This document discusses basic grammar concepts including person and number, subject and auxiliary verbs. It explains the differences between singular and plural forms of subjects and objects in the first, second and third person. It also discusses the short forms of auxiliary verbs and how to identify subjects as powerful or powerless to determine if a sentence is active or passive. Key points covered are the forms of subjects as single words or noun phrases and that the subject of a sentence comes before the verb.

1. English Tutor  1
CHAPTER- 01
Basic Grammar
Person & Number
wewfbœ sentence-Gi subject ev object Gi Rb¨ Avgiv Person e¨envi K‡i _vwK| wb‡Pi †QvÆ ZvwjKvwU
gyL¯’ K‡i †djyb|
Singular Plural
Subjective form
(hv subject wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq)
Objective form
(hv object wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq)
Subjective form
(hv subject wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq)
Objective form
(hv object wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ nq)
1st
Person
I (Avwg) me (Avgv‡K) We (Avgiv) us (Avgv‡`i‡K)
2nd
Person
You (Zzwg/Avcwb) you
(†Zvgv‡K/Avcbv‡K)
You
(†Zvgiv/Avcbviv)
you
(†Zvgv‡`i‡K/Avcbv‡`i‡K)
3rd
Person
He (†m/wZwb) him (Zv‡K)
They (Zviv) Them (Zv‡`i‡K)She (†m/wZwb) her/(Zv‡K)
It (Bnv) it (Bnv)
Any kinds of name:
karim, Dhaka etc.
karim, Dhaka Karim & Salam Karim & Salam
Quick Tips
3rd
person Singular mgvPvi
 †h‡Kvb e¨w³i bvg, †`‡ki bvg, gywfi bvg, Dcb¨v‡mi bvg, Mªn-DcMÖ‡ni bvg memgq Third person
singular nq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Gme bv‡gi gv‡S hw` s/es A_ev and I _v‡K ZviciI Zviv singular
number. †Kvb bvg subject wn‡m‡e em‡j verb singular nq| †hgb-
The Arabian Nights (eB‡qi bvg), Liver Brothers (†Kv¤úvwbi bvg), The United States of
America, United Arab Emirates (†`‡ki bvg), Gulliver’s Travels (gywfi bvg), Tom and
Jerry (cartoon wmwi‡Ri bvg)|
jÿ¨ K‡i †`Lyb- Dc‡ii bvg¸wj‡Z s/es Ges and Av‡Q| ZviciI Giv 3rd
person Singular.
 wKQz wKQz noun †`L‡Z Plural g‡b n‡jI Giv g~jZ 3rd
person Singular| †hgb-
ethics, economics, gallows, mathematics, news, politics, physics, statistics.
g‡b ivLyb- Dc‡ii noun ¸‡jv Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i •ewkó¨/¸Y eySv‡j G‡`i c‡i Plural Verb e‡m|
Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î noun ¸‡jvi c~‡e© Determiner (a/an/the/no/my/his) em‡e|
 His mathematics are weak.
 †h‡Kvb Planet Gi bvg 3rd
person Singular n‡e| †hgb- Mercury (eya), venus (ïµ), Earth (c„w_ex),
Mars (g½j), Jupiter (e„n¯úwZ), Saturn (kwb), Uranus (BD‡ibvm), Neptune (†bcPzb)|

2. 2  English Tutor
01. The United States of America ____a rich country. nvwecÖwe- (E): 2014-15
A. are B. were C. was D. is Ans.: D
02. The news___always bad now-a-days. XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq (N):2000-01
A. is B. are C. was D. were Ans.: A
03. Mars___ a planet in our solar system. RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq (N):2009-10
A. are B. is C. was D. will be Ans.: B
Person & Auxiliary verb agreement
†Kvb †Kvb person Gi ci †Kvb †Kvb auxiliary verb e‡m, Zvi we¯ÍvwiZ wb‡¤œi QK †_‡K gyL¯’ K‡i wbb|
Do auxiliary Be auxiliary Have auxiliary Shall/will
1st
Person I do I did I am I was I have I shall
We do we did We are We were We have We shall
2nd
Person You do You did You are You were You have You will
3rd
Person
They do They did They are They were They have They will
He does He did He is He was He has He will
She does She did She is She was She has She will
It does It did It is It was It has It will
Important
Note
memgq Negative &
Interrogative ev‡K¨
do auxiliary e¨envi
Kiv nq| †hgb-
I do not play
football.
