This document discusses coat color genetics in Paint Horses. It explains that Paint Horses have unique coat patterns consisting of a base color overlaid with white spotting patterns. These patterns, like tobiano and overo, are determined by genes. Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes that are passed from parents to offspring and determine traits like coat color. Specific locations on chromosomes called loci contain two alleles that determine if a trait is expressed and can be dominant or recessive. Understanding genetics allows breeders to selectively breed horses to produce certain coat colors.
If you are unable to follow the slides please visit my youtube channel link is here ->
https://youtu.be/xEE6e67rHcQ to make it easier for you.
Thank you for watching :)
If you are unable to follow the slides please visit my youtube channel link is here ->
https://youtu.be/xEE6e67rHcQ to make it easier for you.
Thank you for watching :)
hope u like it as i am a beginner i will try my best with my next projects.
and i need u guys support as well.
im just a teenager around 15 and i wanted to jaf jfjaspdfi hfsdjhf hiuwhfgkshsd jkhsdhsifhsdijhfsijhfgsikjdhgfksjdhgkjhsdkjfhksjdhf dskjhfskdjfhskjfhskdjfhsdkjfhsdkjfhskjdfhskjdhfskjdhfskdjfhkjsdfhkjdfhksdjhfksjdhfkjsdhfkjsdhfkjsdhfksjdhfkjhwiaquhjqiihfqb dfkjsdkfjsdkfjsdjghwejhiwjfdj iwejijfidj jfiwehfsj wsjfhpah uhshfuh iwehw hjf
hope u like it as i am a beginner i will try my best with my next projects.
and i need u guys support as well.
im just a teenager around 15 and i wanted to jaf jfjaspdfi hfsdjhf hiuwhfgkshsd jkhsdhsifhsdijhfsijhfgsikjdhgfksjdhgkjhsdkjfhksjdhf dskjhfskdjfhskjfhskdjfhsdkjfhsdkjfhskjdfhskjdhfskjdhfskdjfhkjsdfhkjdfhksdjhfksjdhfkjsdhfkjsdhfkjsdhfksjdhfkjhwiaquhjqiihfqb dfkjsdkfjsdkfjsdjghwejhiwjfdj iwejijfidj jfiwehfsj wsjfhpah uhshfuh iwehw hjf
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. The Paint Horse
• Paint Horses are a unique
breed known for beautiful
and colorful coat patterns.
• The base coat color can be
any color in the equine
spectrum.
• Superimposed over the
base color are white
spotting patterns.
3. Paint Horse Color Patterns
• Tobiano: white markings usually cross the back
between the withers and tail.
• Overo: white markings usually do not cross the
back between the withers and tail.
– Frame Overo
– Sabino
– Splashed White
• Tovero: a combination of the Tobiano and Overo
coat patterns.
How are these unique coat patterns created?
7. Coat color patterns are created by
genes. Genes carry the genetic
codes that create a horse’s size,
conformation and color. Let’s
continue to learn how genes
create coat colors.
8. The Reason Behind the Coat Pattern
• Genetic inheritance determines a Paint’s coat pattern.
What is genetic inheritance? It is the genes (genetic
codes) parents pass on to their offspring.
• Why is this important? It is important for Paint Horse
breeders to understand genetic inheritance so they can
breed for certain coat patterns, possibly raising the
value of their horses.
• What does a gene do? Genes transfer the genetic
information from a parent to its offspring, determining
the appearance of the offspring—including the coat
color and pattern.
9. What are Genes?
• Genes
– Genes are the tiny, basic units
of inheritance found in DNA.
– Genes determine color, size,
and make-up for every living
species.
– Each equine species receives
half of their genes from their
sire (father) and half from their
dam (mother).
– Physically, genes are linked
together like a strand of pearls
to form a chromosome.
10. What are Chromosomes?
• Chromosomes
– Chromosomes are made up of
genes.
– Every Paint Horse has 64
chromosomes.
– Each chromosome was
initially created through
fertilization, where genetic
information from the sire
(father) was united with
genetic information from the
dam (mother).
– Loci and Alleles are also found
on chromosomes.
Loci
Alleles
Actual photo
11. What are Loci?
• Loci
– The different points or markers
along a chromosome.
– Loci are like street signs in a
busy city, allowing us to find
our way along a complex
chromosome.
– At a specific locus, scientists
can locate certain genes. These
genes appear at that locus for
every individual of that
species.
