Effects Of Stress On The Body

Effects Of Stress On The Body
Memory performance can often be hijacked by a given load of stress on the body. Stress is both a
versatile agent that disrupts the human body's normal mental, physical, and emotional state, and the
body's natural reaction to change (Staal, 2004). The effects of this amorphous phenomenon have
been studied from a number of angles including but not limited to stress–related sleep pattern
disturbances, mood swings, attention spans, weight gain, long–term illnesses, and cognitive
function. This review will focus on the effects of psychological stress on people's ability to encode,
store, and retain memories. When the human body is presented with a stressful situation, the body
enters a state of emergency called the "fight or flight response," also known as the acute stress
response. Involuntarily, the body's sympathetic nervous system is aroused and releases adrenaline,
norepinephrine, and cortisol from the adrenal glands of the brain. These hormones trigger a series of
physiological responses facilitating acceleration in heart rate and breathing, constriction of blood
vessels, relaxed bladder, inhibition of metabolic digestion, tightened muscles, and sharper vision due
to pupil dilation. This is a result of the human body instinctively protecting itself from threat of pain
or injury by shutting down all of the nonessential systems, and supplying the bodily systems needed
to respond to the emergency with its necessary components, like sufficient amounts of oxygen and
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The Encoding of Contextual Fear Conditioning
The formation of new memories requires protein synthesis dependent changes in synaptic structure
and plasticity in the hippocampus. Studies in humans and animals suggest that these memories are
initially stored in hippocampus but later transferred to cortex for permanent storage. This
phenomenon is described as systems consolidation of memories. While the specific role for new
protein synthesis in hippocampus in early encoding of memories is established, whether protein
synthesis in medial prefrontal cortex play a major role in encoding of memories is unclear. To
address this question, we used contextual fear conditioning (CFC) of mouse, a behavior training that
induce long lasting memories. A single training session produces robust lifelong memory (8) that
can be measured using automated procedures (9). Several studies have used CFC training as a model
to study hippocampal–cortical communications and mechanisms underlying systems consolidation
of memories. Contextual fear memories are initially stored in hippocampus and then moved to
medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for long–term storage.
We assume that if encoding of contextual fear memories require protein synthesis at both
hippocampus and PFC, we will be able to identify translationally active mRNAs in hippocampus
and PFC. Because RNAs associated with polyribosomes indicate translational activation, we first
isolated polyribosomes from mPFC and hippocampus at two time points (one hour and six hours,
hereafter T1 and T2

Memory Psychology
Memory
One of the human functions that is intriguing to me and makes people unique from each other is
human memory. I am finding that through experiences and what we remember from those
experiences, our brain develops and humans form their interpretation of the world and the things
around them based on their memory. Our favorite films and the ones we dislike the most are part of
the many things that we draw our conclusions from based on memory. Knowing this can help me
create more dynamic characters in my scripts because I can better form characters based on their
memory. Whether it be the style the cinematographer might have in his or her shot choice or simply
the action that is present on the screen, memory of these aspects allows me ... Show more content on
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The way that I view a solution like this is taking the easy way out. It seems for no matter what
condition you are going through in this country, there is nobody to sit and help you through a
situation besides a bottle of pills. I don't know what should happen exactly as a solution, but if we
know that weaker emotion equals weaker memories than why can't a psychiatrist work with patients
in doing what they are hoping the pill can do? I'm personally apathetic in this area of study, but I
feel strongly against the use of pills so regularly.
Flashbulb memories are a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. This is
intriguing to me how this works, but it most certainly is true. I have talked with friends recently that
I grew up with through grade school and we had one of those moments where I started a
conversation off with, "Remember that one time we were out on the playground and a guy was
walking around outside with a shotgun and we had to go inside on lockdown?" Of course they all
remember that day and specific and minute things that happened during that time because of
flashbulb memory.
After reading the chapter on memory I have become more aware on how the mind remembers
things. I always told myself growing up that studying things I "already knew" was completely
pointless, but it turns out that you are still learning just by continuing to review. I am going to have
to

Alzheimer 's Disease : A Progressive Disease
Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental
functions. Brain cells in Alzheimer's disease dies and degenerate causing the loss of memory and
mental functions. Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S.A. Alzheimer's Disease
is named after Dr. Abis Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a
lady who had died of an unusual mental illness that was very unknown. The woman 's' symptoms
included memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior that people with Alzheimer's
have almost often of times. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in this world
and it's thought to be the most progressive disease of all diseases. Also this disease gets
progressively worse over time. The majority of people with Alzheimer's are sixty–five years old or
older, however, almost five percent of the people have early–onset Alzheimer's. Early–Onset
Alzheimer 's is known as Alzheimer 's at a younger age which appears at the ages of forties and
fifties. In early stage Alzheimer's, memory lost is very mild. With late Alzheimer's, individuals lose
the ability to carry on conversations and respond to their environment. People with Alzheimer's
often live an average of eight years after their symptoms become noticeable to others.
There are major symptoms to Alzheimer's disease, however, main symptoms that you may notice is
memory loss and confusion. Overtime, the

The Physiological Condition Of Caffeine Essay
Introduction:
Caffeine has become a staple in the majority of the adult population's normal routine but is the
substance actually benefitting one's mental prowess? Memory is the brain's ability to catalog skills
or experiences for future needs (Sherwood et al. 2005). There are two types of memory which are
declarative (explicit) memory and procedural (implicit) memory; declarative memory deals with
storage of information dealing with names or places, etc., while procedural memory deals with one's
physiological processes such as walking or talking (Sherwood et al. 2005 ). The physiological
condition responsible for the packing of new skills or information is referred to as memory trace,
which has two types of storage, short–term or long–term memory. When a new fact or skill is
introduced to someone, the first step is to be deposited into short–term memory where it will either
soon be discharged or kept within the brain's internal catalog (long–term memory) through a process
known as active practice; the more often a new skill or fact is processed, the more likely the
information will be "consolidated" within long–term memory (Sherwood et al. 2005). That
information which is stored in long–term memory also faces the possibility of loss due to the
significance or use by the individual.
Caffeine is an antagonistic molecule which is classified as a methyl xanthine (Sherwood et al. 2005).
It is the most commonly taken stimulant which affects the central nervous system (Nehlig