He does not play
football.
Did you know
him?
Be auxiliary e¨envi Kiv
nq Continuous tense-
G| Z‡e Present & past
indefinite tense-Gi
passive structure-GI
Be auxiliary e¨envi Kiv
nq| †hgb-
 He is sleeping now.
 I am writing a letter.
 The book was
written.
Have auxiliary
e¨envi Kiv nq
Perfect I
Perfect
Continuous
tense G| †hgb-
 I have eaten
rice.
Shall/will
e¨envi Kiv nq
future tense-
Gi 4 cÖKv‡i |
†hgb-
 I shall
have solved
the
problem.
01. Which of the following sentences is not correct? WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi wnmveiÿY Kg©KZv© 03
A. Where did he went? B. What does he want?
C. What are they doing? D. What do they do? Ans.: A
Tips: WH + did + subject + v1 + obj. MVb Abymv‡i Ackb A †Z went Gi cwie‡Z© go n‡e|
go(v1) bv _vKvq Ackb A fzj|

3. English Tutor  3
Short form of Person & Auxiliary verb
A‡bK mgq ev‡K¨ he’s Giƒc person I Auxiliary verb Gi mswÿß iƒc †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b he’s Gi gv‡b
he has bvwK he is bvwK DfqB? GiKg LUKv `~i Ki‡Z wb‡Pi QKwU gyL¯’ K‡i †djyb|
I am = I’m I have = I’ve ‘d = had A_ev would eySvq
You are = You’re You have = You’ve I’d = I had A_ev I would eySvq
They are =They’re You have = You’ve You’d = You had A_ev you would
‘s = is A_ev has eySvq They’d = They had A_ev The would
He’s = He is A_ev He has He’d = He had A_ev He would
She’s = She is A_ev She has She’d = She had A_ev She would
It’s = It is A_ev It has It’d = It had A_ev It would
Here’s, there’s, that’s & Let’s How’s, What’s etc.
Here’s = Here is Who’s = Who Is
There’s = There is Who’d = Who Would
That’s = That is Who’ll = Who Will
There’re = There are What’ll = What Will
Let’s = Let us How’s = How Is
 He’s going to the cinema. (= He is going)
 He’s gone to the cinema. (= He has gone)
 It’s getting dark. (= It is getting)
 It’s got dark. (= It has got)
 I’d watched TV. (= I had watched)
 I’d watch a lot of TV. (= I would watch)
 Here’s a student in this class. (= Here is a student)
 Who’d like some tea? (= Who would like)
 How’s your father? (= How is your father?)
 It’s sunny- let’s go to the park for a picnic. (= let us go)
Short & Broad forms of Negatives
wewfbœ auxiliary verb Gi Negative forms-Gi we¯ÍvwiZ iƒc (Broad) I mswÿß iƒc (Short) wb‡P Zz‡j aiv
n‡jv|
Do auxiliary Be auxiliary Have auxiliary Shall/will
Broad Short Broad Short Broad Short Broad Short
do not don’t am not ain’t has not hasn’t shall not shan’t
does not doesn’t is not isn’t have not haven’t will not won’t
did not didn’t are not aren’t had not hadn’t
was not wasn’t Broad form= we¯ÍvwiZ iƒc
Short form= mswÿß iƒcwere not weren’t
 He isn’t playing football. (= He is not playing)
 They aren’t playing football. (= They are not playing)
 I shan’t go to Dhaka tomorrow. (= I shall not go)

4. 4  English Tutor
Subject
 cÖ‡Z¨K sentence G subject _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK| Z‡e Command RvZxq ev‡K¨ subject Dn¨ _v‡K| Zvi gv‡b
subject QvovI sentence n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb- Do the work.
