Q) The passage of traits from parents of offspring is called A H.pdf

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Q) The passage of traits from parents of offspring is called ? A: Heredity Q) A breed of chicken shows co-dominance for feather color. One allele codes for black feathers, another codes for white feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chickens of this breed will be A: Speckled (Because in co-dominance both alleles are equally dominant and shows up as spots) Q) Situation in which one allele of gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called A: Incomplete dominance Q) In rabbits, there are four different versions of the gene for coat color. What pattern of inheritance is this ? A: Multiple alleles ( As we call each version of the gene as an allele) Q) Variation in human skin color is an example of A: Polygenic traits (there are 3 important genes coding for skin color and we get one of each of those three genes from each of our parents) Q) Which of the following assort independently? A: Chromosomes (During meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosome are divided in half to form haploid cells. This assortment of homologous chromosomes is random and hence independent) Q) The plants that Gregor Mendel crossed to produce F1 generation made up of the A: P (Also known as parents used for crossing) Q) Due to the process of segregation, alleles separate during the production of A: Gametes (gametes are produced at the end of meiosis and will be haploid in nature) Q) The scientific study of heredity is called A: Genetics Solution Q) The passage of traits from parents of offspring is called ? A: Heredity Q) A breed of chicken shows co-dominance for feather color. One allele codes for black feathers, another codes for white feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chickens of this breed will be A: Speckled (Because in co-dominance both alleles are equally dominant and shows up as spots) Q) Situation in which one allele of gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called A: Incomplete dominance Q) In rabbits, there are four different versions of the gene for coat color. What pattern of inheritance is this ? A: Multiple alleles ( As we call each version of the gene as an allele) Q) Variation in human skin color is an example of A: Polygenic traits (there are 3 important genes coding for skin color and we get one of each of those three genes from each of our parents) Q) Which of the following assort independently? A: Chromosomes (During meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosome are divided in half to form haploid cells. This assortment of homologous chromosomes is random and hence independent) Q) The plants that Gregor Mendel crossed to produce F1 generation made up of the A: P (Also known as parents used for crossing) Q) Due to the process of segregation, alleles separate during the production of A: Gametes (gametes are produced at the end of meiosis and will be haploid in nature) Q) The scientific study of heredity is called A: Genetics.

Education

Q) In rabbits, there are four different versions of the gene for coat color. What pattern of
inheritance is this ?
A: Multiple alleles ( As we call each version of the gene as an allele)
Q) Variation in human skin color is an example of
A: Polygenic traits (there are 3 important genes coding for skin color and we get one of each of
those three genes from each of our parents)
Q) Which of the following assort independently?
A: Chromosomes (During meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosome are divided in half to
form haploid cells. This assortment of homologous chromosomes is random and hence
independent)
Q) The plants that Gregor Mendel crossed to produce F1 generation made up of the
A: P (Also known as parents used for crossing)
Q) Due to the process of segregation, alleles separate during the production of
A: Gametes (gametes are produced at the end of meiosis and will be haploid in nature)
Q) The scientific study of heredity is called
A: Genetics

