Live feed enrichment, Bio-routing of nutrients. Chemo-therapeutants & other growth promoting agents

1. WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL AND
FISHERY SCIENCES
Fish Nutrition And Feed Technology
AQC-505
DEPT. OF AQUACULTURE
FACULTY OF FISHERY SCIENCES

2. Submitted to:
Prof. T.k. Ghosh
&
Prof. S.k.Das
DEPT. OF AQC
A SEMINARON:
LIVEFEEDENRICHMENT,BIOROUTING
OF NUTRIENTS, CHEMOtHERAPUETANTS
, OTHERGROWTHPROMOTINGAGENTS
SUBMIT BY:-
SUKALPA MANDAL
M.F.SC 1ST YEAR
Reg no.= 6159 of2017-18
DEPT. OF FISH NUTRITION

3. .
LIVE FEED
ENRICHMENT
BIO ROUTING OF
NUTRIENTS
CHEMOTHERAPEUTANT &
growth promoting agents
Conclusion&
references
INTRODUCTION

4. • One of the major bottlenecks in the hatchery production of finfish and shellfish is the
larval rearing which includes the transition from an endogenous to an exogenous feeding
by the larvae.
• There are 2 types of fish larvae: Precoicial and Altricial.
• In Precoicial larvae, when yolk sac is exhausted they look as mini adults, having fully
developed fins and mature digestive system include functional stomach. They can ingest
and digest formulated feeds as a first feed. E.g: Salmon & Trout.
• In case of Altricial larvae, when yolk sac is exhausted (3-5 days in most of tropical fishes)
they remain in relatively undeveloped stage. Their digestive system rudimentary, lacking
a stomach and much of the digestion takes place in the hind gut epithelial cells. Such a
digestive system seems to be incapable of processing formulated diets.

5. .
• In this case the larvae also inefficient to catch and chase their food due to underdeveloped
vision and other sensory functions. At that time their first feeding are quite fragile and
delicate creatures.
• This is the most critical phase of their life cycle when they need right type of nourishment
for their survival and growth. If this requirement is not met, they perish.
• So it’s necessary to give live feeds at this stage mostly consist of organisms like,
microalgae, rotifers, artemia and copepods etc.
• Importance of live feed:
1. Small size for better ingestion
2. Broad spectrum composition of food
3. Auto digestion characteristics
4. Stimulate feeding behaviour due to soft texture and attractability
5. Ample score for enrichment..

6. .
• Live feed is commonly regarded as “living capsules of nutrition, rich in proteins,
vitamins, carbohydrates, minerals and fatty acids.
• Mostly, rotifers and artemia are being use as live feeds. They are well known as the most
forthright live feed for mass culture. Ciliates and infusoria also used as natural feeds
especially in the early stage of life due to its high nutritional content.
• Enrichment mainly describes feeding live feeds on other feeds to improve their nutritional
value. Artemia mostly enriched to increase the essential fatty acids because DHA and
carotenoids concentrations are originally low in this species. Thus , it usually enriched
with nutrient containing lipid and any other DHA sources. Enrichment with amino acids,
nucleotides, minerals, pigments and other nutrients also is being started. Thus, these feed
organisms are usually enriched with material containing lipids and any others EPA/DHA
sources, such as lipid content and algae.

7. .
Enrichment
with Fatty
Acid
Enrichment
with
Vitamins
Enrichment
with
Proteins
Enrichment
with
Minerals
Enrichment
with
Probiotics
LIVE FEED ENRICHMENT

8. Enrichment With Fatty Acids
• The n-3 series HUFA docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA,20:5n-3), and the n-6 series PUFA arachidonic acid(ARA,20:4n-6) play
significant role in-fish larval development, the deficiency of UFA:
1. May impair fish growth,
2. Effects reproduction and survival,
3. Causing pale or swollen liver
4. Mayocarditis,
5. Intestinal steatosis
6. Lordosis
7. Fin erosion and shock syndrome.