jÿ¨ Kiæb, GLv‡b GB ev‡K¨ †Kvb subject †bB| A_ev Subject You Dn¨ Av‡Q| Active & Passive `yB
ai‡bi ev‡K¨ wfbœ ai‡bi Subject _v‡K| Active ev‡K¨ _v‡K Powerful Subject, whwb wµqv m¤úv`b Kivi
ÿgZv iv‡Lb| Passive ev‡K¨ _v‡K powerless subject, whwb wµqv m¤úv`b Kivi ÿgZv iv‡Lb bv| wb‡Pi
D`vniY `ywU jÿ¨ Kiæb-
 He eats rice.
GB evK¨wU GKwU active evK¨| GKwU active evK¨ †Pbvi †UKwbK n‡jv- hw` evK¨wUi subject powerful nq
A_v©r subject KvR Kivi ÿgZv iv‡L, Zvn‡j evK¨wU Aek¨B active n‡e| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq- †m
(He ) Kx eat ev LvIqvi KvR Ki‡Z mÿg? DËi n‡e- Aek¨B mÿg| Zvi gv‡b evK¨wU active|
 Rice is eaten by him.
GB evK¨wU GKwU passive evK¨| GKwU passive evK¨ †Pbvi †UKwbK n‡jv- hw` evK¨wUi subject powerless nq
A_v©r subject KvR Kivi ÿgZv bv iv‡Lb, Zvn‡j evK¨wU Aek¨B passive n‡e| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq-
subject wn‡m‡e Rice Kx LvIqvi KvR Ki‡Z mÿg? DËi n‡e- Aek¨B bv| KviY Avgiv Rvwb, Rice KLbI
wb‡R‡K wb‡R †L‡Z cv‡i bv eis Ab¨ †KD Zv‡K Lvq| Zvi gv‡b evK¨wU Passive|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv wkLjvg- KvR m¤úv`b Kivi ÿgZvi w`K w`‡q subject `yai‡bi|
01. Powerful Subject (KvR m¤úv`b Kivi ÿgZv iv‡L)
02. Powerless Subject ( KvR m¤úv`b Kivi ÿgZv iv‡L bv)
Zvn‡j GKwU mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡q †Mj! †Kvb evK¨ active bvwK passive n‡e, Zv ïay subject †`‡LB †Pbv m¤¢e|
SUcU wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv active bvwK passive wbY©q K‡i †djyb|
 The door was closed.
 The book has been written.
 I play football.
 He finished his homework.
Tips:
 bs ev‡K¨i subject the door Kx close Kivi KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Aek¨B bv| KviY `iRv KLbI wb‡R
wb‡R‡K eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB GB ev‡K¨i subject powerless n‡e| Zvn‡j evK¨wU passive|
 bs ev‡K¨i subject the book Kx write ev †jLvi KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Aek¨B bv| KviY GKwU eB KLbI
wb‡R wb‡R‡K †jL‡Z cv‡i bv eis wj‡L Ab¨ †KD| ZvB GB ev‡K¨i subject powerless n‡e| Zvn‡j evK¨wU
passive|
 bs ev‡K¨i subject I Kx play ev †Ljvi KvRwU m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Aek¨B cvi‡e| ZvB GB ev‡K¨i
subject powerful. Zvn‡j evK¨wU active |
 bs ev‡K¨i subject He Kx finish ev †kl Kivi KvRwU m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e? Aek¨B cvi‡e| ZvB GB ev‡K¨i
subject powerful. Zvn‡j evK¨wU wbwðZfv‡e active.
 i) †Kvb sentence Gi subject single word ev single noun n‡Z cv‡i
 Coffee is delicious.
