Materi presentasi oleh Prof. Jeong-Dan Kim, Ph.D. dari Kangwon National University Korea pada Simposium Nasional Budidaya Udang Vanamei di Banyuwangi 2019

1. Application of Low Protein Diet for
Indonesian Shrimp Farming
Prof. Jeong-Dae Kim, Ph.D.
AquaFeed Nutritionist
Kangwon National University
Korea
29-31 Januari 2019
Pukul 8.00 WIB- Selesai
Aston Hotel & Conference Center, Banyuwangi

2. Rationale:
• Change in culture system: conventional, BFT, Semi-Biofloc
• High protein diet
- produces more Ammonia in culture system
- Requires the addition of organic carbon into pond
- Could result in the loss of the expensive ingredients
• Low Protein Diet
• Why is Low Protein Diet beneficial?
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3. 20190129
What is Feed Performance?
• Growth Speed
• Feed Conversion
• Healthy Shrimp
• Economy
• Environment
https://steemkr.com/aceh/@adytzarkani/budidaya-udang-vanamei-l-vanamei
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4. 20190129
Digestible Energy Digestible Protein
Growth
Feed Conversion
Health
Fatty Acids Economy
Environment Amino Acids
Vitamins & Minerals Antinutritional Factors
Unwanted Substances
Formulation
Main Factors Affecting Feed Performance?
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5. Feed Performance?
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Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Dietary Protein
Organic carbon
Quality Feed does not mean HP Feed !

6. Excretion
Molting
Maintenance
(40-60g)
Retained
20-40g
Egested
10-20g
Feed
100g
Fate of Ingested Feeds in Shrimp
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7. Dietary Protein:
• Digestible & Metabolizable Protein (AA)
• Unconsumed N
• Excreted N
- Undigested Fecal N through Digestion Process
- Urinary & Gill N through Metabolic Process
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N for Increase in Toxic N-Compounds
N for Growth & Maintenance
The stage in growth as observed in farmed shrimp
https://www.aqua-techna.com/en/productivity/shrimp/molting-farmed-shrimp-growth
https://www.opaeula.co.uk/page/water-quality?

8. What is Crude Protein?
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- Summation of True Protein and Non-P Nitrogen Compounds
- Does not mean Available Protein
- It is the “N x 6.25”
Nobody knows
- How Much Proteins are Digestible
- How Well EAAs are Balanced
- How Much Proteins are Metabolizable

9. How is protein used…
• Maintenance
used to rebuild damaged tissues and supply amino acids lost during this
natural turnover
• Energy substrate
• shrimp are very adept at using protein for energy.
• Growth & Reproduction
• amino acids in protein are used for producing new animal tissues
However, the retention efficiency is low and variable
 2003 Cargill, Incorporated All Rights Reserved
Cargill Confidential20190129 9

10. Excretion
Molting
Maintenance
(40-60g)
Retained
20-40g
Egested
10-20g
Protein
100g
Fate of Ingested Dietary Protein in Shrimp
Good water quality may improve the utilization
of dietary protein !
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11. 20190129 11
What is Dietary Optimum Protein Level?
• It is expressed as Protein Requirements for Maximum Growth of Shrimp
• However,
The Requirements could be affected by several factors !!!

12. Optimum Protein Level Affected by:
• Ingredients and Composition in Feed
• Quality of Protein in Feed
• Digestible Energy level
• Water Quality(Temp. DO, pH, NH3, Nitrite…)
• Stocking Density
• Feeding Frequency & Size
• Type and Biomass of Natural Microorganisms in Pond
• Growing Stage, sex, …….
Note that Any attempt to determine the optimum protein requirement
was not made under Semi-BF culture system!
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13. Protein Requirements for P. vannamei
Size Requirement Reference
PL 36 Smith et al., 1985
PL 35 Villalon, 1991
PL 40-55 Sturmer et al., 1992
Samocha et al., 1993
Treece and Fox, 1993
PL 30 (41.9kJ/g protein) Cousin et al., 1991
PL 15 (119.6kJ/g protein) Aranyakananda, 1995
PL 20-21 Velasco et al., 2000
Juvenile(7.7~13.1g) 25% CP
Juvenile(8.1~13.8g) 35% CP
6.31g DP, 402.6 kJ DE/kg Bw/d
8.00g DP, 334.7 kJ DE/kg Bw/d
Siccardi, 2006
PL 34(21.1g DP/MJ DE) Hu et al., 2008
Juvenile(1.3g); BFT 33.4 Shahkar et al., 2014
Juvenile(1.3g) 35 Yun et al., 2016
Juvenile(0.65g, 4.80g, 10.5g) 34.5, 35.6,32.2 Lee and Lee, 2018
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14. Dietary Protein Level with the Biomass of Natural Food
• LP25%/MP35%/HP40% commercial diets
• 1g Juvenile Vannamei
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The third protocol (VP), consisted of feeding one of the three diets:
LP, HP, and MP depending on the biomass of natural food (zooplankton and benthos) in the pools.
LP(when that biomass exceeded 40g/m3), MP(if biomass ranged from 20 to 40g/m3)
HP(when that biomass was lower than 20g/m3) were fed.
MARTINEZ-CORDOVA et al.(2003).