9. HUFA must be incorporated through live feeds such as copepods, rotifers and
artemia to meet the requirements for larval growth .
• Methodof Enrichment :
• Enrichment of live food with
commercial oil emulsion like Super
selco, DHA selco, Selco S. presso
is a common practice.
• Commercial emulsion are more
stable and effective as the primary
emulsion are mainly made from
HUFA- rich oils and emulsified
with egg yolk and seawater.

10. • Microalgae is a rich source of HUFA and polyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA). It is easier to control the essential fatty acid (EFA)
composition of enrichment emulsions when microalgae-derived oil is
used in comparison with purified fish oils.
• In other case, HUFA enrichment can be performed using microalgae,
either live or pastes (Nannochloropsis oculata , Chlorella vulgaris).
• It is recommended that microalgae paste be used as a cheaper
alternative to live microalgae and the application of multiple
microalgal species over monospecific diets would be very beneficial

11. .

12. .

13. Enrichment with Vitamins
VitaminC
• Vitamin C plays a a major role in:
1. Growth performance
2. Immune response
3. Hematology and histology
4. Antioxidant and enzyme
activities
5. Wound healing
6. Response to stressor
of fish and crustaceans.

14. Techniques
• The Vitamin C content of rotifers reflects the dietary ascorbic acid (AA) levels both after
culture and enrichment. For example, rotifers cultured on instant baker’s yeast contain 150
mg Vit C/g of DW, while for Chlorella fed rotifers contain 2300 mg Vit C/g of DW.
• Enrichment of rotifers with AA is carried out using ascorbyl palmitate (AP) as a source of Vit
C to supplement the boosters.
• Enrichment of artemia with of ascorbyl-6-palmitate for 24 h was observed to significantly
reduce the mortality rate in case of tropical finfishes.
• Brown and Hohmann, reported a significant effect of the algal growth phase on the
percentage of ascorbic acid in the culture of Isochrysis sp.
• The pre-enrichment of microalgae with Vit C would be beneficial to a large group of filter
feeding zooplankton that utilize microalgae as a major source of food.

15. .
• It is necessary to note that a high dose
of vitamin suppmentation may cause
lipd peroxidation in fish tissues under
oxidative stress condition.
• There may be variations due to
species and culture conditions with
regards to light and nutrient
conditions, protocols for harvesting,
processing and storage, extraction,
analysis must be taken into account
during enrichment process.
Note

16. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a vital nutrient for fish as the compound can’t be synthesized de novo.
Many cases Vit A are available as a dietary supplements including -
Retinol (the alcohol form of VA),
Retinal (the aldehyde form) ,
Retinoic acid ( the acid form) and
Retinyl acetate, Retinyl palmitate ( the ester form)

17. Techniques
• The limited number of studies on fish larval nutrient requirements the vitamin A levels of copepods
are considered as a target for enrichment. Artemia can be enriched with VitA in the form of lutein
and astaxanthin to meet the copepod Vit A levels.
• The application of vesicles such as liposomes to bioencapsulate Vit A in live food is a promising
approach.
• The vitamin A content in rotifers is below the levels required by fish larvae.
The partial degradation of Vit A during the
enrichment process must be taken into account
when employing commercial emulsion for
zooplankton enrichment.

18. Vitamin A enrichment in
Artemia nauplii
Vitamin A enrichment in
Artemia naupli

19. Techniques For Protein Enrichment
Proteins occur in every part of our cell and constitute about 50% of the
cellular dry weight.
It form the fundamental basis of structure and function of life.
• To our knowledge Protein Selco is the only enrichment diet especially designed for
protein enrichment.
• The high levels of proteins allow the cultures to continue grow and to develop during
enrichment period.
• Usually, it is used in the same way as an oil emulsion (blended in a kitchen blender) and
distributed in the tank at a concentration of 125mg/l seawater at 2 times intervals of 3-4
hours in case of rotifer.