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1. Translation program: #include #include #include #include #include int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,mx,my; void draw(); void tri(); void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; int c; initgraph(&gd,&gm,\"d:\\\\tc\\\\bgi \"); printf(\"Enter the 1st point for the triangle:\"); scanf(\"%d%d\",&x1,&y1); printf(\"Enter the 2nd point for the triangle:\"); scanf(\"%d%d\",&x2,&y2); printf(\"Enter the 3rd point for the triangle:\"); scanf(\"%d%d\",&x3,&y3); cleardevice(); draw(); getch(); tri(); getch(); } void draw() { line(x1,y1,x2,y2); line(x2,y2,x3,y3); line(x3,y3,x1,y1); } void tri() { int x,y,a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3; printf(\"Enter the Transaction coordinates\"); scanf(\"%d%d\",&x,&y); cleardevice(); a1=x1+x; b1=y1+y; a2=x2+x; b2=y2+y; a3=x3+x; b3=y3+y; line(a1,b1,a2,b2); line(a2,b2,a3,b3); line(a3,b3,a1,b1); } getch(); closegraph(); 2. //rotation #include #include #include #include #include #include float x1,y1,x2,y2,x,y,x3,y3,x4,y4,a; int ch; int main(void) { int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode; clrscr(); initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, \"c:\\\\tc\\\\bgi\"); cout<<\"enter coordinates of line1:\ \"; cin>>x1>>y1>>x2>>y2; cout<<\"enter coordinates for relative line:\ \"; cin>>x3>>y3; cout<<\"enter the angle of rotation:\ \";cin>>a; cleardevice(); line(x1,y1,x2,y2); moveto(x2,y2); lineto(x3,y3); moveto(x3,y3); lineto(x1,y1); a=a*(3.14/180); x1=(x1*cos(a))-(y1*sin(a)); y1=(x1*sin(a))+(y1*cos(a)); x2=(x2*cos(a))-(y2*sin(a)); y2=(x2*sin(a))+(y2*cos(a)); x3=(x3*cos(a))-(y3*sin(a)); y3=(x3*sin(a))+(y3*cos(a)); cout<<\"now hit a key to see rotation:\"; getch(); moveto(x1,y1); lineto(x2,y2); moveto(x2,y2); lineto(x3,y3); moveto(x3,y3); lineto(x1,y1); getch(); closegraph(); } 3. Reflection #include #include #include #include void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3; char a; clrscr(); initgraph(&gd,&gm,\"\"); printf(\"\ enter the coordinates of triangle\"); sacnf(\"%d%d%d%d%d%d\",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3); line(x1,y1,x2,y2); line(x2,y2,x3,y3); line(x3,y3,x1,y1); line(320,0,320,430); line(0,240,640,240); printf(\"\ enter the axis of reflection\"); scanf(\"%d\",&a); if(a=\'x\'||a=\'X\') { x1=x1; x2=x2; x3=x3; y1=y1+240; y2=y2+240; y3=y3+240; } else if(a=\'y\'||a=\'Y\') { y1=y1; y2=y2; y3=y3; x1+=320; x2+=320; x3+=320; } printf(\"\ triangle after reflection\"); line(x1,y1,x2,y2); line(x2,y2,x3,y3); line(x3,y3,x1,y1); getch(); closegraph(); } Solution 1. Translation program: #include #include #include #include #include int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,mx,my; void draw(); void tri(); void main() { int gd=DETECT,gm; int c; initgraph(&gd,&gm,\"d:\\\\tc\\\\bgi \"); printf(\"Enter the 1st point for the triangle:\"); scanf(\"%d%d\",&x1,&y1); printf(\"Enter the 2nd point for the triangle:\"); scanf(\"%d%d\",&x2,&y2); printf(\"Enter the 3rd point for the triangle:\"); scanf(\"%d%d\",&x3,&y3); cleardevice(); draw(); getch(); tri(); getch(); } void draw() { line(x1,y1,x2,y2); line(x2,y2,x3,y3); line(x3,y3,x1,y1); } void tri() { int x,y,a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3; printf(\"Enter the Transaction coordinates\.

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1A. The acronym DBLC is used to name the Database Life Cycle.The DBLC traces the history of the databse system from its starting point to its obsolescence.The DBLC is composed of six phases:initial study,design,inplementation and loading,testing and evaluation,operation and maintenence and evolution. 2A.Centralized conceptual database design consists of typical simple databases and conducted by single person or small team. Decentralized conceptual database design consists of large number of entities and complex relations and spread across multiple sites and developed by multiple teams. Aggregation process requires designer to create single model in which various aggregation problems must be addressed like synonyms and homonyms,entity and subtypes. 3A.The minimal data rule specifies that all the data defined in the data model are actually required to fit to present and expected tuture data requirements. 4A.Top-down design by identifying the differnet entity types and definition to each entity attributes. in other words top down design starts by defining the required data sets and defines the data elements for each of those data sets. Bottom up design first defiines the required attributes and theb groups the attributes to form entities. Refer the below diagram for third answer Solution 1A. The acronym DBLC is used to name the Database Life Cycle.The DBLC traces the history of the databse system from its starting point to its obsolescence.The DBLC is composed of six phases:initial study,design,inplementation and loading,testing and evaluation,operation and maintenence and evolution. 2A.Centralized conceptual database design consists of typical simple databases and conducted by single person or small team. Decentralized conceptual database design consists of large number of entities and complex relations and spread across multiple sites and developed by multiple teams. Aggregation process requires designer to create single model in which various aggregation problems must be addressed like synonyms and homonyms,entity and subtypes. 3A.The minimal data rule specifies that all the data defined in the data model are actually required to fit to present and expected tuture data requirements. 4A.Top-down design by identifying the differnet entity types and definition to each entity attributes. in other words top down design starts by defining the required data sets and defines the data elements for each of those data sets. Bottom up design first defiines the required attributes and theb groups the attributes to form entities. Refer the below diagram for third answer.