The Effects Of Cognitive Deficits On Children
Children in institutional care such as foster care or adoption are at a heightened risk for poor
psychosocial outcomes. These risks include psychopathology, substance abuse, juvenile
delinquency, academic failure and problems with peers. Their poor performance may result from
their experiences of either maltreatment or abuse. Given that this population of children has poor
long term outcomes, their deficits in cognitive functioning will assist in the development of more
suitable interventions and psychotherapeutic treatment services. This study examined deficits in
memory using a sample of 5 to 12–year old maltreated foster/adoption children (n=20) and a
comparison group of same–aged, nonmaltreated children living with their biological ... Show more
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Since this is a huge problem in the legal system, there has been a huge debate on whether or not the
reports of recovering memories of abuse can be authentic, since human memory is susceptible to
distortion. These types of memories can either help or hurt people in the system for example
prosecuting an innocent person who was accused of being an abuser. However, very few studies
have been done on the population of at risk children such as those in foster care or adoption.
Children in foster care and adoption are a unique group that deserves research recognition. This
population of children faces a long–term life of consequences because of the maltreatment, abuse
and neglect. The importance of being able to understand what child maltreatment and neglect is
crucial because of the danger it can cause a child. Child maltreatment is an urgent public health
problem for many reasons. This paper expects to investigate the negative effects of early
maltreatment/abuse on social and psychological functioning.
Literature Review
Emotion Understanding and Theory of Mind
At risk children such as maltreated and abused children are at a higher risk of poor psychosocial
outcomes such as substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, academic failure, and future problems with
peer relations (Pears & Fisher, 2005). This study looked at the deficits in memory abilities among
abused and maltreated children and suggested that being in foster care was

The Effects Of Caffeine On Children 's Performance On...
In the neocortex, acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates arousal and plays a major role in attention and
working memory (Jones, 2008). Neuropsychological studies on caffeine report increased arousal,
alertness, increased energy and concentration (Smith, 2002; Ruxton, 2008; Brunye´ et al., 2010)
even at doses as low as 50 mg, which is comparable to the amount of caffeine in a cup of tea. It has
been indicated that even in low doses caffeine improves performance on attention tasks (Brunye´ et
al., 2010a). However, caffeine intake has also been associated with anxiety, nervousness, irritability,
insomnia and even panic attacks (Bruce et al., 1992; Lieberman, 1992; Sicard et al., 1996) . During
an elevated plus maze test of anxiety in rats, it was found that high doses of caffeine brought a
remarkably increased anxiety–like behavior (Jain et al., 2005).
Similarly, nicotine improves cognitive performance by improving learning, memory and attention
(Levin and Rezvani, 2002; Swan, 2007). In a social interaction test for anxiety, nicotine was shown
to have an anxiolytic effect at lower doses and an anxiogenic effect at high doses (File et al., 1998).
Analysis of the EEG power spectrum, in the present work, revealed a significant increase in delta
wave while theta, beta–1 and beta–2 waves showed a significant decrease. Delta and theta
frequencies are dominant during sleep and drowsiness, alpha frequency dominates during relaxed
wakefulness, and beta frequencies occur during intense mental

Notes On Retrieval Induced Forgetting
Experiment 6
Retrieval induced forgetting
Aarti N. Shah
Roll Number: 21 MA–I
University of Mumbai
Department of Applied Psychology and Counseling Centre
Abstract
Using the retrieval–practice paradigm (Anderson, R. A. Bjork, & E. L. Bjork, 1994), it was tested
whether or not retrieval–induced forgetting could be found in item recognition test in terms of RT
and accuracy. In this experiment retrieval practice on items from semantic categories depressed
recognition of non–practiced items from the same categories reflected in terms of RT and accuracy.
Also the results are consistent with the hypothesis that the accuracy in recognition of rp+ (Practiced
items from practice categories) items will be highest followed by nrp (Unpracticed items for the
unpracticed categories) items and lowest for rp– (Unpracticed items from the practiced categories)
items. The reaction time in recognition task will be lowest for rp+ item followed by nrp items and
highest for rp– items.
Introduction
Memory is power in which the mind stores and remembers information. Memory is a process in
which information is encoded stored and retrieved for later usage. Forgetting is an apparent loss of
information already encoded and stored in an individual's memory. It is a spontaneous process
wherein old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage. Active forgetting can be
stated as an evidence for functional inhibition as a source of one's memory failure. (Anderson,
1994). There

Analysis Of The Film ' Antwone Fisher '
Good Morning Gentleman and Ladies – I appreciate the DA giving me an opportunity to speak to
you. I have read the background information on your specific case. Today's presentation will present
on overview of the research concerning false memories and how such findings could apply to this
particular case. I will then outline some situations that are known to increase the likelihood of false
memories and end with strategies that may reduce the occurrence of false memories
By way of introduction – and if you will indulge my brief nod to Hollywood – this is often how the
issue of memory is portrayed by popular media. In the 2002 film, Antwone Fisher, Denzel
Washington plays a military psychologist who is tasked with evaluating the mental health of
recently demoted seaman, Antwone Fisher. As the film goes on Denzel Washington discovers (along
with the rest of us) Antwone Fisher's highly traumatized past. Through the cinematic use of multiple
flashback scenes Antwone is gradually brought back to "the scene of the crime" seemingly
remembering such details as the overall abuse in addition to the exact placement of holes in the wall
or buckets on the floor or shirt he was wearing. In other words, the flashback scenes depict a kind of
grand narrative of absolute truth that we, as viewers don't question. Antwone Fisher simply needed a
nudge by a safe, albeit stern father figure in order to remember it all.
Additionally the film is bookended by a dream sequence of a young

Bilingualism And Aphasia A Theoretical Review
Bilingualism and Aphasia a Theoretical Review Roxanne M. Cazarez Florida State University
Bilingualism in the United States has risen steadily over the past several decades. According to the
U.S. Census Bureau in 2011, 21% of the population reported speaking a language other than
English. The expanding multiculturalism in this country has been compared to a "salad bowl" that
blends "ingredients" into a cohesive but distinctive integration. Likewise, the organization of the
brain can be thought of comparatively in that localized parts of the brain have different functions but
integrate when mediating behaviors of the mind. However, speaking two or more languages impacts
the way language and behavior is processed. Research has been conducted to explore dual language
representation and its impact on neural organization after injury. Such research has revealed
neurophysiological differences and recovery patterns in bilinguals with aphasia. The purpose of this
paper is to explain the two main theoretical constructs that explain dual language representation and
the clinical implications to those who are bilingual and have aphasia. It is important to recognize the
neurological differences amongst monolingual and bilingual individuals. In the research community,
many studies have been conducted to investigate the way both groups process language. Cross–
linguistic development anatomically changes the structure of the brain that results in an enlarged