 Milk contains calcium.
ii) Avevi sentence Gi subject noun phrase-I n‡Z cv‡i| Noun Phrase n‡”Q a group of words
hv‡`i †k‡l noun _vK‡e|

5. English Tutor  5
 That new red car is John’s.
GLv‡b that new red car n‡”Q a group of words hv‡`i †k‡l noun Av‡Q car|
 The chemistry professor canceled class today.
GLv‡b The chemistry professor n‡”Q a group of words hv‡`i †k‡l noun Av‡Q professor|
 Subject sentence-Gi †Kv_vq e‡m? G cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e Avcwb wbwðZfv‡e ej‡eb- subject verb Gi c~‡e© e‡m|
nu¨v Avwg Avcbvi mv‡_ GKgZ| Z‡e GK_vI g‡b ivLv Riæwi Subject †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î verb Gi c‡iI e‡m| hvi
my¯úó D`vniY n‡jv- Interrogative Sentence| Interrogative sentence-G auxiliary verb Gi c‡i
subject e‡m| †hgb- Do you know me? GLv‡b subject wKš‘ auxiliary verb Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q| Avevi
main verb Gi c‡iI em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Is he a student? GLv‡b main verb Is Gi c‡i subject he
e‡m‡Q| There/Here Øviv †Kvb sentence ïiæ n‡jI verb Gi c‡i subject e‡m| †hgb-
 There was a fire in that building last month.
verb (singular) subject(singular)
 There were many students in the class.
verb(plural) subject(plural)
(Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbyb: Inversion of Verbs Aa¨vq †_‡K)
Verb
 cÖwZwU sentence G verb _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK| verb `yfv‡e •Zwi nq|
A. verb GKwU word-GI ‣Zwi n‡Z cv‡i | †hgb-
 Rafiq drives too fast.
 They went there.
GLv‡b drives I went n‡”Q verb| hv GKwU gvÎ word w`‡q •Zwi| g‡b ivLyb- GKwU gvÎ word w`‡q •Zwi
verb memgq †Kvb sentence-Gi main verb n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
 He is a student.
 I have a nice pen.
GLv‡b verb is I have GKwUgvÎ word w`‡q •Zwi| hv D³ sentence `ywUi main verb| GLv‡b GKwU welq
g‡b ivLv `iKvi- Avgiv mvaviYfv‡e Rvwb am/is/are/was/were/have/has/had Giv auxiliary verb|
wKš‘ gvÎ wkLjvg Giv hw` †Kvb sentence-G GKvwK e‡m, Zvn‡j ZLb Zviv main verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
B. Avevi verb GKvwaK word-GI •Zwi n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î GKwU Ask‡K ejv nq auxiliary verb Avi Ab¨
AskwU‡K ejv nq main verb| GLv‡b auxiliary verb ¸‡jv n‡”Q- am/is/are/was/were/have/has/had |
 Salma was watching television. (GLv‡b was auxiliary verb I watching main verb)
 Rony has gone home. (GLv‡b has auxiliary verb I gone main verb)
 I have had lunch. (GLv‡b have auxiliary verb I had main verb)
GLv‡b  evK¨wU‡Z jÿ¨ Kiæb had main verb wn‡m‡e e‡m‡Q| GKwU welq g‡b ivLv Riæwi- †Kvb verb †K
we‡kl K‡i hv‡`i‡K Avgiv mvaviYfv‡e auxiliary verb wn‡m‡e Rvwb Zv‡`i‡K ev‡K¨ e¨envi e¨ZxZ mivmwi