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In chemistry, hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for the qualitative description of atomic bonding properties. Hybridised orbitals are very useful in the explanation of the shape of molecular orbitals for molecules. It is an integral part of valence bond theory. Although sometimes taught together with the valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, valence bond and hybridization are in fact not related to the VSEPR model.[1] Contents [hide] 1 Historical development 2 Types of hybridisation 2.1 sp3 hybrids 2.2 sp2 hybrids 2.3 sp hybrids 3 Hybridisation and molecule shape 3.1 Explanation of the shape of water 3.2 Controversy regarding d-orbital participation 4 Hybridisation theory vs. MO theory 5 See also 6 External links 7 References [edit]Historical development Chemist Linus Pauling first developed the hybridisation theory in order to explain the structure of molecules such as methane (CH4).[2] This concept was developed for such simple chemical systems, but the approach was later applied more widely, and today it is considered an effective heuristic for rationalizing the structures of organic compounds. For quantitative calculations of electronic structure and molecular properties, hybridisation theory is not as practical as molecular orbital theory. Problems with hybridisation are especially notable when the d orbitals are involved in bonding, as in coordination chemistry and organometallic chemistry. Although hybridisation schemes in transition metal chemistry can be used, they are not generally as accurate. Orbitals are a model representation of the behaviour of electrons within molecules. In the case of simple hybridisation, this approximation is based on atomic orbitals, similar to those obtained for the hydrogen atom, the only atom for which an exact analytic solution to its Schrödinger equation is known. In heavier atoms, like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, the atomic orbitals used are the 2s and 2p orbitals, similar to excited state orbitals for hydrogen. Hybridised orbitals are assumed to be mixtures of these atomic orbitals, superimposed on each other in various proportions. The theory of hybridisation is most applicable under these assumptions. It gives a simple orbital picture equivalent to Lewis structures. Hybridisation is not required to describe molecules, but for molecules made up from carbon, nitrogen and oxygen (and to a lesser extent, sulfur and phosphorus) the hybridisation theory/model makes the description much easier. The hybridisation theory finds its use mainly in organic chemistry. Its explanation starts with the way bonding is organized in methane. [edit]Types of hybridisation [edit]sp3 hybrids Hybridisation describes the bonding atoms from an atom\'s point of view. That is, for a tetrahedrally coordinated carbon (e.g., methane, CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms. The .

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RPS 19 stands for ribosomal protein S19. This proteins is synthesised and located in the cytosol. It is then transported to the respective destinations. RPS 19 to reach the mitochondria must cross the 2 mitochondrial membranes the outer and inner membrane. Solution RPS 19 stands for ribosomal protein S19. This proteins is synthesised and located in the cytosol. It is then transported to the respective destinations. RPS 19 to reach the mitochondria must cross the 2 mitochondrial membranes the outer and inner membrane..

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y^(iv)-4y=0taking 4y to RHS we gety^(iv) = 4yy^(iii) = integra.pdf

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Fe(s) + Mn2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Mn(s) Yes this reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction This is because E of the whole rection will be +ve in the reverse direction We know that if E of the reaction is +ve, the reaction is Spontaneous Solution Fe(s) + Mn2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Mn(s) Yes this reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction This is because E of the whole rection will be +ve in the reverse direction We know that if E of the reaction is +ve, the reaction is Spontaneous.

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When Na2SO3 is dissolved in water, Na+ and SO32- ions are formed: Na2SO3 => 2 Na+ + SO32- The SO32- ions are weak bases and ionize in water to form HSO3- and OH- ions: SO32- + H2O <=> HSO3- + OH- Since OH- ions are formed, the pH will be greater than 7 and the solution is basic. Solution When Na2SO3 is dissolved in water, Na+ and SO32- ions are formed: Na2SO3 => 2 Na+ + SO32- The SO32- ions are weak bases and ionize in water to form HSO3- and OH- ions: SO32- + H2O <=> HSO3- + OH- Since OH- ions are formed, the pH will be greater than 7 and the solution is basic..

