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Oleh :
KUKUH NIRMALA
DEPARTEMEN BUDIDAYA PERAIRAN
FAKULTAS PERIKANAN & ILMU KELAUTAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR (IPB)
Disajikan pada
SIMPOSIUM NASIONAL
BUDIDAYA UDANG VANAMEI 2019
SHRIMP CLUB INDONESIA BANYUWANGI
29 Januari 2019
KUKUHKUKUH
HP : 0813 – 8207 – 1006
E-mail : kukuhni25@gmail.com
PENYAKIT MYO ?
PENYAKIT AHPND ?
PENYAKIT WFD ?
(Infectious Myonecrosis Virus)
UDANG TERSERANG PENYAKIT
PADA UMUR 49 – 70 DOC
Muncul Gejala
IMNV & TSV
Panen Total karena
IMNV & TSV
Faktor-faktor Pemicu Serangan Penyakit
PatogenUdang
Lingkungan
UDANG :
Genetik
Kualitas Benih
Nutrisi
PATOGEN:
Jenis
Kelimpahan
Virulensi
LINGKUNGAN :
Kualitas Air
Kualitas Sedimen/Tanah
Iklim / Cuaca
Snieszko (1974)
D = H + P + SD = H + P + S22
DD = The Resulting Disease= The Resulting Disease
HH = Host (Shrimp / Fish)= Host (Shrimp / Fish)
PP = Pathogen= Pathogen
SS = the STRESS caused by= the STRESS caused by
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
IMNV Disease
• Suhu
• Kekeruhan
• DO
• NH3
• NO2
-
• H2S
• pH
• Kesadahan
• Alkalinitas
• Salinitas
• Bakteri
•
Muncul Gejala
IMNV
Panen Total
IMNV
Muncul Gejala
IMNV
Panen Total
IMNV
Muncul Gejala
IMNV
Panen Total
IMNV
Muncul Gejala
IMNV
Panen Total
IMNV
Muncul Gejala
IMNV
Panen Total
IMNV
Muncul Gejala
IMNV
Panen Total
IMNV
Muncul Gejala
IMNV
Panen Total
IMNV
Pada Minggu ke – 12,
semua petakan tambak
terserang IMNV
1. Meningkatkan laju Konsumsi Oksigen
2. Terbentuknya Methaemocyanin
 NO2
-
mengoksidasi Cu+
-hemocyanin menjadi Cu2+
 Cu2+
- hemocyanin sulit mengikat oksigen
 Hipoksia (meskipun DO tinggi)
3. Menekan sistem Imun udang
4. Meningkatkan molting
IMNV Disease
DAMPAK NO2
-
terhadap UDANG
It is suggested that nitrite in water caused :
 a depression in the immune ability of L.
vannamei to Vibrio alginolyticus
The concentration of nitrite increases directly with culture
period, and might reach as high as 20 mg l−1
in grow-out
ponds of white shrimp L. vannamei.
NH3 NO2
-
NO3
-
Sumber :
Rachman Syah et al, 2016
NH4
+
+ 1.5 O2
+ 2 HCO3
-
NO2
-
+ 2 H2
CO3
+ H2
O
Nitrosomonas
NO2
-
+ 0.5 O2
NO3
-
+ H2
O
Nitrobacter
Ca2+
Mg2+
Fe
Mn
H+
K+
Na+
HCO3
-
CO3
2-
OH-
NO2
-
NO3
-
PO4
2-
SO4
2-
Cl-
H2SO2 CO2
NH3
Zn
Cu
Co
Cr
Mo
B
F
V
Ni
I
Si
Sn
GARIS BESAR KOMPONEN
EKOSISTIM TAMBAK UDANG
Pakan
Sisa
Pakan
Sisa
FesesFeses
Limbah
Organik
Limbah
Organik
PakanPakan
C H O N + 18 H O + 12.5 O 9 CO + NH +
+ HCO -
NH3 + H2O NH4
+
+ OH-
Nitrobacter
NH4
+
+1.5 O2
+2HCO3
-
NO2
-
+2H2
CO3
+H2
O
GARIS BESAR ALIRAN NITROGEN
DI EKOSISTIM TAMBAK UDANG
BAKTERI
HETEROTROF
Nitrosomonas
BAKTERI HETEROTROF
BAKTERI NITRIFIKASIBAKTERI NITRATASI
FITOPLANKTON
UDANG
KOMPONEN BIOTIK HARUS DALAM KESEIMBANGAN
DI EKOSISTIM TAMBAK UDANG
BO
NO2
-
NO3
-
NH3
NH4
+
DIATOM BGA
BAKTERI HETEROTROF
BAKTERI NITRIFIKASIBAKTERI NITRATASI
FITOPLANKTON
UDANG
BO
NO2
-
NO3
-
NH3
NH4
+
DIATOM BGA
MENGAPA KADAR NITRIT TINGGI /
TIDAK DIOKSIDASI MENJADI NITRAT ??
NO2
-
+ 0.5 O2
NO3
-
+ H2
O
Nitrobacter
small-sized cells (<10μm) dominate when the levels of
ammonium are high,
enhancing the growth of microzooplankton (Burford et al.2003).