Social Inhibition Of Return
A number of studies have proved that the action of an individual can influence an observer in terms
of decision making (Cole, Wright, Doneva & Skarratt, 2015) and inhibition of return (Skarratt, Cole
and Kingstone, 2010). An experiment has been conducted in the standard social inhibition of return
(SIOR) paradigm and recognition memory test (RMT) to see whether SIOR can influence humans to
retrieves their memories. There were studying phase and testing phase in this experiment. In the
studying phase, two participants were sat opposite to each other and remembered a word list of 52
words. In the testing phase, they were asked to press one of the two words on the screen. There were
actually two conditions. In one of the conditions, one word is

The Tip Of The Tongue
Abstract
The tip–of–the–tongue (or TOT) phenomenon is the inability to retrieve a specific word, while
typically knowing quite a lot of information about it. In recent years, experimental psychologists
interested in human memory have studied the TOT phenomenon in the hope of better understanding
why this mental process is interrupted as well as any useful techniques for overcoming it. This paper
describes two sets of experiments held at separate American universities. The first set of
experiments investigates which phonological components are capable of facilitating word retrieval.
The second assesses how often a group of subjects could retrieve rare target words on the basis of
their definition alone, while simultaneously comparing semantic and phonological cues for the target
words.
The Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon:
A Momentary Inability to Retrieve Words Stored in Our Memory
The tip–of–the–tongue (or TOT) is an experience involving difficulty retrieving a specific word or
name, while knowing that it is stored in your memory. Individuals experiencing the TOT
phenomenon tend to recall one or more features of the target word, such as the number of syllables it
is comprised of, or its initial sound and letter. People in this state report feelings of anguish and
frustration when searching for the word, and a sense of relief when the word is finally found. For
example, in conversation or in writing you might have had the experience of trying, but failing to

Original Sin Theory Essay
Autobiographical Psychosocial History Weston Carpenter Mrs. Owen 5/1/17 Child Development
Growing up mischievous kids are very common to say the least. No one taught them to be like this it
was as if it was just in their nature. Its been discovered that there are 3 philosophical views on child
development. They are Original Sin, Tubula Rasa, and Innate goodness. The original sin theory
states that all children are born with the desire to sin due to Adam and Eve's sin in the Garden of
Eden. So this is saying that since our ancestors sinned its just in our nature to sin. Innate Goodness
states that every human being is born being naturally good and they seek to find experiences which
can help them grow or prosper. This theory really disagrees ... Show more content on
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The theory I most agree with is the original sin, which states that all children are born with the
desire to sin. My reason for this is not only because of my religious views which plays a huge part in
my beliefs, but because of things I've witnessed in my life. After studying the original sin it truly
made sense to me why kids are taught to do good things, but they do bad things such as steal or cry
for attention on their own because it is just in their nature. Theories of personality Growing up my
whole life people have bragged on my personality. I have always thought of myself as a likeable
guy, but as we learned in class there isn't anybody that is liked by everyone. While I have a good
sense of humor and personality I have grown to know people with dry personality's that were more
laid back and not as friendly. When I think of someone the first thing that comes to my mind is his
or her personality. All a person's personality really is is what makes a person who they are. A
person's personality is what sets them apart from others and makes them

Functional Consequences Of Marijuana Use
Functional Consequences of Marijuana Use in Adolescents: A Critique of Jacobus, Bava, Cohen–
Zion, Mahmood, and Tapert (2009)
Aalia Inamdar
University of San Diego
Functional Consequences of Marijuana Use in Adolescents: A Critique of Jacobus, Bava, Cohen–
Zion, Mahmood, and Tapert (2009)
ABSTRACT:
Functional Consequences of Marijuana Use in Adolescents: A critical review of Jacobus, Bava,
Cohen–Zion, Mahmood, and Tapert (2009) addresses the question of how does the use of marijuana
affect an adolescent's brain functioning, structure and sleep. The article assesses many other studies
and literatures in order to summarize the conclusions respective to these affects of marijuana use.
Through careful review of these studies, the authors were able to determine the affects on an
adolescent's brain functioning, structure and sleep. The results which are presented dictate that
Adolescents who use marijuana have a disadvantaged in their processing speed of attention and
learning depicted through some subtle abnormalities in the brain structure. Consequently,
adolescents with have prolonged marijuana use generally require more brain processing to complete
tasks. In addition to the above, marijuana use in adolescents also affects their ability to sleep. In
conclusion, research shows that some abnormalities associated with marijuana use continue after a
month of stopping the use of marijuana, but many abnormalities may stop after 3 months of quitting.
In this

The Theory of Reconsolidation
The Theory of Reconsolidation – What is it and how can it impact on our lives?
Learning is a very important aspect of humans and creatures alike. Not only is it essential to the
survival and adaption into this world but it also defines who we are as individuals (Schiller et al,
2010; Tronson & Taylor, 2007). Memories from past experiences shape the people that we are today.
A crucial element to learning is memory, without it we would not be able to retain information. The
process of memory is very distinct and consists of several different stages: acquisition of memory,
consolidation, retrieval and then either reconsolidation or extinction (Debiec & Ledoux, 2004;
Diergaarde, Schoffelmeer & De Vries, 2008). As memory is such a critical aspect of learning, it is
no wonder that its distinct process has become the topic of much research in the neurobiological
universe (Hupbach et al, 2007; Nader & Hardt, 2009).
After a new memory is learnt, it enters the process of encoding during which the memory is labile
and capable of disruption until it becomes stabilised over a period of time (Nader & Einarsson,
2010; Nader et al, 2000). This process is called consolidation and originally consisted of the theory
that once stabilised in the brain, it remains fixed (Suzuki et al, 2004). This theory has been rebutted
by the acceptance of reconsolidation, a theory that imposes the ideology that when memories are
retrieved, through similar experiences (Lee, 2009), they become labile until,

Bior Recognition Memory
This study is important for our understanding of the relationship between social inhibition of return
(SIOR) and recognition memory. SIOR is defined as the impact of a person's action on the observer,
which can result in slower responses to the same repeated location. This research hypothesizes that
SIOR has an effect on recognition memory. An experiment was set to examine this inhibition of
action response to recognition memory, participants were influenced by SIOR and biased in
recognition memory test (RMT). This experiment has been conducted in the standard SIOR
paradigm and a RMT to determine whether SIOR inhibits retrieval of memory. Twenty–six
participants were recruited in this experiment. A pair of participants were sitting opposite ... Show
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Posner and Cohen (1984) found that an inhibition showed when a participant responded to the
previous cued location in a relatively long cue–target time interval whereas facilitation showed
when a participant responded to the previous cued location in a short cue–target interval. The reason
for the absence of inhibitory effect is that a larger facilitation masked the inhibitory effect at the
short cue–target stimulus. Posner and Cohen (1984) discovered an IOR using a simple cuing
paradigm, which is to measure IOR through central and peripheral cued boxes that aid to generate
IOR either in endogenous or exogenous signals. In the classical experiment, participants were asked
to fixate at the central box and then responded to one of the two peripheral brightening boxes, which
was a cue to summon participants' attention. Higher probability of target was then presented as a dot
with probability of 0.6 in the central box to withhold the participant's attention. Participants were
then asked to make a manual respond to target box quickly. The result showed an early facilitation
and late inhibition of the cued side and a reduction of RT was observed in the uncued side. In the
cue side, a reduction of RT was similar to the uncued side before 250 msec. However, an increase of
RT occurred after approximately 250 msec. Posner and Cohen (1984) suggest that