auxiliary verb ejv DwPZ bq| KviY Zviv main verb wn‡m‡eI e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|

6. 6  English Tutor
Object
 Object A_© Kg© | †Kvb verb Gi object (Kg©) GKwU _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev `ywUI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †Kvb
verb Gi object bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †h mKj verb Gi object _v‡K Zv‡K transitive verb (mKg©K wµqv)
e‡j Ges †h mKj verb Gi object _v‡K bv Zv‡K Intransitive verb (AKg©K wµqv) e‡j|
 Karim helped me. (Kwig Kv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj?- Avgv‡K)
whom
 Kawsar was driving a new car. (KvDQvi wK Pvjvw”Q‡jv? – GKwU bZzb Mvwo)
what
 He gave me a nice pen. (Kv‡K Kjg w`‡qwQj?- Avgv‡K Ges wK w`‡qwQj?- GKwU my›`i Kjg)
whom what
 Salma is sleeping now.  ( wK Nygv‡”Q A_ev Kv‡K Nygv‡”Q? †Kvb Reve †bB| Zvi gv‡b Kg© †bB)
we: `ª: Avcbvi Kv‡Q Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ now †`‡L g‡b n‡Z cv‡i GwU object, wKš‘ now object bq| †h‡nZz
wK A_ev Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i now cvIqv hv‡”Q bv, †m‡nZz now object bq| Zvn‡j now wK? G cÖ‡kœi
Rev‡ei Rb¨ modifier-Gi Av‡jvPbv co–b welqwU cwi®‥vi n‡q hv‡e|
 object wn‡m‡e e¨w³ ev e¯‘ em‡Z cv‡i| Object e¨w³ n‡j Indirect Object Avi e¯‘ n‡j Direct Object
nq| †hgb- Dc‡ii  G object wn‡m‡e Ôe¨w³Õ e‡m‡Q Ges  G object wn‡m‡e Ôe¯‘Õ e‡m‡Q| Gevi
we‡klfv‡e  D`vniYwU jÿ¨ Kiæb| GB D`vni‡Y Ôe¨w³Õ I Ôe¯‘Õ 2wUB GKmv‡_ object wn‡m‡e e‡m‡Q| Zvi
gv‡b n‡”Q wKQz wKQz verb Av‡Q hv‡`i `ywU object _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î object `ywUi order wK n‡e?  bs
D`vniYwU Avevi †`Lyb-
He gave me a nice pen.
Indirect Direct
(g‡b ivLyb) ID (card)
ID Øviv g‡b ivLyb- cÖ_‡g Indirect Ges Zvici Direct object e‡m|
Z‡e object-Gi GB order Gi e¨wZµgI NU‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr, cÖ_‡g Direct Ges c‡i Indirect object
em‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î object `ywUi gv‡S to/for emv‡Z n‡e| Dc‡ii D`vniYwU Gfv‡e wjL‡Z cv‡ib-
He gave a nice pen to me.
Zvn‡j Giƒc †ÿ‡Î MVb n‡e: Subject + verb + direct object + to + indirect object
wb‡¤œ wKQz common verb Zz‡j aiv n‡jv hv‡`i indirect object Gi c~‡e© to emv‡bv nq|
object
object
object object
teach tell write give Promise
lend offer send show sell
g‡b ivLvi †UKwbK †Uª‡bi TT †dmey‡K wjL‡jb- GP gv‡bB LOSS!
e¨vL¨v: †Uª‡bi TT †dmey‡K wjL‡jb- GP gv‡bB LOSS!
Teach Tell Write Give Promise lend offer send show

7. English Tutor  7
 I lent my car to a friend of mine.
 Linda showed her holiday photos to us.
 Did you send a postcard to Kamal?
 They offered a management job to me.
 My teacher taught French to me.