Burford, M. A., Costanzo, S. D., Dennison, W. C., Jackson, C. J., Jones, A. B.,
McKinnon, A. D., Preston, N. P. & Trott, L. A. 2003. A synthesis of dominant
ecological processes in intensive shrimp ponds and adjacent coastal environments in
NE Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 1456-1469.
Phytoplankton succession in intensive marine shrimp culture ponds treated
with a commercial bacterial product.
Aquaculture Research 33(4):269 - 278 · April 2002
After 34 days, the diatoms significantly decreased
whereas cyanobacteria increased in both ponds.
BAGAIMANA MEREKAYASA
KESEIMBANGAN BAKTERI –
PLANKTON
1. KETAHUI PENYEBAB BAKTERI NITRATASI TIDAK TUMBUH
2. PENUHI KEBUTUHANNYA
NO2
-
+ 0.5 O2
NO3
-
+ H2
O
Nitrobacter
pH
Oksigen
7.6 – 8.5
Suhu
Salinitas
H2S
Asam2
fermentasi
√
Ca2+
Mg2+
Fe
Mn
H+
K+
Na+
HCO3
-
CO3
2-
OH-
NO2
-
NO3
-
PO4
2-
SO4
2-
Cl-
H2SO2 CO2
NH3
Zn
Cu
Co
Cr
Mo
B
F
V
Ni
I
Si
Sn
GARIS BESAR KOMPONEN
EKOSISTIM TAMBAK UDANG
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Manganese (Mn)
Copper (Cu)
Iodine (I)
Cobalt (Co)
Nickel (Ni)
Fluorine (F)
Vanadium (V)
Chromium (Cr)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Selenium (Se)
Tin (Sn)
Silicon (Si)
Dekomposisi Feses
& sisa pakan
NH4
+
 NO2
-
NO2
-
 NO3
-
Cobalt (Co)
Zinc (Zn)
Selenium (Se)
Vanadium (V)
Iodine (I)
Iron (Fe)
Nickel (Ni)
Fluoride (F)
Copper (Cu)
Chromium (Cr)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Mangenese (Mn)
Tin (Sn)
Silicon (Si)
BAKTERI
HETEROTROF
BAKTERI
NITRIFIKASI
BAKTERI
NITRATASI
1 2 3 4
56
TANAH
SEDIMEN
AIR LAUT
PADAT TEBAR TINGGI
SEMI-CLOSED SYSTEM
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Manganese (Mn)
Copper (Cu)
Iodine (I)
Cobalt (Co)
Nickel (Ni)
Fluorine (F)
Vanadium (V)
Chromium (Cr)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Selenium (Se)
Tin (Sn)
Silicon (Si)
PERLU
PENAMBAHAN
DARI “LUAR”
SEMI-CLOSED SYSTEM
IMNV Disease
Oleh :
KUKUH NIRMALA
Disajikan pada Kuliah Umum Budidaya Perairan
di Jurusan Budidaya Perairan
Fakultas Pertanian
Universitas Bangka Belitung
25 April 2018
1. Mati massal dalam waktu singkat &
serempak (50-100%)
2. Organ target : spesifik
hepatopancreas
3. Mati saat benur berumur 15 – 30 hari
OKSIGEN x TOKSIN ??
1. Mati massal dalam waktu singkat &
serempak (50-100%)
2. Organ target : spesifik
hepatopancreas
3. Mati saat benur berumur 15 – 30 hari
Histological examination showed that the
effects of EMS in both P. monodon and P.
vannamei appear to be limited to the
hepatopancreas (HP)
Degenerative pathology of HP is highly suggestive of a
toxic etiology
Microcystin, a hepatotoxin, can affect the liver.
BAKTERI HETEROTROF
BAKTERI NITRIFIKASIBAKTERI NITRATASI
FITOPLANKTON
UDANG
BO
NO2
-
NO3
-
NH3
NH4
+
DIATOM BGA
MENGAPA KADAR AMMONIUMTINGGI /
TIDAK DIOKSIDASI MENJADI NITRIT ??
MEMICU BLOOMING BGA ??
small-sized cells (<10μm) dominate when the levels of
ammonium are high,
enhancing the growth of microzooplankton (Burford et al.2003).
Burford, M. A., Costanzo, S. D., Dennison, W. C., Jackson, C. J., Jones, A. B.,
McKinnon, A. D., Preston, N. P. & Trott, L. A. 2003. A synthesis of dominant
ecological processes in intensive shrimp ponds and adjacent coastal environments in
NE Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 1456-1469.
Phytoplankton succession in intensive marine shrimp culture ponds treated
with a commercial bacterial product.
Aquaculture Research 33(4):269 - 278 · April 2002
After 34 days, the diatoms significantly decreased
whereas cyanobacteria increased in both ponds.
BAKTERI HETEROTROF
BAKTERI NITRIFIKASIBAKTERI NITRATASI
FITOPLANKTON
UDANG
KOMPONEN BIOTIK HARUS DALAM KESEIMBANGAN
DI EKOSISTIM TAMBAK UDANG
BO
NO2
-
NO3
-
NH3
NH4
+
DIATOM BGA
TERIMA

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