvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lv‡”Q ?---Has he been eating rice for five minutes?
 Avwg wK MZKvj †_‡K K‡jR hvw”Q ?------ Have I been going to College since yesterday?
 gv wK `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Q ? --- Has mother been cooking rice for ten minutes?
 Avgiv wK 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ ?---Have we been playing cricket since 1996 A.D?
Negative - Interrogative Gi Structure:-Have/ Has + Subject + not been + Present form of Verb + ing + O/E +
for/since + Time?
 †m wK cuvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lv‡”Q bv ? ---Has he not been eating rice for five minutes?
 Avwg wK MZKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvw”Q bv? --- Have I not been going to College since yesterday?
 gv wK `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Q bv ?-- Has mother not been cooking rice for ten minutes?
 Avgiv wK 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQ bv?-Have we not been playing cricket since 1996 A.D?
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
evsjvq wPbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l ‡ZwQj,†ZwQ‡j ,†ZwQ‡jb ev ”Qj BZ¨vw` _vK‡e Ges Zvi mv‡_ nB‡Z/†_‡K ev awiqv/hver
kã D‡jL _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + had been + Present form of Verb + ing + Object+for/since+Time ‡hgbt-
 †m cvuP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lvw”Qj ---He had been eating rice for five minutes.
 Avwg MZKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvw”Qjvg ------ I had been going to college since yesterday.
 gv `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv KiwQj --- Mother had been cooking rice for ten minutes.
 Avgiv 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQjvg-----We had been playing cricket since 1996 A.D.
N. B.: g~jZt Simple Continuous Tense Ges Perfect Continuous Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ nj mg‡qi †¶‡Î Simple Continuous
Tense G evsjv ev‡K¨ mg‡qi D‡jL _vK‡e bv| Avi Perfect Continuous G mg‡qi D‡jL _vK‡e | hw` evsjv ev‡Kï g‡a¨ awiqv
ev hver _v‡K Zvn‡j for n‡e| Avi hw` nB‡Z ev †_‡K kã D‡jL _v‡K Zvn‡j since em‡e|
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ had not been + Present form of Verb + ing + O/E+ for/since +Time.

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Lecture Sheet
 †m cvuP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lvw”Qj bv ---He had not been eating rice for five minutes.
 Avwg MZKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvw”Qjvg bv------ I had not been going to college since yesterday.
 gv `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv KiwQj bv --- Mother had not been cooking rice for ten minutes.
 Avgiv 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQjvg bv--We had not been playing cricket since 1996 A.D.
Interrogative Gi Structure:-Had +Subject+ been +Present form of Verb + ing + O/E+ for/since +Time?
 †m wK cuvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lvw”Qj ?---Had he been eating rice for five minutes?
 Avwg wK MZKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvw”Qjvg ?------ Had I been going to college since yesterday?
 gv wK `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv KiwQj ? ---Had mother been cooking rice for ten minutes?
 Avgiv wK 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQjvg ?--Had we been playing cricket since1996 A.D.?
Negative Interrogative Gi Structure:-Had+Subject+ not been+ Present form of Verb + ing + O/E+ for/since
+Time?
 †m wK cvuP wgwbU a‡i fvZ Lvw”Qj bv? ---Had he not been eating rice for five minutes?
 Avwg wK MZKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvw”Qjvg bv?--- Had I not been going to college since yesterday?
 gv wK `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv KiwQj bv?--Had mother not been cooking rice for ten minutes?
 Avgiv wK 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡ZwQjvg bv?--Had we not been playing cricket since 1996 A.D.?
N.B: Negative Interrogative Gi †¶‡Î not wU Subject Gi c‡i em‡e Z‡e ev‡Kï Subject wU hw` Proper Noun nq Zvn‡j not
wU Subject Gi Av‡M em‡e|
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
evsjvq wPbvi Dcvqt- evsjv ev‡Kï wµqvi †k‡l ‡Z _vKe, †Z _vK‡e ,†Z _vK‡eb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e Ges Zvi mv‡_ nB‡Z/†_‡K ev awiqv/hver
kã D‡jL _vK‡e|
Structure: Subject + shall have been/ will have been+ Present form of Verb + ing + Object+ for/ since +
Time ‡hgbt--
 †m cuvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ LvB‡Z _vK‡e ---He shall have been eating rice for five minutes.