 He wrote a letter to me.
wKQz common verb Zz‡j aiv nj hv‡`i indirect object Gi c~‡e© for emv‡bv nq|
MVbwU n‡e- Subject + verb + direct object + for + indirect object
•KwdqZ: GB †UKwbKwU‡Z book I Make kã `ywU‡K A‡_©i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ‡qvM Kiv nqwb|
†hgb: book kãwU ÔeBÕ A‡_© e¨envi Ki‡jI GLv‡b book A_© n‡e- Avmb msiÿY Kiv; Make
w`‡q gv‡K eySv‡jI Make A_© n‡e Ô•Zwi KivÕ|
 The hostess made coffee for all of us.
 He brought some flowers for his mother.
 My sister cooked the dinner for me.
 They booked a table for me at the restaurant.
 Can you get a gift card for me.
 They bought a house for themselves.
 I found a pen for you.
Modifier
 Modifier hLb noun †K modify K‡i, ZLb †mwU nq Adective| Avevi hLb verb †K modify K‡i ,
ZLb †mwU nq Adverb| Avgiv GLv‡b K_v ej‡ev verb Gi Modifier wb‡q |
†h word †Kvb verb wKfv‡e (how) KvR m¤úv`b K‡i, †Kv_vq (where) K‡i Ges KLb (when) K‡i BZ¨vw`
Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K modifier (adverb) e‡j|
Manner Place Time
How Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j manner
cvIqv hvq
Where Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j Place
cvIqv hvq
When Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j time
cvIqv hvq
 Atiq bought a book at the bookstore. (Where did Atiq buy a book?)
 Maruf was swimming in the pool yesterday. (Where was Maruf swimming?)
(When was Maruf swimming?)
 He was driving very fast. (How was he driving?)
 We ate dinner at seven o’clock. (When did we eat dinner?)
 Order of Modifier: GKwU ev‡K¨ hw` GKvwaK modifier _v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î order wK n‡e?
Manner Place Time
book buy get cook
keep bring make find
g‡b ivLvi †UKwbK eB †gjvq A‡bK Luy‡R (find) GKwU ivbœv (cook) Kivi eB (book)
†cjvg (get) Ges eBwU wK‡b (buy) e¨v‡M ivLjvg (keep) gv‡K (make) Dcnvi w`‡ev e‡j|

8. 8  English Tutor
g‡b ivLvi †UKwbK: MP-i Time †bB| (Time memgq †k‡l e‡m|) †hgb-
He was working quietly in the shed all day.
manner place time
Identification of subject, object & Modifier (shortcut)
Shortcut ways
Subject
Verb †K who (†K) A_ev what (wK) Øviv cÖkœ Kiv n‡j subject cvIqv hvq|
Abrar is writing a letter.
†K GKwU wPwV wjL‡Q? DËi n‡”Q Aveivi(Abrar)| myZivs Abrar n‡”Q subject.
The letter was written yesterday.
evsjv A_©- wPwVwU MZKvj †jLv n‡qwQj|
wK †jLv n‡qwQj? DËi n‡”Q wPwVwU (The letter). myZivs The letter n‡”Q subject.
Important Note: g‡b ivLyb- wK (what) Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †hgb subject cvIqv hvq, †Zgwb object-I cvIqv hvq|
wK (what) Gi Reve hw` verb Av‡M _v‡K, Zvn‡j subject Avi hw` verb Gi c‡i _v‡K Zvn‡j object nq|
Object
verb †K whom (Kv‡K) A_ev, what (wK) Øviv cÖkœ Kiv n‡j object cvIqv hvq|
 I know him. ( Avwg Zv‡K wPwb)
Avwg Kv‡K wPwb? DËi n‡”Q ÔZv‡KÕ| myZivs ÔZv‡K (him)Õ n‡”Q object.
 Karim bought a nice pen. (Kwig GKwU my›`i Kjg wK‡bwQj)
Kwig wK wK‡bwQj? DËi n‡”Q ÔGKwU my›`i Kjg (a nice pen). myZivs Ôa nice pen’ n‡”Q object. jÿ¨
Kiæb- ÔwKÕ Gi Reve verb Gi c‡i Av‡Q weavq GwU object.
