Basic pond management guide to reduce disease risks

Basic pond management
to reduce current
disease risks
Pornlerd Chanratchakool
pchn@novozymes.com

NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION
22/06/20162
Concept
The importance
of a healthy pond
and shrimp
Environment
PathogensHost
D
The careful management of three factors are important to avoid
disease.
• Stable/optimal pond environment
• Healthy host
• No pathogens
If one or more of these factors are not well managed, disease and
mortality will occur.
This is very common for infectious diseases like Vibriosis and
AHPND

NOVOZYMES PRESENTATION22/06/2016
Preventing/Reducing Disease by maintain better pond
environment
Clean Environment
Optimal parameters
• Maintain stable water quality
• Preventing waste accumulation (From : Feed? and Plankton?)
• Prevent/Eliminate toxic substances

Control pathogen
Less Pathogens
• control/eliminate pathogen
in the system/shrimp
• reduce pathogenicity of pathogen
• and improving shrimp health

Water
Nitrogen cycle and other toxic in healthy pond conditions
Shrimp Aquaculture Industry
Aerobic Layer (0-0.2 cm)
Anaerobic layer NH3/NO2/H2S
Non toxic

Water
Nitrogen cycle and other toxic in unhealthy pond conditions
Technical Challenges
Aerobic Layer (0-2 cm)
Anaerobic layer
NH3/NO2/H2S
Toxic

Anaerobic Conditions
Organic Waste NH4
+
N02
-
N03
-
N2
Non-Toxic Non-Toxic
Accumulates in Pond Bottom
In common, natural bacteria are often insufficient & slow acting and the
conversion is ineffective!
Slow and ineffective bacterial conversion
(especially with hydrogen sulfide present and low oxygen)
leads to
toxic build up of ammonia and nitrite !
Toxic Toxic

In anaerobic soil layer ( without oxygen)
De-nitrification
4NO3
- + 5CH2O (Organic matter) N2 + 5CO2 + 7H2O
Sulfate Reduction
SO4
2- + 2CH2O (Organic matter) S2- + 2CO2 + 2H2O
S2- + 2H+ H2S

Common factors causing anaerobic conditions
Technical Challenges
Benthic Algae develops
Stocking in clear water pondGreen colour develops in 20-30 days
Benthic algae crashes
Buildup of NH3 toxicity
D.O. decreases. Anaerobic layer increases
NH3/NO2/H2S Accumulation

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
DOC
Mg/m2/hr
Oxygen required in shrimp pond (BT)
Total
soil
water
shrimp
H2S
Putt Songsangjinda

Benthic algae die

Surface water
Bottom water
Floating feces
Feed in gut
Black mud in gut
Green colony Yellow colony

How is bacteria infect the shrimp
By Soonthornchai et al, 2015, Plos One

www.themegallery.com
Chalor Limsuwan

Preventing diseases by better
management
• Cleaning pond soil
• Removing sludge
• Changing pond soil
• Lining
• Preparing clean water
• Filtering
• Disinfection
• Green water
• Bio-floc
• Etc..

22/06/201628

22/06/201631
Proper Pond Preparation
Ploughing wet soil Drying Re-ploughingClean pond bottom
Eliminate Organic Waste
Pond preparation ; Ploughing

Check pond bottom condition/renovate
before new stock
22/06/201633

Stock the pond with SPF post larva only

PL 12, rostral spines = 4 (4 x 3)

กา PL testing ; healthy HP and less contamination of Vibrio
From : Aquaculture Business Research Center
No abnormal HP
Green colony < 100 CFU/1 g
Yellow colony < 1,000 CFU/1 g

More focus on HP condition checking ; no abnormal HP tubule
Chanthaburi CARC

• Larva/juvenile is more robust
• less contamination from pathogen
• Water treatment in nursery tank is required before stocking to reduce the
contamination
• Larvae can be treated with specific treatment (disinfectant, microbial, etc.)
• given special feed during this phase, improving HP condition?
• The larva will be in this phase for at least a few days till 45 days
depending on farm requirement.
• The stocking density in this phase is also varying based on the nursery
period and design stocking size (0.2 g - 3 g).
• Major risk could be grow out pond bottom sludge condition
• Shorten the culture period to less than 60 days, before unmanageable
Nursery phase becoming more common

Nursery tank (12 M3) at pond
size
• 1-2 weeks
• At 30-50 PL/Litr
Pen inside culture pond
• 200-900 M2
• 2-3 weeks
• At 300-500 Pl/M2
Cage inside culture pond
• 4x4 M2; several cages
• 1-2 weeks
• 20-30 PL/litr

Big tank ( 25-30 M3); out door Big tank (25-30 M3) ; in door Small tank (10 M3) ; out door

nursery tank/pond (50 M3)
• 1000 PL/M2 for 50-60 days
• Now use as culture tank to
market size at 7-8(10)
Kg/M3
• Up to 30 % water exchange
after 30 days
small pond (200 M2) which can
be in door or out door

For indoor tank, maintaining the larvae at high temperature (>32 degree Celsius for 7 days)
has been recommended by Dr. Chalor Limsuwan, to reduce the risk from white spot
disease and seem to work in some country during low temperature crop.