 Avwg AvMvgxKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe-- I shall have been going to college since tomorrow.
 gv `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Z _vK‡e--- Mother will have been cooking rice for ten minutes.
 Avgiv 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vKe--We shall have been playing cricket since 1996 A.D.
N. B.: g~jZt SimpleContinuous Tense Ges Perfect Continuous Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ nj mg‡qi †¶‡Î Simple Continuous
Tense G evsjv ev‡K¨ mg‡qi D‡jL _vK‡e bv Avi Perfect Continuous G mg‡qi D‡jL _vK‡e | hw` evsjv ev‡Kï g‡a¨ awiqv ev
hver _v‡K Zvn‡j for n‡e Avi hw` nB‡Z ev †_‡K kã D‡jL _v‡K Zvn‡j since em‡e|
Negative Gi Structure:- Subject+ have not been/has not been+ Present form of Verb +ing + O/E+ for/since
+Time.
 †m cuvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ LvB‡Z _vK‡e bv ---He will not have been eating rice for five minutes.
 Avwg AvMvgxKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe bv-- I shall not have been going to college since tomorrow.
 gv `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Z _vK‡e bv -- Mother will not have been cooking rice for ten minutes.
 Avgiv 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vKe bv---We shall not have been playing cricket since 1996 A.D.
Interrogative Gi Structure:-Shall/Will +Subject+ have been +Present form of Verb +ing + O/E+ for/since
+Time?
 †m wK cvP wgwbU a‡i fvZ LvB‡Z _vK‡e ?---Will he have been eating rice for five minutes?
 Avwg wK AvMvgxKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe ?-- Shall I have been going to college since tomorrow?
 gv wK `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Z _vK‡e ? --- Will mother have been cooking rice for ten minutes?
 Avgiv wK 1996 mvj †_‡K wµ‡KU †Lwj‡Z _vK‡e ?-----Shall we have been playing cricket since 1996 A.D?
Negative Interrogative Gi Structure:-Shall/Will +Subject+ not have been+ Present form of Verb +ing + O/E+
for/since +Time?
 †m wK cvuP wgwbU a‡i fvZ LvBZ _vK‡e bv ?---Will he not have been eating rice for five minutes?
 Avwg wK AvMvgxKvj †_‡K K‡j‡R hvB‡Z _vKe bv?--- Shall I not have been going to college since tomorrow ?
 gv wK `k wgwbU a‡i fvZ ivbœv Ki†Z _vK‡e bv ?-Will mother not have been cooking rice for ten minutes ?
 Avgiv wK mKvj †_‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z _vKe bv?-Shall we not have been waiting since morning?

Lecture Sheet
Class No- 17 Subject-verb Agreement
A Verb, which agrees with its subject in number and person is called subject verb agreement. A_©vr hLb †Kvb ev‡K¨
Subject Gi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Verb e‡m ZLb †mwU‡KB Subject Verb Agreement e‡j| me©`vB †Lqvj ivLv ìKvi †h ev‡Kï Verb
wU Aek¨B Zvi Subject Gi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L em‡e| hv‡nvK bx‡P Subject Verb Agreement Gi wKQz wbqg †`qv n‡jv hv wk¶v_x©‡ì
A‡bK Kv‡R Avm‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|
1. `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Subject hw` and w`‡q hy³ nq Ges GKB fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j Verb wU Singular n‡e| †hgb t
(a) Bread and butter (is/are) found everywhere. Ans: is
(b) Slow and steady (win/wins) the race. Ans: wins
(c) A hue and cry (was/were) raised. Ans: was
