PowerPoint Presentation on Thiamine.

1. THIAMINE
BY:
SUBHANA AZIZ

2. Introduction
 Also known as Vitamin B1, anti Beri-Beri or antineuritic vitamin.
 In 1897 Christiaan Eijkman (1858–1930) discovered thiamine
 IUPAC name:- 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)- 5-
(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium chloride.
 It is a water soluble vitamin.
 It is involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid metabolism.

3. Structure
 Thiamine contains a pyrimidine ring (dimethyl 6-amino pyrimidine)
and a thiazole (Methyl hydroxyl ethyl thiazole) ring held by a
methylene bridge.

4.  Thiamin pyrophosphate or Cocarboxylase

5. Conversion
Thiamine to TPP-

6. Requirement
ICMR Recommended Dietary Allowances of Thiamine.
Age Male Female Pregnant Lactating
0-6 months 0.2 mg 0.3 mg
7-12 months 0.3 mg 0.4 mg
1-3 years 0.5 mg 0.5 mg
4-8 years 0.6 mg 0.6 mg
9-13 years 0.9 mg 0.9 mg
14-18 years 1.2 mg 1.0 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg
19-50 years 1.2 mg 1.1 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg
51-70 years 1.2 mg 1.1 mg
70+ years 1.2 mg 1.1 mg

7. Functions
 Generally, thiamin plays a role in muscle contraction and conduction
of nerve signals.
Mainly thiamine functions in the form of coenzyme Thiamine
pyrophosphate not as thiamine.

8. Biochemical Functions
The coenzyme, Thiamine pyrophosphate or cocarboxylase is intimately
connected with the energy releasing reactions in carbohydrate
metabolism.
 It helps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in carbohydrate
metabolism.
 -Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is an enzyme of Citric acid cycle.
This is comparable with dehydrogenase and requires TPP.

9.  In Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt) enzyme
Transketolase depends on TPP.
 TPP is required in oxidative decarboxylation of branched chain
amino acids like Valine, Leucine & Isoleucine.
 TPP plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulse.
TPP is required for acetylcholine synthesis and the ion
translocation of neural tissue.

10. Metabolic Pathway Requiring TPP

11. Sources
Diet based on whole wheat, any of the millets, raw hand
pounded rice or parboiled rice (hand pounded) usually supply
adequate amounts of thiamin. Bran contains most of the
thiamin of the ice grain. Polished rice contains negligible
amounts of thiamin. Inclusion of pulses in the diet can
improve the thiamin content. Wheat bran and wheat germ are
very rich sources of thiamin while white flour is devoid of
vitamin.

12. Thiamine content of Food
Name of the food
Stuff
Thiamine
mg/100g
Gingelly seeds 1.0
Groundnut 0.9
Lotus stem, dry 0.8
Soya bean 0.7
Cashewnut 0.6
Pork 0.5
Cow pea 0.5
Bengal gram 0.5
Rice, paraboiled 0.2

13. Benefits of Thiamine
 Vitamin B1 is important for energy production, nerve function, and brain
cell viability. It is also said to stabilize our appetite, to promote growth,
and to boost our mood.
 Thiamine is necessary for the metabolism of alcohol, although alcohol in
turn interferes with the absorption of Thiamine.

14. Deficiency
A deficiency can be caused by diet, lifestyle, or
medication. A disease of the digestive system can also
interfere with the absorption of Thiamine.

15. Specific Symptoms of Thiamin
Deficiency
The early symptoms of thiamine deficiency are-
Loss of appetite (anorexia), weakness, constipation, nausea,
mental depression, irritability, peripheral neuropathy etc.
Numbness in legs and complains of ‘pins & needle’ sensation are
reported.

16. Deficiency Diseases
 Beri-Beri
 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

17. Beriberi
The most important use of thiamine is to treat beriberi, which is caused
by not getting enough thiamine in your diet.
People in the developed world usually do not get beriberi because foods
such as cereals and breads are fortified with vitamin B1.
Beriberi is of three types-
 Wet beriberi
 Dry Beriberi
 Infantile Beriberi

18. Wet Beriberi
Symptoms of wet beriberi:
 shortness of breath during physical activity
 waking up short of breath
 rapid heart rate
 Edema of lower legs, face, trunk and serous cavities.

19. Dry Beriberi
The symptoms of dry beriberi include:
 decreased muscle function, particularly in the lower legs
 tingling or loss of feeling in the feet and hands
 pain
 mental confusion
 difficulty speaking
 vomiting
 involuntary eye movement
 paralysis

20. Infantile Beriberi
Seen in infants born to mothers suffering from thiamine deficiency
due low thiamine content in breast milk.
Symptoms:
 Sleeplessness & restlessness
 Vomiting
 Convulsions
 Bouts of screaming due to cardiac dilation.

21. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a brain disorder caused by thiamine
deficiency. Wernicke-Korsakoff is actually two disorders.
 Wernicke disease involves damage to nerves in the central and
peripheral nervous systems. It is often caused by malnutrition due to
alcoholism.
 Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by memory problems and nerve
damage. High doses of thiamine can improve muscle coordination and
confusion, but rarely improves memory loss.

22. Toxicity
There are no toxic levels of Thiamine known today, thus there is no
defined upper limit of intake. Vitamin B1 is only marginally stored in our
body and excessive amounts are easily excreted in the urine. However,
drowsiness or hypersensitivity to Thiamine is possible but rare.

23. Reference
 B. Srilakshmi (2008), Thiamine, Water Soluble Vitamins- thiamin,
Riboflavin, Niacin,( Pg.255-262), Nutrition Science (Third Edition),
New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
 Beriberi, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriberi, (Accessed on
1.09.2016).
 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine),
http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-b1-
thiamine, (Accessed on 1.09.2016).

24. THANK
YOU