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Therapsids is a group of synapsids Adaptation: 1.Four limbs extent vertically in contrast to crawling limbs 2..Feet were more symmetrical 3.Jaws were more complexed and powerful 4.Frontal incisors canines for tearing. Hadrocodium They were primitive mammals 1.Advance features 2.Large brain 3.Advance ear Prosimian Group of primates, primitive mammalians characters is bicornuate uterus Solution Therapsids is a group of synapsids Adaptation: 1.Four limbs extent vertically in contrast to crawling limbs 2..Feet were more symmetrical 3.Jaws were more complexed and powerful 4.Frontal incisors canines for tearing. Hadrocodium They were primitive mammals 1.Advance features 2.Large brain 3.Advance ear Prosimian Group of primates, primitive mammalians characters is bicornuate uterus.

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They trade away higher fecundity for future reproduction. Being iteroparous, they can produce Offsprings throughout life, but they produce single Offsprings trading away their fecundity so that they can reproduce throughout. Solution They trade away higher fecundity for future reproduction. Being iteroparous, they can produce Offsprings throughout life, but they produce single Offsprings trading away their fecundity so that they can reproduce throughout..

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The statements that are consistent with facts known about membrane are 1. Some transport processes use the energy of a second transport process to move species across membranes. 2. Active transport always employs ATP hydrolysis to provide the energy for the transporter. Solution The statements that are consistent with facts known about membrane are 1. Some transport processes use the energy of a second transport process to move species across membranes. 2. Active transport always employs ATP hydrolysis to provide the energy for the transporter..

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The implementation algorithm whose amortized complexity is O (1) to implement queue using two stacks is given as follows: Algorithm for Enqueue: Enqueue(element): //Push the element in the stack 1. S1.push(element) Algorithm for Dequeue: Dequeue(): //Check the condition that stack 2 is empty or not. //If it is empty then execute do part otherwise go //to the else part. if S2.isEmpty() then //Execute the while loop till the //size of stack 1 is greater than 1. while S1.size() > 1 do //Pop the element from stack 1 and // store it in the variable element. element = S1.pop() //And push the popped element // of stack 1 to the stack 2. S2.push(element) //Pop the element form stack 1 and //store it in the variable element. element = S1.pop() //Return the element. return element //The else part. else //Pop the element form stack 2 and //store it in the variable element. element = S2.pop() //Return the element. return element Where, S1 and S2 represent stack 1 and stack 2 respectively. Explanation: 1 + 1 + 1 + … + n Thus, for the dequeue operation the amortized complexity is O (1). Solution The implementation algorithm whose amortized complexity is O (1) to implement queue using two stacks is given as follows: Algorithm for Enqueue: Enqueue(element): //Push the element in the stack 1. S1.push(element) Algorithm for Dequeue: Dequeue(): //Check the condition that stack 2 is empty or not. //If it is empty then execute do part otherwise go //to the else part. if S2.isEmpty() then //Execute the while loop till the //size of stack 1 is greater than 1. while S1.size() > 1 do //Pop the element from stack 1 and // store it in the variable element. element = S1.pop() //And push the popped element // of stack 1 to the stack 2. S2.push(element) //Pop the element form stack 1 and //store it in the variable element. element = S1.pop() //Return the element. return element //The else part. else //Pop the element form stack 2 and //store it in the variable element. element = S2.pop() //Return the element. return element Where, S1 and S2 represent stack 1 and stack 2 respectively. Explanation: 1 + 1 + 1 + … + n Thus, for the dequeue operation the amortized complexity is O (1)..

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The correct matches are as discussed below: (a) A (Glycoprotiens are complex proteins found on the outer layer of the plasma membrane and form the structural component of surface receptors) (b) A (The outer surface proteins such as glycoproteins can be easily separated from the plasma membrane by mild treatments of salts) (c) C (The proteins/biomolecules localized on the inner side of plasma membrane are tightly bound to it and thus require harsh chemical treatments are required for their separation) (d) D (A transmembrane protein which spans the whole width of the plasma membrane is actively involved in transport of ions and materials across it) (e) B (A ganglioside is a complex biomolecular lipid found on the periphery of the cell whose branches are embedded in the membrane itself) (f) D, E (Both, the transmembrane protein and the phospholipid of plasma membrane show flip- flop action for transport of materials across it. This is owing to the dynamic physical state of the plasma membrane) Solution The correct matches are as discussed below: (a) A (Glycoprotiens are complex proteins found on the outer layer of the plasma membrane and form the structural component of surface receptors) (b) A (The outer surface proteins such as glycoproteins can be easily separated from the plasma membrane by mild treatments of salts) (c) C (The proteins/biomolecules localized on the inner side of plasma membrane are tightly bound to it and thus require harsh chemical treatments are required for their separation) (d) D (A transmembrane protein which spans the whole width of the plasma membrane is actively involved in transport of ions and materials across it) (e) B (A ganglioside is a complex biomolecular lipid found on the periphery of the cell whose branches are embedded in the membrane itself) (f) D, E (Both, the transmembrane protein and the phospholipid of plasma membrane show flip- flop action for transport of materials across it. This is owing to the dynamic physical state of the plasma membrane).