GLv‡b Bread Ges butter hwÌ `yBwU Avjv`v Avjv`v Lvevi wKš‘ GB ¸wj AwaKvsk mgq GKmv‡_ LvIqv nq ZvB G‡ì c‡i Verb wU
Singular n‡q‡Q|ZvQvov GwU GLb Phrase wnmv‡e eënvi Kiv nq| evKx D`vniY¸wji †¶‡ÎI ZvB n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK subject hw` and w`‡q hy³ nq Ges wfbœ wfbœ fve cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j Verb wU plural n‡e|
(a) Ruba and Raju (was/were) going to college. Ans: were
(b) Time and tide (wait/waits) for none. Ans: wait
GLv‡b i“ev Ges ivRy `yBRb e¨vw³ ZvB Verb wU eûePb n‡q‡Q|Abyiƒcfv‡e wØZxq D`vni‡YI ZvB n‡q‡Q|
2. hw` 2wU Subject, and Øviv hy³ nq Ges and Gi Av‡Mi Subject wU‡Z article _v‡K I c‡ii subject wU‡ZI article _v‡K Zvn‡j
g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e DfqUvB wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³ ev e¯‘, myZivs †mB Abyhvqx verb eû ePb n‡e| †hgb t
(a) The Principal and the Secretary (is/are) coming. Ans: are
(b) A blue and a red pen (was/were) lost. Ans: were
(c) The poet and the novelist (have/has) come. Ans: have
GLv‡b Headmaster Gi A‡MI the e‡m‡Q Ges Secretary Gi Av‡MI the e‡m‡Q ZvB g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e `yBRb Avjv`v Avjv`v e¨vw³
ZvB G‡ì c‡i Verb wU plural n‡q‡Q|evKx D`vniY¸wji †¶‡ÎI ZvB n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e hw` and Gi Av‡Mi kãwUi Av‡M Article _v‡K Ges c‡ii kãwUi Av‡M Article bv _v‡K Zvn‡j GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘ g‡b Ki‡Z
n‡e| myZivs †mB Abyhvqx Verb GKePb n‡e| †hgbt
(a)The Headmaster and Secretary (is/are) coming. Ans: is
(b)The Chairman and Treasurer (have/has) come. Ans: has
3. ev‡Kï Verb Zvi Subject Gi Number I Person Abyhvqx e‡m| hw` Subject wU Singular nq Zvn‡j verb wUI Singular
n‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e Subject hw` Plural nq Zvn‡j verb wUI plural n‡e|
(a) They (is/are) eating a banana. Ans: are
(b) We (have/has) created this problem. Ans: have
4. hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU Preposition w`‡q hy³ nq Zvn‡j preposition Gi Av‡Mi kã Abyhvqx verb em‡e| †hgbt
(a) The presence of so many boys (is/are) encouraging. Ans: is
(b) The mangoes in the box (have/has) been rotten. Ans: have
5. hLb †Kvb evK¨ There w`‡q ïi“ n‡e ZLb Zv‡ì Subject wU verb Gi c‡i e‡m wKš‘ me©`vB ¯§iY ivL‡e ev‡Kï verb wU
Subject Abyhvqx em‡e| †hgb t
(a) There (is/are) a book on the table. Ans: is
(b) There (is/are) a pen, a book and a clock on the table. Ans: are
6. Infinitive, Gerund, Verbal Noun, Phrase Ges Clause hw` ev‡Kï subject nq Zvn‡j verb wU singular n‡e|
(a) To walk in the morning (is/are) necessary. Ans: is
(b) Walking (is/are) the best exercise. Ans: is
(c) The reading of history (is/are) is interesting. Ans: is
(d) That he will come (is/are) known to all. Ans: is
(e) Success at any cost (is/are) his only goal. Ans: is
GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Y To walk Infinitive ZvB verb wU singular n‡q‡Q| wVK GKBfv‡e wØZxq D`vni‡Y Walking Gerund
Ges Z…Zxq D`vni‡Y The reading of history wU Verbal Noun ZvB verb wU singular n‡q‡Q|
we.`ªt- GLb Rvbv ìKvi Infinitive, Gerund, Verbal Noun, Phrase Ges Clause Kv‡K e‡j ? To + Verb Gi cÖ_g iƒc‡K
Infinitive ejv nq| ing hy³ Verb hw` Noun wnmv‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡K Gerund e‡j| ing hy³ Verb Gi Av‡M hw` The Ges c‡i