culture system/model that can prevent contamination and must be stable
Aquaculture Business Research Center
Biosecurity set up with full aeration and good drainage facility

Cause of problem due to over fed/over bloom /crash
and low D.O. ;
anaerobic soil

22/06/201650
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MBW HFR
MBW SFR
feed HFR
feed SFR
DOC (day)
Feeding and MBW comparison ( HFR & SFR)
( same stocking density =100,000 pl)
Feed (kg)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99
feed(kg)/shrimpweight(gram)
India/Pond1/50 PL/M2/Stck 680,000/SR 85%/Calculate feed for 100,000 PL
shrimp size (g)
std feed kg/day at 100000
actual feed kg/day at 100000
DOC

Feeding table for white shrimp
Shrimp Weight (g.) % feeding
2 9.5
3 5.8
5 5.3
7 3.7
10 3.3
15 2.6
20 2.1
25 1.6
30 1.3
22/06/201652
Age/ Weight % feed in tray Checking time
30-45 days (1.5-4 g.) 1 g./ kg. 2 hrs and 30 min
46 -60 days (5-9 g.) 2 g./ kg. 2 hrs and 30 min
61-90 days (10-16 g.) 3 g./ kg. 2 hrs.
91 -120 days (17-25g.) 4 g./ kg. 2. hrs.
over 25 g. 5 g./ kg. 1 hrs and 30 min
In general ;
Feed increasing is
0.5 Kg for 100,000 shrimp per
day

Different culture models have been
successfully proven but need to be
selected by farmers, base on area,
budget, experience etc..

Intensive : Bio-floc/semi-Bio-floc system
Heavy aeration to
• Maintain DO > 5 ppm
• > 50 HP/Ha
Small pond
• lined
• Concrete
• With good draining
Make sure to
• re-suspend bio-floc
• Or remove

Remove the sludge with open outlet pipe

22/06/2016
56
Make sure to eliminate black/anaerobic bio-floc
after 45 Days

Transferring / Reducing density/ Partial harvest
once close/reach pond capacity (1.3-1.5 Kg/M2)

New area in China
Pics. By Soraphat Panakorn

22/06/2016
63

22/06/2016
64

South Korea ; 150/M3 ; 120 days with partial
harvest
22/06/201665

Sedimentation
Culture pond
Storage Pond
Inlet Water
Partial/fullrecirculation system

Mix culture with fish : remove algae/sludge
Tilapia is a common fish
If the fish is stocked directly with shrimp, stocking density will be around 1,500-3,000 fries in 1 Ha.
Fish in cage Fish in water treatment pond Direct stock in the culture pond
Pics.by Mongkhon Primphon

Lower density with or without recirculation
• Good pond preparation
• Phytoplankton maintenance
• Circulate water
• Concentrate sludge to centre
• Feeding along clean area

Small tanks with transfering ; 45 : 45 days
at 1Pl/litre ; transfer/harvest at 7-8 (10) Kg/M3

Key points to reduce risk from diseases/mortality
Well prepare the pond
Remove sludge or completely dry/check and repair liner if damaged
Biosecurity set up especially in outbreak/risky area
Prepare reservoir/ disinfect water well before get the bloom
• Not only treat viral carrier
• Need to treat bacteria also
Select good SPF PL ; > PL 10 (gill completely developed and HP quality check
• Salinity stress test (Optional ; 0 ppt; 30 mins then 30 ppt. 30 mins ; survival > 95 %)
• Vibrios count (<1,000 CFU/G Total: <100 CFU/G green)
May be better to stock PL from different good/reliable hatchery in each stocking time
Set up tank/cage or pen for nursery to reduce risks
Stocking density <120 Pl/M2 (WS)or base on pond potential
• < 1.3-1.5 Kg/M2 in standard pond without partial harvest (WS) : depending on system
• < 0.6-0.8 Kg/M2 for BT
22/06/201670

Key point cont.
For standard feeding program during first month should be individual adjust; base on actual growth,
check the growth at DoC 20
Control feed well, 12 Kg/100,000 at DoC 30, ABW at 2.0-2.5 g
accumulate feed at 30 days should not > 250 kg.
However, if the shrimp growing faster; calculate base on specific growth in each pond
Reduced feed when temp. lower than 26 C
Add salt at 50 g/kg of feed during low salinity/heavy rain
Maximum feed increment/day/100,000 shrimp is 500 g.
Maintain D.O. > 3/4 ppm. near the edge of sludge : 1HP = 400-500 Kg
Or >6 ppm. for super intensive
Prevent toxic H2S, ammonia and nitrite
Partially harvest/harvest if production close to maximum capacity
Shrimp feed less, slow growth, low D.O. etc..
22/06/201671

Basic pond management guide to reduce disease risks

Basic pond management guide to reduce disease risks

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Basic pond management guide to reduce disease risks

Similar to Basic pond management guide to reduce disease risks (20)

More from ExternalEvents

More from ExternalEvents (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Basic pond management guide to reduce disease risks