Essay on Effective Instructions on Recall
Effective Instructions on Recall
Abstract
A study was conducted involving fifty students, randomly selected, that learned three lists of ten
nouns. It was expected that the group receiving narrative instructions would score higher than the
group receiving the repetition instructions. Two minutes was allowed for each list. The control group
was assigned to learn the list of words by repeating them. The other group was randomly distributed
tests with instructions that said to make a narrative out of the nouns given in order, so that they
could be recalled in that order. The test was conducted to confirm that instructions would aid the
processes of retention and recall in memory, according to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to Weiton (2004) This involves forming a 'memory code', or connections with other
information in storage. New information is encoded when it is connected with existing information
in the memory base, increasing its 'depth of processing'. For example, when making a 'memory code'
one might highlight how a word sounds or a visualization of that word. By connecting the word to
other information (memories), it is stored more efficiently.
Storage is the maintaining of encoded information in memory over time. Psychologists have mainly
focused on what hinders or helps memory and as a result there has been controversy as to how
human beings maintain information. An older theory is the existence of long–term short–term
memory stores, yet a more recent view on memory is the levels of processing theory. What the
levels of processing theory proposes is that These different modes of encoding lead to separate
depths of processing. The deeper the processing, the longer the information will stay in memory for
use in recall. Recall is the act of recovering information from memory storage. Studies in recovery
have been focused on which strategies help in recovering information from memory stores.
Craik and Lockhart (1972) describe short–term store (hereafter STS) as the memory in which
information may be forgotten in less

Experimental Psychology: The Stroop Effect
The Stroop Effect is a popular phenomenon used throughout experimental psychology. It detects
interference and inhibition by having participants' naming at the color ink presented on paper or
index cards and not being conflicted by other stimulations such as the written word. It is measured
by the delay in response time. J. Ridley Stroop (1935) designed the original Stroop test using
multiple experiments. He discovered in his second experiment that it took participants longer to
name the color ink if the written word was not written in the color. For example, it took participants
longer to respond "red" if the ink color was in red, but the word printed was "blue" (Stroop, 1935).
Additionally, participants could quickly name the color ink if the word matched its color. Many
researchers have conducted replications and redesigns studies looking at other aspects to better
explain the phenomenon.
A recent study, researchers looked at different aspects of Stroop's (1935) results to receive a better
understanding of interference. Bindl, Bühner and Hilbert (2014) tested for the original Stroop effect
using a position–word interference test to examine spatial recognition and color words. One of the
two spatial position–word task was done manually in order to control ... Show more content on
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First, they tested their participants on a reading–span test to distinguish groups based on their
memory capacity. Once the participants were grouped into high–span or low–span categories,
experimenters conducted the original Stroop test (1935). They discovered there was no significant
difference between the high and low working memory capacity individuals. However, high–span
individuals did display less interference in the more complex trials than low span–individuals (Long
D. et al,

Effects Of Alcohol On Memory
What effects does alcohol abuse have on our memory? The world's most popular drug, alcohol has
both an acute and chronic effect on memory. Memory is the process in which information is
encoded, stored, and retrieved. While an individual is intoxicated, their subsequent episodic memory
of information or an even is reduced. Everyone suffers from a loss of memory at some stage, but
drinkers are likely to make bigger mistakes and on a regular basis. "Alcohol is associated with a host
of familiar cognitive changes, such as a loss of inhibitions, confused or abnormal thinking, and poor
decision–making. Recreational alcohol users generally recover from its effects without any long–
term problems. However, even short–term loss of control over normal ... Show more content on
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Little is thought about the neural instruments that underlie these individual contrasts. It is
additionally found that alcohol weakens working memory by influencing mental aide procedures
and official procedures as opposed to by contracting the fundamental holding limit of working
memory. Confined intense direct levels of alcohol inebriation don't significantly physically adjust
the structures which are basic for working memory capacity, for example, the frontal cortex, parietal
cortex, foremost cingulate, and parts of the basal ganglia. One finding in regards to the impacts of
alcohol on working memory brings up that alcohol diminishes working memory just in people with
a high gauge working memory limit, recommending an all–inclusive enduring of working memory
usefulness is non–existent. Alcohol seems to disable the limit of working memory to adjust reaction
hindrance. Alcohol disinhibits conduct, however just in people with a low benchmark working
memory limit. A fascinating finding is that motivating force to perform well with working memory
estimation undertakings while affected by alcohol does in certainty have some impact on working
memory, in that it supports scores in rate of mental filtering and response time to boost, however did
not diminish number of blunders contrasted with subjects with no impetus to perform well.

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ( Emdr )
and is encouraged to process the trauma from different perspectives using cues from the therapist.
The patient also repeatedly engages with their fear triggers.177
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR is an extension of this PET in which
the patient is exposed to the traumatic memories coincident with a small distraction. In the original
version of EMDR, the distraction consisted of hand movements of the therapist to direct movements
of the patient?s eyes. More recent versions of EMDR include other types of distractions such as
hand–tapping or audio cues.160,178 Results with EMDR have been obtained from a few studies
showing large symptom reduction in military populations,179 including results maintained at 9–
month follow–up and 78% of completers no longer meeting criteria for PTSD.180 However, other
studies conducted were either in very small samples or over only a few EMDR sessions.181–183 As
such, much of the evidence supporting EMDR is still from studies in the general population.184
Therapeutic Commonalities. Each of the PTSD treatments discussed above focuses on the idea that
learning to reprocess the old emotional memory will allow the patient to develop less dramatically
fearful responses to triggers and helps the patient extinguish responses to the original memory
through re–experiencing the trauma in a safe setting. Trauma based treatments center around
extinction of the original emotional, fearful response. This neurological response will be