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Step1 Moles of He = 50/4.0026 Step2 Moles of Xe = 50/131.29 Step3 Find total moles Step4 Partial pressure of He=[ Moles of He/Total moles] x750 torr Step5 Partial pressure of Xe = 750 - partial pressure of He Solution Step1 Moles of He = 50/4.0026 Step2 Moles of Xe = 50/131.29 Step3 Find total moles Step4 Partial pressure of He=[ Moles of He/Total moles] x750 torr Step5 Partial pressure of Xe = 750 - partial pressure of He.

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SKIN :SENSORY ORGAN The human skin is the external covering of the body. In people, it is the biggest organ of the integumentary framework. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and watches the hidden muscles, bones, tendons and inside organs. Human skin is like that of most different warm blooded creatures. Despite the fact that about all human skin is secured with hair follicles, it can seem bald. There are two general sorts of skin, bristly and glabrous skin. The descriptive word cutaneous truly signifies \"of the skin\" . Since it interfaces with the earth, skin assumes an essential insusceptibility part in securing the body against pathogens[3] and over the top water loss. Its different capacities are protection, temperature direction, sensation, blend of vitamin D, and the insurance of vitamin B folates. Extremely harmed skin will attempt to recuperate by framing scar tissue. This is frequently stained and depigmented. In people, skin pigmentation shifts among populaces, and skin sort can go from dry to slick. Such skin assortment gives a rich and various living space for microorganisms that number around 1000 species from 19 phyla, exhibit on the human skin Skin has mesodermal cells, pigmentation, for example, melanin gave by melanocytes, which ingest a portion of the possibly risky bright radiation (UV) in daylight. It additionally contains DNA repair compounds that switch UV harm, with the end goal that individuals without the qualities for these chemicals endure high rates of skin malignancy. One shape prevalently delivered by UV light, threatening melanoma, is especially intrusive, making it spread rapidly, and can frequently be dangerous. Human skin pigmentation shifts among populaces in a striking way. This has prompted to the order of people(s) on the premise of skin color. The skin is the biggest organ in the human body. For the normal grown-up human, the skin has a surface zone of between 1.5-2.0 square meters (16.1-21.5 sq ft.). The thickness of the skin shifts significantly over all parts of the body, and amongst men and ladies and the youthful and the old. A case is the skin on the lower arm which is all things considered 1.3 mm in the male and 1.26 mm in the female. The normal square inch (6.5 cm²) of skin holds 650 sweat organs, 20 veins, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than 1,000 nerve endings. The normal human skin cell is around 30 micrometers in distance across, yet there are variations. A skin cell more often than not extends from 25-40 micrometers (squared), contingent upon an assortment of variables. Skin is made out of three essential layers: the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis .Epidermis, \"epi\" originating from the Greek signifying \"over\" or \"upon\", is the peripheral layer of the skin. It shapes the waterproof, defensive wrap over the body\'s surface which likewise serves as a hindrance to disease and is comprised of stratified squamous epithelium with a hidden basal lamina. The epiderm.

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a) Flase In terms of trasing volume it is by far the largest market in the world b) True As home currency weakens, one has to pay more units of home currency to buy one unit of foreign currency, hence making import costlier Solution a) Flase In terms of trasing volume it is by far the largest market in the world b) True As home currency weakens, one has to pay more units of home currency to buy one unit of foreign currency, hence making import costlier.