of _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K Verbal Noun e‡j|GQvov Phrase Ges Clause m¤ú‡K© GB eB‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q|
Rules of agreement

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Lecture Sheet
7. Collective Noun mvaviYZt singular aiv nq myZivs collective noun hw` ev‡Kï subject nq Zvn‡j verb wU Singular
nq| †hgb t
(a) The army (was/were) defeated. Ans: was
(b) The committee (have/has) approved the decision. Ans: has
(c) The class (is/are) large. Ans: is
Z‡e collective noun hLb noun of multitude wnmv‡e eëüZ n‡e ZLb subject wU plural n‡e| (noun of multitude ej‡Z
H mg¯— noun †K eySvq hv mgwóMZfv‡e mKj‡K bv eySvBqv ¯^Zš¿fv‡e eySvq)| †hgb t
(a) The Jury (was/were) divided in their opinions. Ans: were
(b) The audience (is/are) requested to take their seats. Ans: are
(c) The mob (do not/does not) know their mind. Ans: do not
8. Many a Gi c‡ii noun I verb DfqwUB GKePb nq Ges A Many Gi c‡ii noun I verb DfqwU eûePb nq| †hgb t
(a) Many a student (have not/has not) yet gone to school. Ans: has not
(b) A great many boys (are/is) coming home. Ans: are
9. A number Gi c‡ii Noun I verb eû ePb nq wKš‘ The number Gi c‡ii noun wU eûePb Avi verb wU GKePb n‡e| †hgbt
(a) A number of boys (is/are) playing there. Ans: are
(b) A number of students (was/were) waiting. Ans: were
(c) The number of players (is/are) poor. Ans: is
10. Distance (`yiZ¡) evPK kã, cwigvb evPK kã, ‰`N©¨ evPK kã Ges Arithmetical Operation (AsK kv¯¿xq welq) hLb ev‡Kï
Subject nq ZLb ev‡Kï Subject wU Plural n‡jI Verb wU GKePb n‡e|
(a) Five miles (is/are) a long distance. Ans: is
(b) Ten maunds (is/are) a heavy weight. Ans: is
(c) Two and two (makes/make) four. Ans: makes
11. Each I Every Gi c‡ii Verb I Noun GKePb n‡e Avi no Gic‡ii Noun wU hw` GKePb nq Zvn‡j verb GKePb n‡e noun
eûePb n‡j verb eûePb n‡e| †hgbt
(a) Each boy and each girl (have/has) got an English book. Ans: has
(b) Every star and every planet (is/are) the handiwork of Allah. Ans: is
(c) No bus and no rickshaw (was/were) seen yesterday. Ans: was
(d) No friends and no relatives (care/cares) for me. Ans: care
12. hw` ev‡Kï Subject wU and no ev and not Øviv hy³ nq Zvn‡j and no ev and not Gi Av‡Mi subject Abyhvqx verb em‡e|
†hgb t
(a) A friend, and not an enemy (greet/greets) you. Ans: greets
(b) Two pens only, and no book (is/are) required. Ans: are
(c) Only Rana and not his brother (is/are) absent. Ans: is
13. †`‡ki bvg, eB‡qi bvg, gvby‡li bvg BZ¨vwì mv‡_ s hy³ _vK‡j Ges Zviv ev‡Kï Subject n‡j hwÌ Zv‡ì‡K †`L‡Z g‡b nq Plural
wKš‘ Zviv Plural bq eis Zviv singular Ges Zv‡ì verb wUI Singular n‡e| †hgb t
(a) Dickens (is/are) an eminent writer. Ans: is
(b) Gulliver’s Travels (is/are) a famous book. Ans: is
(c) The United States of America (is/are) a large country. Ans: is
14. Adjective Gi Av‡M The hy³ n‡j ZLb Avi Adjective _v‡K bv †mwU Plural Common Noun n‡q hvq| myZivs †h‡nZz
plural nq ZvB verb wU Plural n‡e| (†hgb t The old, the poor, the virtuous GLv‡b The old Gi A_© e„×iv the poor Gi
A_© Mwi‡eiv the virtuous Gi A_© avwg©‡Kiv myZivs A_©MZ w`Kw`‡q eySv hvq Giv Plural)
(a) (Is/Are) the rich always happy? Ans: Are
(b) The pious (get/gets) relief always. Ans: get
Home Work
a. Find out the right one.