Understanding Learning And Memory With The Morris Water...
Chioma M. Nwokochah
BIO 482L
Lab Report
18 October 2015
Understanding Learning and Memory with the Morris Water Maze
Abstract
The overstimulation of GABA inhibitory receptors in the hippocampus has been found to obstruct
spatial learning and memory. Ethanol was administered to male Swiss Webster mice in low and high
doses in order to test its pharmacological effects on memory. The Morris water maze experiment
was conducted as the experimental basis of understanding ethanol's capacity to inhibit and/or
suppress cognition, specifically memory in the hippocampus. Three individually marked, male, 47
day–old Swiss Webster mice per 5 groups were used to conduct the Morris water maze experiment.
The average time spent in the water amongst all 3 experimental groups decreased post–injection;
with the 10% ethanol treated mice having the best memory recall. There were a few factors that may
have contributed to the surprising results of the experiment, such as a small sample size and varying
tolerance levels. Understanding the role of GABA and glutamate in cognition can provide the
foundation for further research and experimentation of memory formation and recall in the
hippocampus.
Introduction
Learning and memory have been topics of particular interest to neuroscientists and
neurophysiologists alike for several years and have become a phenomenon in scientific research and
behavioral neuroscience. The hippocampus is the control station of spatial learning and memory in

Differences Between SCM-And Control Trials
Our meta–analysis revealed that premotor reaction times are indeed faster in SCM+ than in SCM–
trials. The estimated magnitude of this effect across the studies may be long enough to entertain the
possibility that motor programs are triggered via a pathway that bypasses some cortical areas of the
brain [1, 23], but not fast enough to completely rule out cortical involvement [11]. Although, the
meta–analysis showed that the effect associated with SCM activity is robust across studies, the
heterogeneity test approached significance and depended on the correlation coefficient chosen for
the studies for which data was not available: an increase in the correlation coefficient from 0.5 to
0.56 resulted in a statistically significant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[25, 26]). In contrast, although premotor RTs in response to loud acoustic stimuli (>114 dBa) are
somewhat heterogeneous, differences in premotor RT as a function of foreperiod variability are
clearly mitigated, showing similar average estimates and overlapping confidence intervals for the
subgroups (see Figure 4). Why are responses initiated earlier when SCM activity is detected?
Maslovat et al. [10] proposed that the detection of SCM activity indicates that a more direct neural
circuit, common with the startle reflex, was responsible for involuntarily triggering the prepared
response. Thus, when responses occur without SCM activity (SCM–), the longer typical neural
circuit – involving the auditory cortex – would trigger the motor response. This model would
explain why responses are faster when SCM activity is observed. Interestingly, the StartReact effect
can still be observed when the startle reflex is abolished due to the presentation of a less intense
stimulus before the go–signal (pre–pulse inhibition or PPI)[16]. This is counterintuitive because it
suggests that the more direct neural circuit is still activated when the transient activation of the
midbrain nuclei by PPI stimulus exerts long–lasting inhibition of the giant neurons of the caudal
pontine reticular nucleus [34]. Alternatively, we have suggested that the apparent correlation
between SCM activity and premotor RT could be a result of variations in the build–up of

The Effect Of New Protein Synthesis At Prl Cortex
training. Mice infused with anisomycin (n= 12) immediately after conditioning showed impairment
in contextual fear memory compared with vehicle–infused animals (saline, n=18) when tested 24
hours after CFC training (DF=28, F=7.19, t–test: p< 0.05) (Figure 2A). Surprisingly, irrespective of
the overall decrease in freezing percentage, mice injected with anisomycin did not show any
statistical difference in the level of freezing within the first 2 minutes of the test (Figure 2B). By the
third minute of testing, ANI–injected mice show a significant decrease in their level of freezing,
showing statistical significant differences until the end of the test (drug × memory minutes of test
DF=28, F=13.16, t–test p< 0.01; DF=28, F=7.66, t–test p< 0.01; DF=28, F=5.46, t–test p< 0.05)
(Figure 2B). These results suggested that new protein synthesis at PrL cortex is critical for the
encoding of contextual fear memories.
To further understand new protein synthesis at PFC, we asked whether other subregions of PFC are
also critical for encoding of contextual fear memories. To address this question, we studied the role
of cingulate cortex 1 (CG1) region of PFC in encoding. We injected anisomycin to inhibit protein
synthesis at CG1. Four separate groups of animals received anisomycin and saline infusions into the
adjacent CG1 (Saline, n= 8; ANI, n=6; Figure 2 C and D). As in the case of Prl cortex, anisomicyn
was injected shortly after CFC training. Measurements of freezing at 24 hours

Essay On Psy 375 Life Span Human Development
PSY 375 Life Span Human Development
_ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES WORKSHEET_
Using the text for this course, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the
following questions. Your response to each question should be at least 250 words in length.
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MILESTONES RELATED TO THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN
ADOLESCENCE? BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THESE MILESTONES.
There are many major physical changes that take place during the course of adolescence. Many
would argue that the most prominent changes involve puberty and the endocrine system. The
various endocrine glands present in the body begin to secrete hormones that influence puberty and
initiate physical changes such as: brain development, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metacognition and metamemory skills continue to increase and the ability to strategize increases.
Another surprising change in cognition involves the processing of and memory for text (2006).
3. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MILESTONES RELATED TO THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
IN EARLY, MIDDLE, AND LATE ADULTHOOD? BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THESE
MILESTONES.
There is a major difference between the studies of infancy; childhood, adolescence, and adulthood
because doctors and researchers begin to investigate the loss of function, rather than the major
increases of function seen in earlier years.
EARLY ADULTHOOD: Major physical changes that occur in early adulthood include changes to
the brain and nervous system, growth spurts, sex differences, declines in physical functioning,
changes in the heart and lungs, changes in strength and speed, reproductive capacity, and immune
system functioning. Within the brain and nervous system, most functions have become localized in
specific areas of the brain, new synapses continue to form, myelinization is occurring, and old
connections are dying off (Boyd & Bee, 2006). Surprisingly, recent research has suggested that
some parts of the brain produce new neurons to replace those that die (even within the brains of
those in the early adulthood stage).
The loss of physical functioning affects almost every major organ in young adulthood. More