Modifier verb †K How ( †Kgb/wKfv‡e),Where (†Kv_vq) I When (KLb) Øviv cÖkœ Kiv n‡j
complement cvIqv hvq|
 He plays well.
wZwb fv‡jv †L‡jb| wZwb Ô †KgbÕ †L‡jb? DËi n‡”Q Ôfv‡jvÕ|
GLv‡b Ôwell’ n‡”Q modifier of manner.
 He came back home yesterday.
wZwb MZKvj evmvq wd‡i‡Qb| †Kv_vq wd‡i‡Qb? DËi n‡”Q ÔevmvqÕ | KLb wd‡i‡Qb? DËi n‡”Q
ÔMZKvjÕ| GLv‡b, Ôhome’ n‡”Q modifier of place Ges Ôyesterday’ n‡”Q modifier of time.
Complement
 Subject Gi Complement
Subject Gi complement †Pbvi mnR †UKwbK n‡jv- Linking verb Gi ci †h noun A_ev adjective e‡m †mB
noun/adjective n‡”Q subject-Gi complement | Ab¨fv‡e ej‡j, Subject Gi Complement nj subject GiB
GKwU wfbœ cwiPq| hv linking verb Gi c‡i e‡m| K‡qKwU linking verb nj- be, feel, taste, become, appear
BZ¨vw`| linking verb Gi KvR n‡”Q subject I complement Gi gv‡S †hvMm~Î (link) ¯’vcb Kiv|
Subject + linking verb + Complement e¨vL¨v
 Canada is a country. GLv‡b canada- Gi wfbœ cwiPq n‡”Q a country, hv
linking verb is Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q|
 A cat is an animal. GLv‡b a cat Gi wfbœ cwiPq n‡”Q an animal, hv
linking verb is Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q|
 I am a student. GLv‡b I Gi wfbœ cwiPq n‡”Q a student, hv linking
verb am Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q|
 Iron feels hard. †jvnv k³ Abyf~Z nq| wK k³ Abyf~Z nq? DËi n‡”Q

9. English Tutor  9
†jvnv| Zvi gv‡b hard †jvnv‡K (Iron) modify
Ki‡Q| GLv‡b hard n‡”Q Iron Gi complement, hv
linking verb feel Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q|
 Cats are animals. GLv‡b cats Gi wfbœ cwiPq n‡”Q animals. hv
linking verb are Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q|
 They are students. GLv‡b They Gi wfbœ cwiPq n‡”Q students, hv
linking verb are Gi c‡i e‡m‡Q|
we‡klfv‡e jÿ¨ Kiæb: ,  I  evK¨¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwU subject n‡”Q singular Ges Zvi mv‡_ mgvšÍivj †i‡L
linking verb Gi c‡ii nounwUI singular.  I  evK¨¸wji cÖ‡Z¨KwU subject plural Ges Zvi mv‡_
mgvšÍivj †i‡L linking verb Gi c‡ii nounwUI plural. Zvn‡j eySv †Mj, linking verbGi c~‡e©i noun
A_ev pronoun singular n‡j c‡ii noun singular n‡e Ges GKBfv‡e linking verb Gi c~‡e©i noun A_ev
pronoun plural n‡j c‡ii noun plural n‡e|
 Verb-Gi Complement
†Kvb verb-†K wK A_ev Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Kiv n‡j †h Reve cvIqv hvq, ZvB verb-Gi complement.
 Karim solved the problem. (Kwig wK mgvavb K‡iwQj? DËi n‡”Q the problem. GLv‡b the problem
n‡”Q Verb-Gi Complement .)
 Mamun helped me. (gvgyb Kv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj? DËi n‡”Q me (Avgv‡K)| GLv‡b Mamun n‡”Q Verb-
Gi Complement .)