(1) The people with their beloved leader (is/are) going to the field.
(2)Nobody (takes/take) tea here.

Lecture Sheet
Class No-18 Subject-Verb Agreement
15. hLb †Kvb ev‡Kï ïi“‡Z GKwU Subject AZtci as well as, along with, together with, accompanied by, in addition
to ev with Gi †Kvb GKwU _v‡K, AZtci Av‡iKwU Subject _v‡K ZLb cÖ_g Subject Abyhvqx verb em‡e| †hgbt
(a) He as well as I (am/is) to blame. Ans: is
(b) The principal accompanied by the teachers (have/has) done. Ans: has
(c) Rana with his parents (was/were) going to market. Ans: was
16. Aci c‡¶ hLb Either ..............or, Neither ................. nor, Not only....................... but also `ywU Subject ‡K hy³
Ki‡e ZLb 2q Subject Abyhvqx verb em‡e|†hgbt--
(a) Either you or he (have/has) done it. Ans: has
(b) Neither Kamal nor his friends (are/is) present. Ans: are
(c) Not only he but also I (do not/does not) smoke. Ans: do not
17. Relative Pronoun Gi verb Zvi antecedent (c~e©eZ©x kã) Abyhvqx e‡m| †hgb t
(a) It is I who (am/is) to blame. Ans: am
(b) This is the boy who (have/has) taken my pen. Ans: has
(c) These are the pens which (were/was) lost yesterday. Ans: were
GLv‡b cÖ_g I wØZxq ev‡K¨ who Ges Z„Zxq ev‡K¨ which Relative Pronoun cÖ_g ev‡K¨ who Gi Av‡M I Av‡Q †mB Abyhvqx am
e‡m‡Q|Abyiƒcfv‡e wØZxq I Z…Zxq ev‡K¨ †mB Abyhvqx e‡m‡Q|
18. News, innings, gallows, bonafides, optics, wages, where abouts BZ¨vw` kã¸wji mv‡_ s hy³ _vK‡jI Avm‡j kã¸‡jv
plural bq eis Zviv singular myZivs G¸wji c‡ii verb me©`vB singular n‡q _v‡K|†hgbt
(a) Ill news (run/runs) a pace. Ans: runs
(b) His whereabouts (is/are) not good. Ans: is
(c) The wages of sin (are/is) death. Ans: is
19. Aci c‡¶ Aristocracy, artillery, cattle, clergy, gentry, poultry, folk, Vermin, nobility, people, police,
majority, pesantry, public, audience BZ¨vw` kã¸wji mv‡_ hwÌ eûeP‡bi s †bB ZvB Zv‡ì‡K singular ‡`L‡Z g‡b n‡jI
Giv Avm‡j plural myZivs G‡ì c‡ii verb wUI plural n‡e|†hgbt-
(a) The cattle (is/are) grazing in the field. Ans: are
(b) The people of our village (is/are) related to it. Ans: are
20. Physics, Civics, Mathematics, Electronics, Dynamics, Ethics, Economics, BZ¨vw` Subject evPK bvg¸wji mv‡_
hwÌ (S) hy³ Av‡Q Z_vwcI Verb wU GKePb n‡e|†hgbt-
(a) Economics (is/are) a subject of arts. Ans: is
(b) Dynamics (are not/is not) taught here. Ans: is
21. Spectacles, Scissors, Trousers, Binoculars, Ashes, Alms, Assets, Amends, Auspices, Billiards measles,
shears, annals, jaws, BZ¨vw` noun ¸wj plural ZvB G‡ì c‡ii verb I plural n‡e|†hgbt-
(a) His trousers (are/is) torn out in the accident. Ans: are
(b) Her jaws (have/has) increased her beauty. Ans: have
22. fMœvs‡ki †¶‡Î (One-third, One-fourth, Two-sevenths BZ¨vw`) fMœvs‡ki c‡i GKwU of _vK‡e Ges of c‡ii noun hw`
GKePb nq Zvn‡j verb GKePb Avi hw` noun eûePb nq Zvn‡j verb wU eûePb n‡e| †hgbt--
(a) One-fourth of the work (is/are) done. Ans: is
(b) Half of the students (are/is) absent today. Ans: are
(c) A lot of students (are/is) present today. Ans: are