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Ques-1: Part-a: Mitosis: it is a somatic cell division in an organism & this division is useful to maintain body growth Part-b: Meiosis: it is the reproductive reduction cell division & it is useful to produce gametes for fertilization finally to generate a mature embryo Part-c: cytokinesis: It is defined as the process of division of cytoplasm during cell division either in mitosis or meiosis & this is useful for carrying cell organelles Part-d: chromosome: it is the hereditary material that carries genomic information for gene expression & useful for inheritance of parental traits to offspring Mitosis ---> somatic cell division & produces two identical daughter cells with equal number of chromosomes (cytokinesis & karyokinesis). Meiosis ----> a reduction division occurs in reproductive germ cells in which allosomes determine sex determination finally generates half of the chromosomes in daughter cells Part-a: Mitosis: it is a somatic cell division in an organism & this division is useful to maintain body growth Part-b: Meiosis: it is the reproductive reduction cell division & it is useful to produce gametes for fertilization finally to generate a mature embryo Part-c: cytokinesis: It is defined as the process of division of cytoplasm during cell division either in mitosis or meiosis & this is useful for carrying cell organelles Part-d: chromosome: it is the hereditary material that carries genomic information for gene expression & useful for inheritance of parental traits to offspring Cell plate is absent during animal cell division instead a complete cleavage of the cells during division can be observed in animal cells. Cell plate formation during cell division observed only in plants. Haploid cells (n) are normally produced by reduction division of meiosis from diploid parent cells (2n). This type of division occurs in germ cells of male and female species. The chromosomes of the diploid germ cell undergo reduction in meiosis I and generate half of the chromosomes when compared to parent diploid cell. Meiosis division in a reproductive cell often results in four haploid cells with only single set of chromosomes. Meiosis-I prophase-I In this process double stranded homologous chromosomes line up each other, and result in forming a tetrad; this is termed as Synapsis. Terminal chaismata hold the homologous chromosomes together in metaphase I finally these are going to align on the metaphase plate. Synapsis allows homologous chromosomes to travel to the center by forming spindle formation through microtubules attaching to the centromeres finally to the opposite poles of the cell. Later, crossing over takes place to exchanges paternal and maternal genes to form tetrad where genetic variation occurs. Crossing over takes place to exchange equal amounts of DNA generates genetic variability in prophase -I of meiosis. Crossing over occurs in which lined up chromosomal ends exchange genetic information by switching their places. Crossing over can un.

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Proportional tax is a tax where the rate of tax is fixed. It is a predetermined fixed percentage of one’s income if it is an income tax or it is a fixed percentage of the value of the product if it is a sales tax. It is also called flat tax. It is regressive in application as all the people pay same amount. Hence the people earning less pay a higher percentage of their income and the people paying more pay lesser percentage of their income. Progressive tax is a tax where the rate of taxation increases with the increase in income or value of products. Usually this is done by applying brackets to the income or value of products. For example, people with income from 0 to 20000 fall in one bracket and hence the rate of taxation is the same for the bracket as a whole let’s say 10%. People with income from 20001 to 40000 fall in another bracket and they have a different rate of taxation let’s say 12%.Progressive tax works on the logic of “ability to pay”. Creating value without producing something new is done by exchanging one good or service with other. This is done by estimating the exchange value of the goods or services to be exchanged. The quantified worth of one good or service expressed in terms of the worth of another is known as the exchange value. In the business of foreign exchange, the value of each currency is expressed in terms of value of another currency to be exchanged. This creates and exchange value or exchange rate of one currency to another. A private currency is a currency issued by private organizations. In many countries it is illegal to issue private paper currencies. Such a system (of private currencies) will create a protection against inflation. Once an available instrument or arrangement for investment of present, add- valuing currency could be created, the public would invest in great numbers, because they would want to relieve themselves of the fear of devaluing money. Interest would exist in a pure economy if there is a positive time preference. Time preference is nothing but, the relative valuation placed on a good at an earlier date compared to its valuation at a later date. Interest is thus explained as the propensity of individuals to discount the future. A positive time preference is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of Interest in any economy. Static view is when resources are allocated efficiently at a point in time. An example of static efficiency would be whether a firm could produce 2million cars a year more cheaply by using more labor and less capital. Productive and allocative efficiency are static concepts of efficiency, they can be used to discuss whether more could be produced now if resources were allocated in a different way. These concepts can be used for instance, to discuss whether industries dominated by a monopoly producer might produce at lower cost if competition were introduced in the industry. Dynamic view is concerned with how resoures are allocated over a period of tim.

Proportional tax is a tax where the rate of tax is fixed. It is a pr.pdf

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POS system is a networked invironment where a main computer linked t.pdf

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