15. Shrimp, Active Grazer
• Shrimp are actively “grazing” on the substrate present in the pond bottom
and water column.
• Once water quality maintains favorable, Shrimp keep eating and
growing.
• Water quality is affected by pond microflora(Probiotics).
• That is the reason why farmers have to add the probiotics frequently
into the feed and/or shrimp pond
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16. Which is the most important factor for Growth?
ㅊㅊㅊ
Feed quality
Seed quality
Water quality
Conventional Pond system BFT system semi-Biofloc system
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17. HP Diet may Negatively affect water quality
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18. 20190129 7
Feed Nutrients
Harvest
Shrimp
Maintenance,
Molting
Microorganisms
- Autotrophic
- Heterotrophic
Maintenance
Multiplication
UnConsumed,
Excreta
Recycling of Nutrients in semi-BF Shrimp Pond
Central drainage
Molted shell
OM residues
Dead cells

19. NO3
-
Nitrate NH4
+
Mineralization
R-NH₂
Orgranic N
NO2
-
Nitrite
Nitrification
NO2
-
Nitrite
N2
N gas
Aerobic
Immobilization
Denitrification
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
NH3
N2
N gas
Volatilization
Fixation
Fixation
Autotroph/Heterotroph
Facultative bacteria
Nitrogen Cycle in semi-BF System
Excreta
via gill
Feeds
Unconsumed
feed, Feces
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Drainage:
- Molting shell
- N residues

20. Ω Nitrification by ChemoAutotrophic Bacteria
NaHCO3
CaCO3
CO2
Inorganic C + Inorganic N Organic compounds (Cell)
NH3
NO2
Ω Mineralization by Heterotrophic Bacteria
- Uneaten feed
- Feces
- Dead bacteria
Solid waste Organic C, N
Inorganic ions
NH3
Organic compounds (Cell)
Removal of Toxic NH3 & NO2
-
SCP synthesis for Food
Competition with pathogenic bacteria
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21. Nitrifying Bacteria
• Function adequately through a pH range of 6.0-8.5.
• Generally, these bacteria work better at higher pH,
the Nitrosomonas group preferring a pH of 7.2-7.8,
and the Nitrobacter group preferring a pH of 7.2-8.2.
• are active between 17-34 ℃ and 4-8 ppm DO.
• are photosensitive until they fully establish a colony.
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22. Heterotrophic bacteria
• Colonize all components of the units, but are especially concentrated
where the solid waste accumulates
• Grow much faster than the nitrifying bacteria, reproducing in hours rather than days
• Decompose the solid waste
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23. Water Quality Management
Feed
Ammonia
Unconsumed feed
Feces
Mineralization(C:N ratio <15)
(Heterotrophic bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, B. amuloliquefaciens,
B. licheniformis, Cellumomona sp, Cellulomanas biazotea,
Pseudomonas stutzeri, P. denitrificans, Rhodopseudomonas palustris)
AA(NH3)+ O. Carbon = Cell multiplication
(Removal of NH3 in water)
Bacillus (Nitrification & Aerobic Denitrification)
Pseudomonas (Anaerobic Denitrification)
Nitrosomonas
NO2
-
NO3
-
Nitrification
(Autotrophic bacteria)
Nitrobacter
NH3 & Inorganic ions formation Autotrophs’ multiplication
Plant growth(aquaponics)
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24. What is the C:N Ratio of Shrimp Diet ?
• Ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen in Diet Necessary for Growth of
Heterotrophic Bacteria in Shrimp Pond
Optimal Ratio = 15
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Removal of Toxic NH3 & NO2
-
MCP synthesis for Food
Competition with pathogenic bacteria

25. How to calculate the C:N ratio of diet
Diet (CP %)
Nutrients(%) A(32) B(30) C(28) D(25) E(20) F(15)
Moisture 8 8 8 8 8 8
C. Protein 32 30 28 25 20 15
C. Fat 5 5 5 5 5 5
C. Ash 10 10 10 10 10 10
TCHO 45 47 49 52 57 62
C:N ratio 7.7 8.8 10.3 12.3 15.4 20.5
N in diet(g/kg)* 51.2 48.0 44.8 40.0 32.0 24.0
OM in diet(g/kg)** 820 820 820 820 820 820
C in diet(g/kg)*** 492 492 492 492 492 492
*N content(g/kg feed) = protein/6.25.
**Organic matter = C. Protein + C. Fat + TCHO(C. Fiber + NFE).
***C content = OM x 0.6.
Organic
Inorganic
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Optimal C:N

26. Molasses addition as organic-C source
Provided 1kg of CP30% Diet,
How to keep C:N ratio of 15:
48 x 15 = 720g Carbon needed
Diet B = 492g C
So, 228g C should be added as Molasses.
Molasses need: 585g (228/0.39)
Provided 1kg of CP20% Diet,
How to keep C:N ratio of 15:
32 x 15 = 480g Carbon needed
Diet E = 492g C
So, 0g C should be added as Molasses.
Molasses need: 0 g
Molasses composition: Moisture 24-30%(DM 70-76%), Ash 7-7.5%, OM 63-70%
C content: 39%
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27. Future Prospect of Shrimp Culture Economics
Price
Raw materials
Feed
Price
Farm-gate Shrimp
Production Cost
Profit
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28. Shrimp Production(MT) in Indonesia
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2015
2017
595,701
623,000
550,000
285,454
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000
FAO
Wfish
MMAF
GPMT
Who knows the actual production in 2018?

29. 20190129
Once Seed and Feed arrive at the farm
All The Factors Under Farmer’s Control
Seed Feed Water Disease
• Fry & PLs
management
• Storage
• Feeding
• pH
• Ammonia
• DO
• Temp.
• Nitrite
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Parasite
• Virus
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30. Conclusion:
Further Growth in Indonesian Aquaculture
• Shrimp feed production is estimated to reach 500,000 MT in 2020.
• Future growth in Indonesian aquaculture will be severely restricted if the industry
remains reliant on fishmeal and fish oil.
• So, the industry must find out a solution to increase the use of local ingredients
and to decrease the reliance of imported commodities (fish feed 65%, Shrimp
feed 90%).
• The first step is to lower dietary protein level because the value on feed bag is
nothing but a number.
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