(d) Three-fourths of the mangoes (is/are) rotten. Ans: are
23. One of, Each of, Every of, None of, Either of, Neither of, Gi c‡ii noun ev Pronoun eûePb n‡jI verb wU GKePb
n‡e|†hgbt--
(a) Each of the boys (is/are) poor. Ans: is
(c) None of you (have/has) got a prize. Ans: has

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Lecture Sheet
24. More than one Gi c‡ii noun I verb DfqwUB GKePb n‡e Avi More than two Gi c‡ii noun I verb DfqwUB plural
n‡e wKš‘ one and a half Gi c‡ii noun wU eûePb n‡jI verb wU GKePb n‡e|†hgbt-
(a) More than one girl (was/were) absent. Ans: was
(b) One and a half of the mangoes (is/are) found. Ans: is
25. One in Gi c‡ii verb wU GKePb n‡e Avi Two in Gi c‡ii verb wU eûePb n‡e|†hgbt--
(a) One in ten boys (have/has) passed in the exam. Ans: has
(b) Two in twenty students (are/is) present. Ans: are
26. hLb †Kvb ev‡K¨ 3Uv person GK‡Î cvkvcvwk e‡m ZLb hw` evK¨ Øviv †`v‡li wKQy bv eySvq A_©vr mvaviY Ae¯’v eySvq ZLb 231
wnmv‡e em‡e A_©vr cÖ_‡g 2nd
person, Zvici 3rd
person Ges Zvici 1st
person. wKš‘ evKÜv Øviv hw` †`v‡li wKQy eySvq Zvn‡j
132 Abyhvqx em‡e Ges Dfq †¶‡ÎB verb wU plural n‡e|†hgbt-
(a) You, Rana, and I (is/are) responsible for it. Ans: are
(b) I, Rana, and you (is/are) guilty. Ans: are
27. Everybody, Everyone ev Nobody, No one, None ev‡Kï Subject n‡j G‡ì c‡ii verb wU Singular n‡e| †hgb t-
(a) Everybody (hate/hates) a liar. Ans: hates
(b) Nobody (is/are) present in the meeting. Ans: is
28. The greater part ev The greatest part hLb †Kvb ev‡Kï Subject n‡e ZLb G‡ì c‡i GKwU of _vK‡e Ges of Gi c‡ii
noun hw` GKePb nq Zvn‡j verb GKePb Avi hw` noun eûePb nq Zvn‡j verb wU eûePb n‡e| †hgbt--
(a) The greater part of the land (is/are) uncultivated. Ans: is
(b) The greater of the apples (are/is) rotten. Ans: are
Home Work
a. Find out the right one from the bracket.
(1)The number of students (is/are) increasing day by day.
(2) Bread and butter (is/are) my favourite breakfast.
(3)Each of the boys (is/are) in the meeting.
(4) One of the boys (have/has) lost the pen.
(5)Either of the pens (do not/ does not) write well.
(6)Reza (cross/crosses) the road.
(7)Flowers (are/ is) gift of nature.
(8)There (is/are) a book, a pen, a chair and a table in my room.
(9)Half of the mangoes (are/is) rotten.
(10)His spectacles (are/is) lost.
b. Use the right form of the verbs in the bracket.
(1)The number of students in this college (to be) increasing.
(2)Neither he nor you (to be) guilty.
(3)His bonafides (to be) in doubt.
(4)No news (mean) good news.
(5)The good (to be) the winners.
(6)The number of students (is/are) increasing day by day.
(7) Bread and butter (is/are) my favourite breakfast.
(8)Each of the boys (is/are) in the meeting.
(9) One of the boys (have/has) lost the pen.
(10)Either of the pens (do not/ does not) write well.
Spoken English 18
Asking time
Rana: Excuse me, what time is it?
Raju: It is ten O’clock sharp.
Rana: Thanks a lot.
Raju: Don’t mention it.