20. Selenium:-
• Enrichment of live food with selenium has been performed on rotifers and
artemia to meet the copepod Se levels.
• Several woks suggest that levels of Se between 1.4 & 3 mg Se/kg DW in rotifers
meet the requirements of fish larvae and the copepod Se levels are reported to
range from 3-5 mg/kg DW.
• Kim et al studied the effects of enriching microalgae C.vulgaris with Se (Sodium
selenite at 3.3 mg Se/kg DW) on sexual and asexual reproduction of rotifers .
• Improved population growth, fertilization rate and resting egg formation occur due
to the antioxidant abilities (in nano form <100 nm) of nano Se feed enrichment.

21. IODINE:-
Iodine is a crucial component of thyroid hormone, responsible for metamorphosis.
•Copepod I levels are reported to range from 50- 350 mg/kh DE, 10 fold higher on average
than that of rotifers and significantly higher than thato Artemia, which only range from 1.1
to 4.6 mg/ kg DW .
•In conclusion, as the concentration of Iodine in artemia and rotifers are reported to be
much lower than the copepod I levels, it is recommended that artemia and rotifers be further
enriched with sodium iodide.
•Furthermore, different sources of I such as Lipiodol, thymol iodide, 3,5- di iodosalicylic
acid and kelp can be good substitute to sodium iodide for zooplankton enrichment.

22. Other Trace Metals
The other Trace Metals such as manganese (Mn ), copper (Cu) , zinc (Zn) , cobalt
(Co), iron (Fe) etc also used for fish larvae bioenrichment.
Generally, the feeding of rotifers and artemia with
enriched microalgae is regarded to be a more effective
approach than the immersion method to deliver minerals
to zooplankton and fish larvae

24. Enrichment with Probiotics
• The term probiotics originated from the Greek words “probios” which mean “for
life”.
• In 1989, Fuller defined Probiotics as “ a live microbial feed supplement which
beneficially affects the host animals by improving it’s microbial balance “.
The conventional use of antibiotics for controlling bacterial infections is controversial and no
longer effective in treating bacterial disease in some cases. Dietary administration of feed
supplements such as probiotics to control or treat disease has received increasing attention in
recent years.
Why Probiotics ?

25. • Administration of Probiotics to the gut of the target host through probiotics enrichment in a
bioencapsulation method of zooplankton live food is an interesting approach now a days.
• Bioencapsulation of live food with probiotics to enhance –
1. Zooplankton growth
2. Population density
3. Reproductive capacities
• Feeding of crab larvae with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) – encapsulated zooplankton along with the
direct addition of LAB to the rearing system may yield better results.
• Nimrat et al. assessed the effects of different probiotics forms and modes of probiotic administration
on postlarval white shrimp (L. Vannamei) Artemia was enriched with microencapsulated Bacillus
spp. 10^9 CFU/mL for 6 hours significantly enhanced the growth and survival of post – larval
shrimp.

26. Significance
• Enrichment of live food with probiotics allows it to remain viable and proliferate
in the live food constituents, and therefore it can be effectively transported intro
the hosts.
• Probiotic bacteria are not only able to enhance the nutritional value of live food
providing essential compounds such as vitamins or inorganic nutrients packing in
the diet but are also able increase the population density of live food and inhibit
the growth of pathogens.
• Moreover, probiotic strains can also be administered along with prebiotics, HUFA
and bacteriophages to enhance the nutritional status of the zooplankton that
consequently may confer health benefits to fish and crustacean larvae.

27. conclusion
• This presentation focused on the modification of the nutrient composition of micro algae
and zooplankton as live food through supplementation of essential nutrients in culture
media before they are fed to fish and crustacean larvae.
• Encapsulation of nutrient-deficient live food such as rotifers and artemia with micro- and
macro-nutrients has been demonstrated to elevate the dietary value of the live food and to
enhance the performance of fish larvae and fries.
• The nutritional profile of copepods can be altered through changes in dietary algal
nutrition by the pre-enrichment of algae with various essential nutrients.
• On the basis of this presentation ,we conclude that sustainable and effective larval rearing
can be achieved, and with better understanding of the enrichment techniques, other
sources of feed may gradually be used as substitutes to live food.