Cognitive Framework
Figure 3. A general cognitive framework of the memory, and attention in the brain. Figure 3 consists
of five main parts including the SR, encoding, STM, WM, and LTM. In the following, each of them
is briefly described. SR retains a quite accurate and the whole of the information, such as visual,
auditory, tactile, taste, and olfactory, that is sensed and attended to. It is characterized by being
outside of conscious control and occurs automatically. These steps include extracting and identifying
the features of a stimulus after the initial reception of information regarding the stimulus. Here,
thalamus is acted as a distributor of information, and all sensory information except the olfactory is
passed through this part. In this level, attention ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They proposed that WM comprises a central executive and attentional controller (top–down
voluntary attention) that supervises and coordinates a number of subsystems, including 1) The
phonological loop, which deals with speech–based information, and 2) The visuo–spatial sketchpad,
which deals with visually based information [60]. The central executive has a flexible structure and
it is responsible for the regulation and control of cognitive processes with the following functions:
binding information from a number of sources into coherent episodes, coordination of the slave
systems, shifting between tasks (or retrieval strategies), selection (the role of selective attention),
and inhibition. Some studies prefrontal cortex, large regions of the cortex (especially the parietal,
frontal, and anterior cingulate), and parts of the basal ganglia are considered as WM [61], [62].
Baddeley [63], [64] equates the central executive with the SAS described by Norman and Shallice
[29] and Shallice [30]. Baddeley in 2000 [65] introduced the possibility of a new, fourth, component
of WM called the episodic buffer (See Figure 3). The episodic buffer allows information represented
in different codes to be temporarily bound together [60]. It is controlled by the central executive,
which can retrieve information from the episodic buffer into conscious

SIOR
SIOR has effect on human behaviors
SIOR has become a recent research topic after IOR. In 2012, Ondobaka et al proposed that human
has tendency to give a faster response when they have the same action plan to other people's
movement in the same location. They found that participants act faster if they have the intentions
similar to the confederate co–actor. IOR was first studied in interaction between human and
confederate co–actor (non– human) and was suggested that people react faster when they have the
same intention with another person's action (Ondobaka, 2012). However, another research observed
that people tend to react slower when they followed their partner's (real person) movement (Skarratt,
Cole and Kingstone, 2010). SIOR was named ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Normally, the sub–tests include word or face memory. The information about RMT is to ask the
subjects whether they are familiar with the new words in the follow up test. In the present study, 52
different words would be presented in the memory section. Subjects have to memorize the words
and would be tested in the second part. In the second part, two words would be shown on the screen
and one of them would be come from the previous memory list. Subjects were asked to decide one
of the two words in each trial that they were familiar

Cognition Essay
COGNITION
Cognition has significant ties to the brain function, this leads to strong association. Although the
brain is greatly impacted in a run, cognition is not in young adults. Cognition is benefited in those
who are "losing it" possible of age–relation, like those with dementia or heading there (Stroth,
2009). Middle age is when the cognition can start to be impacted because exercise seems to decrease
tissue loss in areas around the brain. With the loss of tissue a counterside to not exercising, exercise
for the middle age can be even more beneficial than it is to teens. The brain faces new challenges as
people hit middle age including; pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia. The
relationship to young ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Animals are used in many experiments, including those on seeing how the brain is impacted in
different ways from specific activity. The process of neural adaptation alongside exercise come
together and increase the regional blood flow. The increase in levels of brain–derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF), with upregulation of genes is identified with cellular plasticity. These changes occur
in the metabolism and of important neurotransmitters including serotonin and dopamine, which are
crucial for cognitive functions and for the best effects. Stimulations of neurogenesis in an adult brain
from physical activity has resulted in more efficient, plastic and adaptive brain to extend onto better
learning and performance in animal adults.
The brain is an important part of research to many, especially when in the investigation stage. There
was another study done, not on animals but on young adults with moderate aerobic training at
individual levels at certain intensities to see what different effects could possibly be. The effects that
the study was focusing on was obvious potential positive effects, specifically in cognitive function.
Lactate threshold is commonly used for labs, to test and see if the heart rate is high, or too high from
the intensity level that the workout is at. The threshold model comes from multiple studies that show
significant improvements among the individuals who were untrained. The results of the untrained

Why Do We Study Our Times
Why did the authors do the study? We don't remember our past as accurately as we would like to
believe. It is impossible to remember every detail of our lives. Because of this serious revisions and
important distortions occur over time. We use self–schemas to organize our personal history.
Memories become less accurate and increasingly coherent over the years. We rewrite our personal
histories. We aren't lying about our past we're just misremembering the way it fits with our schemas.
This is why Ross, McFarland, and Fletcher conducted this experiment. They wanted to shed some
light on how this came about. What did they do? There were 54 males and 47 females subjects
recruited from the University of Waterloo. The questionnaire on attitude was completed by thirty–
five subjects and 66 subjects completed the assessed behavior recall questionnaire. A pretest was
conducted to select the attitudes issues for the study. The subjects were exposed to a communication
that was favorable or unfavorable toward tooth brushing. The remaining subjects were exposed to a
communication that was favorable or unfavorable toward bathing. The subjects were taken to a
room in groups of 2 to 5 and were told they would be listening to a university radio program dealing
with current health problems. They were told ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The people who saw the justified movie violence hadn't discharged their anger through the vicarious
participation in the aggression. Instead they felt freer to attack their tormenter in the next room.
Their judgement of the propriety of aggression had been influenced by the motion picture scene.
Since it was all right for the movie villain to be injured aggressively then it was all right for them to
attack the villain in their lives which was the person who they had been insulted

The Use Of Hippocampal Neurons On Memory
Abstract: Optogenetics has been used to show that activating a specific ensemble of hippocampal
neurons that contribute to a memory engram can erase or even alter a memory. The purpose of the
study was to use optogenetics and the addition of an external stimuli to try and create a false
memory. Neurons of mice were labeled with a light–sensitive channel during the exploration of a
safe room. Mice were then placed in a new room and given foot shocks while simultaneously using
light pulses to activate the neurons that had been previously labeled in the safe room. After being
placed back into the safe room, mice exhibited freezing responses. A false memory of fear was
created in these mice as they demonstrated freezing behavior in the room in which they had not been
shocked. Multiple methods have been used to manipulate neuronal pathways, and the fact that so
many different methods already exist suggest a bright future for the discovery of a method that can
be beneficial to humans. Understanding how the hippocampus functions is essential to
understanding how psychological diseases affect memory, and this procedure has the potential to be
a type of treatment. This study demonstrates how unreliable memories are, and how the complete
manipulation of one can be accomplished simply by activating a specific neuronal population.
Introduction:
A major goal in neuroscience is to noninvasively, safely, and precisely be able to control specific
neuronal populations. This

Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide Essay
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the rate of reactivity of the enzyme catalase on hydrogen peroxide
while subject to different concentrations of an inhibitor. The hypothesis was that hydrogen peroxide
will be broken down by catalase into hydrogen and oxygen, where a higher concentration of
inhibitor will yield less oxygen, resultant of a lower rate of reaction. Crushed potato samples of
equal weight were placed in hydrogen peroxide solutions of various temperatures. The results
showed that less gas was produced as the concentration of the inhibitor rose. This Is because more
enzymes were inhibited, and so less active sites were available for reaction.
Reasearch and rationale
Hypothesis:
Catalase will break down hydrogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Planning I will be studying the rate of catalase activity on hydrogen peroxide while varying the
amount of inhibition, which should influence the rate of the reaction, and thus the amount of
oxygen, observed in a given time. The concentration of the inhibitor will therefore be the
independent variable, while the amount of oxygen will be the dependent variable. There should a
smaller volume of oxygen observed as the concentration of the enzyme increases. As I am
comparing two variables to each other, it would be wise to calculate the correlation of the two
variables. To calculate the correlation, I should use Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. To find a
suitable correlation, I should use at least 8 samples. After plotting a scattergraph, I will proceed to
find out the correlation if the correlation looks reasonable enough. Variables Temperature:
Temperature is an extremely important variable to consider, as it can affect the rate of reaction in a
number of ways. If the temperature of a system is increased, more molecules will reach the
activation energy and the rate of reaction will increase. The number of collisions will also increase.
As enzymes must collide with substrates, an increase in temperature and thus kinetic energy will
result in more collisions occurring in a given time. Increasing the temperature will also increase the
heat of the molecules.

Project M2 : False Memory
Project M2: False Memory
Literature review.
This project is based on false memory and asks the question, "Will words that are presented visually
evoke false recall of an associated word more than if words are presented aurally?" False memory
has been defined as, "A mental experience that is mistakenly taken to be a veridical representation of
an event from one's personal past. Memories can be false in relatively minor ways, believing one
last saw the keys in the kitchen when they were in the living room or in major ways that have
profound implications for oneself and others like, mistakenly believing one is the originator of an
idea or that one was sexually abused as a child (Smelser & Baltes, 2001, p. 5254). How memory
works is an important area that psychologist have been searching for answers to since the early
1950's and has led to some controversial theories.
Baddeley (2001) suggests a working memory system which consists of four components; a
modality–free central executive, a phonological loop which holds information in speech based form,
a visuo–spatial sketchpad and an episodic buffer which is the temporary storage system that holds
and integrates information from the phonological loop, visuo–spatial sketchpad and long–term
memory (Eysenck & Keane, 2005).
Research into false memory has been carried out to determine how reliable the memory can be.
Loftus (2003) looked at eyewitness memory and how accurate it can be. In one study Loftus showed
films of traffic

Alzheimer's Disease: Ten Leading Causes Of Death
Alzheimer's disease is six out of the ten leading causes of death in the U.S. and five out of the ten
leading causes of death in elderly people over the age of 65. AD diagnosis occurs through
postmortem detection of pathology in neural tissue. The risk of getting AD comes within age.
Individuals with MCI are at risk of progression to getting AD. Close to 15 percent of adults above
the age 65 are diagnosed with MCI, and more than half of them develop AD more quickly. MCI
adults can regain cognitive function by exercising, eating healthy, reducing cholesterol intake, and
by working the memory by practicing challenging cognitive tasks. Working memory is a system that
underpins cognitive activities ranging from attention to a specific stimulus ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Older people have a lower working capacity than younger adults. Working memory and functional
skills can determine cognitive intervention during the stages of AD. Working memory allows
manipulation of available information that relies on brain systems. MCI is when a younger adult
experience on–going memory loss that results in progression to AD. Therefore they took tests to see
what causes AD to try to prevent these defects from happening to people when they get older. I
believe the more you exercise physically, and mentally are the best ways to prevent AD. Some
people could be in the best shape ever and still develop AD because of inheritance. People tend to
have so many activities going on in their lives that they tend to forget a lot of things. For example, I
go to school, work two jobs, just bought a house, have a one year old child, pay the bills, make sure
me and my son go to every appointment, things that take a toll on me to where if I don't write what I
have to do on my calendar I will forget in a blink of an eye. There is no way to stop AD or MCI but
there is always ways to slow them

Memory Retention Of The Presentation Information And Those...
We found that there was no significant difference between the memory scores of those who thought
they had to teach the information and those who were told nothing. Yet, a consistent trend was found
with both dependent variables. Although the trend does not fall within the confidence band, it can be
considered a consistent trend because it is constant for all four different conditions. Refer to Figure
2, the memory scores were consistently lower when white noise was present, regardless of which
condition the participants were in. In addition, the anxiety levels were slightly higher when white
noise was present regardless of active or passive condition, refer to Figure 3. Our null hypothesis
states that there will be no significant difference in memory retention of the presentation information
between those who are told they must teach the presentation right after and those who are not told
anything, and there will be no difference in anxiety levels when noise is introduced into the
classroom. However, our study tested the hypothesis that the potential of having to speak publicly
would enhance memory retention. Yet, our results proved otherwise.
Opposite to what we hypothesized, the memory for all four groups remained relatively consistent
with one another with respect to the active and passive conditions. Anxiety did not have a major
impact in boosting memory performance, even when white noise was in the background. We found
that from the perspective of the student,

Effect of Music on Memory Retrieval
EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MEMORY RETRIEVAL
THESIS STATEMENT:
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
I. DEFINITION OF TERMS A. DICTIONARY DEFINITION B. OPERATIONAL DEFINITON
II. WHAT IS MUSIC ON MEMORY RETRIEVAL.
III. HOW CAN MUSIC AFFECT YOUR LIFE A. THEORIES OF FORGETTING B. MEMORY
AND RELATED FINDINGS C. MUSIC AND RELATED STUDIES
IV. HISTORY OF MUSIC
V .ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
VI. EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MEMORY RETRIEVAL IN YOUR LIFE CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ALIBASHER ABUBACAR
IV–C
MSU–ILS
JANUARY 3, 2011
EFFECT OF MUSIC ON MEMORY RETRIEVAL
Culture, past and present, varying wildly between times and places
ENGLISH IV
MS. SALMA M. MACARAMBON
Dedication
To Her who is able to keep me from falling and to present me ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Psychological study of music is based on this reason. Studies have found that music can reduce
stress, aid relaxation, alleviate depression, and help store and recall information among other
functions. William Congreve once stated that "music has the charms to soothe the savage beast".
Stress is reduced through music by decreasing the amount of the hormone cortisone released in the
body. This can be applied to everyday life for stress relief (Music and Stress, 1998).
Music therapy is a new intervention that uses "music and musical activities for the purposes of
altering behavior and enhancing the everyday existence of people with various types of emotional
disturbance". People have been using forms of music therapy since the earliest recorded history.
Egyptian priests spoke incantations that supposedly influenced women`s fertility. Hebrews and