– At one locus there can be two
Alleles
Loci are numbered.
This depicts a
chromosome half.
12. What are Alleles?
• Alleles
– Two alleles are found at each loci on a chromosome.
– Alleles code for the different ways a gene can be
expressed.
– For example, consider your eye color. You have a loci
on a chromosome for eye color. At that loci there are
two alleles—one from your mother and one from your
father. The dominant of the two alleles is the eye color
that you display. This is your phenotype (the eye color
seen). The genetic classification (what we can’t see but
what is on the loci) is called the genotype.
14. The Genetic Explanation
• In coat color genetics, one of the goals is to
identify the genes (genotype) in the parents and
predict the probability of coat colors (phenotype)
in their offspring.
• As scientists identify genes that contribute to coat
color, they assign them a letter.
– Letters range from A-Z,
– Can be capital or lower case (A, a),
– May have a super script (Ast )
• If Paint Horse breeders understand how genes
work, they can selectively breed for certain coat
colors.
15. What is Simple Dominance?
• Simple Dominance explains how genes are expressed.
– In Simple Dominance, two genes (one received from each
parent) are passed on to the offspring. The parents’ genotype
determines the genotypic possibilities of the offspring.
– In Simple Dominance, one gene is dominant over the other.
The characteristic for which this gene codes is physically
displayed. Scientists identify this dominant gene with a capital
letter.
– The recessive form of the gene is submissive to the dominant
form and will not be physically displayed. However, it will
always be found in the genotype and could be passed on to
this individual’s offspring. Scientists identify this recessive
gene with a lower-case letter.
– Because two genes are passed to an offspring, several pairing
possibilities can occur. Homozygous or heterozygous pairing
can occur in the offspring’s genotype.
16. What is Homozygous Pairing?
• Homozygous
– “Homo” means “same.”
– A homozygous genotype is two of the same alleles (two
dominant or two recessive) at one locus.
– Consider the Black or Sorrel base coat colors. “E”
codes for Black and “e” codes for Sorrel. E has simple
dominance over e.
– A homozygous dominant pair for Black base coat is
EE. If one dominant E gene is in the genotype, the
Black coat is expressed. This is an example of simple
dominance because only one dominant E results in a
Black coat.
– A homozygous recessive pair for a Sorrel coat is ee.
Because e is recessive, the only way a Sorrel coat will
be expressed is if you have a homozygous recessive
genotype of ee.
17. What is Heterozygous Pairing?
• Heterozygous
– “Hetero” means “different” or “other.”
– A heterozygous genotype is two different alleles at one
locus.
– One allele of the pair is dominant, while the other is
recessive.
– For example, what color would a foal with the
genotype Ee be? Remember, E has simple dominance
over e, and E codes for Black where e codes for Sorrel.
• The coat color will be Black because E is
dominant.
18. Congratulations, you have
successfully finished exploring
the basics of coat color genetics!
• Please proceed to the
“Let’s Review”
portion of the
presentation.
Remember to use the
“Let’s Review”
worksheets as you see
what you have
learned.
19. Let’s Review
• What are Paint Horses known for?
Answer: Paints are known for their unique coat
patterns.
• What are genes?
Answer: Genes are tiny units of inheritance found in
DNA that code for the make-up of an individual.
• What makes up a chromosome?
Answer: Genes make up chromosomes, loci are
found on chromosomes and alleles are found at
loci.
20. Let’s Review
• What is the title given to specific parts along a
chromosome where two alleles are found?
Answer: Loci
• Why are there two alleles at each loci?
Answer: Two alleles are at each loci because the
offspring receives one from its mother and one
from its father.
• What is genotype?
Answer: The genotype is the genetic material that we
can’t see expressed on the outside of an
individual, such as a recessive allele.
21. Let’s Review
• What is phenotype?
Answer: The phenotype is the physical appearance
of an individual, a characteristic that we see, such
as that determined by a dominant allele.
• In simple dominance, what allele will be
expressed?
Answer: The dominant allele is expressed in simple
dominance.
• If I have a heterozygous pair of alleles, what
genotype do I have?
Answer: I have one dominant allele and one
recessive allele.
22. Great job! You have completed
Part 1 of Coat Color Genetics!
You may test your knowledge with the quiz
available at www.apha.com/education.
This presentation has been provided courtesy of the American Paint Horse
Association.