GKwU welq g‡b ivLv Riæwi- †Kvb verb-Gi 1wU gvÎ object _vK‡j Zv wbwðZfv‡e verbGi complement |
wKš‘ hw` 2wU object _v‡K Zvn‡j †mLv‡b `ywUB verb Gi complement n‡Z cv‡i A_ev 1wU verb Gi
complement I Ab¨wU object-Gi complement n‡Z cv‡i| wKfv‡e? Zvi Rb¨ co–b object-Gi
complement.
 Object-Gi Complement
Object-Gi Complement eySvi Rb¨ ïiæ‡ZB wb‡¤œi D`vniY `ywU fv‡jv K‡i jÿ¨ Kiæb:
 We elected him Chairman.
 He gave me a pen.
 bs D`vni‡Y elect verb-Gi `ywU object n‡”Q him Ges chairman. jÿ¨ Kiæb, him Ges chairman wKš‘
GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K eySv‡”Q| mnRfv‡e ej‡j- him = chairman A_©vr, him Gi cwiPq‡K m¤ú~Y© K‡i‡Q
chairman.
Gevi †`Lyb,  bs D`vni‡Y give verb-Gi `ywU object n‡”Q me (indirect) Ges a pen
(direct), hv ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K A_©vr, object `ywU GKB e¨w³/e¯‘‡K eySv‡”Q bv| mnRfv‡e ej‡j, me ≠ a pen
A_©vr, me gv‡bB wKš‘ a pen bq A_ev me Gi cwiPq‡K a pen m¤ú~Y© Ki‡Q bv ev Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡Q bv|
wcÖq wkÿv_x©, wbðq D`vniY `ywUi cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb| Gevi Pjyb g~j Av‡jvPbvq Avmv hvK, hLb †Kvb verb-Gi `ywU
object _vK‡e Ges hw` `ywU object GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K eySvq Zvn‡j cÖ_g object Gi complement n‡”Q wØZxq object
wU| Avi hw` GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K bv eySvq ( †hgb  bs D`vniYwU) Zvn‡j `ywU object-B verb-Gi complement.

10. 10  English Tutor
01. „He became a politician‟
Here the word „politician‟ is used as  ¯^v¯’¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx (wmwfj)-17
A. object B. subject
C. adverb D. complement Ans.: D
Tips: be verb/become/feel/taste BZ¨vw`i ci †h kã ev kãmgwó _v‡K ZvB subject Gi complement.
02. She presented me a book. The underlined word acts as- Bwe : 10-11
A. direct object B. indirect object
C. noun complement D. none Ans.: A
Tips: What Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j Direct Object cvIqv hvq|
03. Identify the underlined item in the sentence. “Whom do you like most?” Kzwe 09-10
A. Subjective B. Relative pronoun
C. Direct object D. Indirect object Ans.: D
Tips: Whom (Kv‡K) e¨w³‡K eySvq, hv n‡”Q Indirect Object.
04. Indentify the underlined items. “What did you tell her? Kzwe 09-10
A. predicate B. question
C. indirect object D. direct object Ans.: D
Tips: What Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j e¯‘‡K cvIqv hvq, hv Direct object.
05. Shakespeare is a playwright. Here “Playwright” is used as- A_© gš¿Yv. cÖkvmwbK Kg©ZK©v-04
A. Object B. Subject
C . Adverb D. Complement Ans.: D
Tips: Linking verb (be, taste, feel etc.) Gi c‡i adjective ev noun/noun phrase e‡m, hv
subject-Gi complement.
06. It is difficult to pass this admission test. Here „difficult‟ is- ivwe 09-10
A. noun B. adjective
C. adverb D. Complement Ans.: D
Tips: Linking verb (be, taste, feel etc.) Gi c‡i adjective ev noun/noun phrase e‡m, hv
subject-Gi complement.
07. He was called a fool. Here „a fool‟ is- ivwe 05-06
A. noun B. adjective
C. adverb D. Complement Ans.: D
Tips: what Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j object cvB, hv GKBfv‡e verb-Gi complement.
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