28. Bio routing of nutrients
In a pond system, nutrients originate mainly from pond biota (phytoplankton, zooplankton etc) and
fish feed inputs in the system.
A substantial part of the feed is ingested by the fish and either used for growth and metabolism or
excreted as soluble and solid faeces, while the rest of any uneaten food sedimented in the bottom.
Bio-routing of nutrients as a whole of Biogeochemistry.
“ Routing of nutrients or nutrient cycle is defined as the cyclic pathway by which nutrients pass-through, in order to be recycled and
reutilised. The pathway comprises cells, organisms, community and ecosystem.”
Definition

29. Bio routing process
Nutrient
Absorbed
Transferred
Released

30. 1. Nitrogen cycle

31. 2. Carbon Cycle

32. 3. Oxygen cycle

33. • Chemotherapeutants are widely used to treat diseases of fish, specifically shrimp
and aquarium fishes in worldwide.
‘ Chemotherapeutants, are applied where they become distributed throughout the
tissue and act to eradicate existing disease or to protect against possible disease.’
• The most commonly treated diseases are -
luminous vibriosis, filamentous bacterial disease, shell disease, larval mycosis and
protozoan infections in shrimp and white spot, velvet disease, fin and tail rot,
crustacean and monogenean infections, fungal infections and dropsy etc.
DEFINITION

34. • Antibacterial compounds
(procaryotes)
• Antiparasitic agents
(eucarytotes)
• Antifungal compounds
(eucarytotes)
• Antiviral compounds
• Anticancer compounds
They are classified according their
mechanism of action :
• include alkylating agents,
• antimetabolites,
• topoisomerase inhibitors,
• antibiotics,
• mitotic inhibitors, and
• protein kinase inhibitor

35. Growth promoting agents
• Growth promoters are mainly used in farm species with the purpose to promote
growth, to improve the distribution of fat and protein and to increase the feed to
muscle conversation rate.
• Most growth promoters are orally active and can be administered through feed ,
while other active hormones can be administered in the form of small implants
into the subcutaneous tissue.
• In addition phytochemicals such as essential oils, saponins, flavonoids and
phytosterols may help to improve the growth rate, feed utilization as well as stress
resistance of fish.

36. • In addition, probiotics products include
Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. bulgaricus etc.
has received a great deal of attention on
growth performance.
• Low dose antibiotics also have been used as
growth promoters in livestock and fishes.
• Several chemicals also found in the market
used as growth promoter as well as for
increasing production.

37. Different growth promoting ingredients

38. conclusion
• Today, the use of chemical growth promoters is forbidden in many
countries, because their residues may remain in the flesh or edible parts
of that species and pose a risk to the consumer.
• The adverse effects of these growth promoters include developmental,
neurobiological, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects.
• The organic fish growth promoter solves the problem against the
conventional antibiotic growth promoter use in aquaculture.

39. references
• Enhancement of Live Food Nutritional Status with Essential Nutrients for Improving Aquatic
Animal Health: A Review Nur Amalina Samat Fatimah Md Yusoff ,Nadiah W. Rasdi and Murni
Karim
• Mondal A., Aziz A., Joysowal M., Chirwatkar B. Importance of live feed in aquaculture. Int. J. Sci.
Res. Dev.2018;6656–658.
• Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture, FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL
PAPER 361.
• Live Feeds in Marine Aquaculture, 2003.Edited by Josianne G. Støttrup and Lesley A. McEvoy.
Blackwell Science Ltd.
• Handbook of Microalgal Culture, 2004. Edited by Amos Richmond. Blackwell Science Ltd.
• Aqua drugs and chemicals used in aquaculture: Afnan Alam Chowdhury, Md. Shahab Uddin,
Suvashis Vaumik and Abdulla-Al-Asif

40. .