Lecture Sheet
No-19 Use of Modals
Av‡MB Avgiv Modals m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| GLb Avgiv G‡ì eënvi m¤ú©‡K Rvbe|
evsjv ev‡Kï †k‡l hLb †Z cviv/†Z cvwi/†Z cv‡i _v‡K Zvn‡j Can, Could, may, might Gi †h †Kvb GKwU bx‡Pi eënvi Abyhvqx em‡e|
(i) Can
(1) Bnv ability ev ¶gZv eySvq For example,
K. Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvwi | L. Zzwg Pv ˆZix Ki‡Z cvi|
I can help you. You can make tea.
(2) Permission ev AbygwZ eySvq For example,
K. Avwg wK evB‡i †h‡Z cvwi? L. Zzwg KvRUv Ki‡Z cvi |
Can I go outside? You can do the work.
(ii) Could
(1) request ev Aby‡iva eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. Avwg wK Avcbvi ‡dvbwU eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi? L. Avcwb wK ìRvUv eÜ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb?
Could I use your phone? Could you close the door?
(2) Possibility ev m¤¢vebv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. Zzwg wVK ej‡Z cvi | L. †m Avm‡Z cv‡i |
You could be right. He could come.
(3) suggestion ev civgk© eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m Such as
K. Zzwg Zv‡K †Zvgvi mv‡_ †h‡Z ej‡Z cvi | You could ask her to go with you.
(iii) May
(1) Possibility ev m¤¢vebv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. GB eBwU ivbvi n‡Z cv‡i| L. †m Avm‡Z fy‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|
This book may be Rana's. He may forget to come.
(2) Permission ev AbygwZ eySvq †hgb:
K. Avwg wK em‡Z cvwi? L. Avwg wK evB‡i †h‡Z cvwi?
May I sit down? May I go outside?
(3) B”Qv cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ may e‡m †hgb:
K. Zzwg gnr nI L. †m Zvi B”Qv c~ib Ki“K
May you be great. May he fulfill his desire.
(iv) Might
(1) slight possibility ev Kg m¤¢vebv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. †m evox _vK‡Z cv‡i L. AvR e„wó n‡Z cv‡i
He might be at home. It might rain today.
(2) Permission ev AbygwZ eySvq| †hgb:
K. Avwg wK civgk© Ki‡Z cvwi? Might I make a suggestion?
(3) Polite request eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. Zzwg Aš—Z: mvnv‡hï cÖ¯—ve w`‡Z cvi You might at least offer to help?
(v) Shall/Will
(1) Bnv Future Tense G eëüZ nq evsjvq G‡ì A_© ev, e, †e †eb BZ¨vw` †hgb:
K. †m AvMvgxKvj Avm‡e He will come tomorrow.
(2) A‡bK mgq †Rvi ev ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q eySv‡bvi Rb¨ 1st
Person Gi mv‡_ shall Gi RvqMvq will e‡m Ges 2nd
I 3rd
Person Gi mv‡_
shall e‡m| †hgb:
K. †m AvMvgxKvj Avm‡eB L. Avwg †hfv‡eB †nvK Bnv Ki‡evB
He shall come tomorrow. I will do it by hook or by crook.
(vi) Should DwPr
Gi evsjv A_© DwPr myZivs evsjv ev‡Kï †k‡l hLb DwPr kã _vK‡e ZLb wbgœwjwLZ †¶‡Î Bnv em‡e|
(1) Obligation ev evaëvaKZv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. ‡Zvgvi GLb P‡j hvIqv DwPr You should leave now.
(2) uncertain conclusion ev AwbwðZ mgvwß eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. mÜvi Av‡M Avgv‡ì ‡cŠQv‡bv DwPr We should reach before dark.
(3) advice ev Dc‡`k †`qv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m †hgb:
K. †Zvgvi aygcvb eÜ Kiv DwPr You should stop smoking.
(4) polite request ev web‡qi mv‡_ Aby‡iva eySv‡bvi Rb¨ e‡m| †hgb:
K. Avwg GKUv †dvb Ki‡Z PvB Should I make a phone call, please?

Basic english grammar by tanbircox

Basic english grammar by tanbircox

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