Greeks treated physical and mental illness with the playing of music. Zenocrates, Sarpander, and
Arien, all of whom were Greeks, were the first to use music therapy as a regular practice. They
employed harp music to ease the outbursts of people with mental illnesses (Shapiro, 1969).
Nursing homes often hire music therapists. People are likely to feel depressed and grief–stricken
when moved away from their homes and families into a facility for strangers to take care of them.
Music therapy helps to relieve grief and improve emotional tones and feelings (Shapiro, 1969).
Therapists can also help residents that suffer from

Essay on Memory in Exile: Eva Hoffman's "Lost in Translation"
Eva Hoffman's memoir, Lost in Translation, is a timeline of events from her life in Cracow, Poland –
Paradise – to her immigration to Vancouver, Canada – Exile – and into her college and literary life –
The New World. Eva breaks up her journey into these three sections and gives her personal
observations of her assimilation into a new world. The story is based on memory – Eva Hoffman
gives us her first–hand perspective through flashbacks with introspective analysis of her life "lost in
translation". It is her memory that permeates through her writing and furthermore through her
experiences. As the reader we are presented many examples of Eva's memory as they appear through
her interactions. All of these interactions evoke memory, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Because they were the first things, the incomparable things, the only things. It's by adhering to the
contours of a few childhood objects that the substance of ourselves – the molten force we're made of
– molds and shapes itself." (74).
The changes create a world of comparisons – knowing the world of paradise in Cracow presents an
instant dichotomy with that of her newly uncharted American culture. Eva presents many examples
of the differences between the two cultures. The significant difference is, of course, the language
barrier. Eva explains her actual loss in translation – that the words of Eva's native language don't
hold the same meaning as that of the words in English. She explains, "'River' in Polish was a vital
sound, energized with the essence of riverhood, of my rivers, of my being immersed in rivers. 'River'
in English is cold – a word without an aura. It has no accumulated associations for me, and it does
not give off the radiating haze of connotation. It does not evoke" (106). This loss of meaning is
omnipresent in all of American culture in Eva's eyes. Eva laments that, "I have no interior language,
and without it, interior images – those images through which we assimilate the external world,
through which we take it in, love it, make it our own – become blurred too" (108). Due to this

The Studies Of Music And How It May Not Help The Alzheimer...
In order to understand how the studies of music and how it may or may not help the Alzheimer's
disease (AD) one would need the background of it. AD is a progressive neurological disease that
leads to deterioration in cognitive abilities. People with AD encounter a progressive decline in their
neurological capabilities, which manifest in language deficits, among other cognitive difficulties.
The main failures in speech include naming difficulties, verbal fluency deficit, comprehension
problems, and deterioration of spontaneous speech. People with AD tend to have discourse deficits,
which include empty phrases, indefinite words, and repetitions. The speech of a person with the
deficits is difficult for an interlocutor to follow. Thus, theses progressive language failures can lead
people with AD to isolation. Due to their progressive inability to communicate, people with AD
need interventions that address their communication needs and help prevent social isolation (Dass,
A., & Amir, D. 2014).
Increased social interaction can improve quality of life by enabling people with AD to remain
socially engaged. Communication trainings include active instruction such as role playing and
analyzing video observations of conversations with people with AD. Computer based systems are
also used, providing multimedia stimuli. Reminiscence therapy uses the intact long–term memory
that enabling people with AD to engage in a conversation about their past experiences (Dass, A., &
Amir, D.

Global Sleep Cycle
Sleep Function: Global and Local Regulation of Sleep Cycles
Introduction Sleep is commonly referred to as a global state, one which engages the entire nervous
system. The states of sleep and wakefulness are highly interconnected and share common
physiological mechanisms; however, there are distinct differences in the neurochemical pathways
that underlie them. The notion that sleep is a global state is supported by evidence that the
interrelated states of sleep and wakefulness engage a multitude of neuronal pathways and
components. These networks of neuronal transmitters and receptors extend throughout the brain;
from the brainstem to the basal forebrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex. The onset of
sleep and wakefulness is known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During states of arousal and wakefulness, information is encoded in the neocortical and
hippocampal networks in the form of memories (Frankland et al., 2005). The networks that are
activated during wakefulness are subsequently reactivated during SWS via SWA, which leads to
synaptic downscaling and memory consolidation. A study conducted by Peigneux and colleagues
(2004) provided evidence that presents a positive association between improvement in post–sleep
retrieval activity performance and the amount of hippocampal SWA that an individual experiences
during SWS. This study suggests a correlation between the reactivation of wake–active neuronal
networks via SWA and memory improvement during SWS. In addition to the overnight evaluation
of memory consolidation, short–term evaluation of memory across the first day, which included a 90
minute sleep period between training and performance of the retrieval activity, also demonstrated a
positive correlation between the amount of SWA that occurred during the sleep period and the
success of the retrieval activity performance (Peigneux et al., 2004). Moreover, a study conducted
by Marshall and colleagues (2004), also examined the manipulation of memory consolidation during
sleep and found a positive association between hippocampal SWA and the performance of a

Senior Project Paper: Music Therapy used on Alzheimer's...
Courtney Everette
Ms. Askue
August 26, 2014
English IV Music Therapy
Introduction:
Ever since I was a little girl, I've observed people playing music around me. My family is musically
inclined, which I believe is the reason I've been drawn to it. In 2006, I began taking guitar lessons
but I never had much interest in playing. Things changed in 2009, and I wished to be different. I
wanted to be good at something so I began to teach myself guitar and have stuck with the guitar
until now. In 2010, I began to play on my church's worship team and I enjoyed it very much. I have
now been a worship leader for the past four years and it's something I love to do. I love it so much
that for the past two years I have gone to Camp Electric to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
So how did Alzheimer's come to be? How was it discovered? In 1906, German Physician Alois
Alzheimer, began to link symptoms to microscopic brain changes. When he began an autopsy on his
first Alzheimer's patient, Auguste Deter, Alzheimer saw dramatic shrinkage and abnormal deposits
in and around her nerve cells. In 1910, the disease was named after him because of the great
discovery he made that would change history forever. In 1931, the electron microscope was invented
and this allowed for further exploration of the brain and how it is affected by this disease (Hippius).
Something that may be as simple as just observing the brain and analyzing minor changes might
seem small but it changed the future. Doctors are now able to recognize the symptoms of
Alzheimer's and diagnose the disease properly. The symptoms will be able to place the individual
into their correct stage of the disease. There are seven stages, all which gain momentum over time.
The Reisberg Scale states that the first stage is the underlying disease but no symptoms in which
case the individual seems to be normal. The first stage is easy to look over if the individual isn't
expecting it, which is common when one obtains early–onset Alzheimer's. In stages 2–4 the
individual begins to have memory lapses, trouble coming up with names and forgetting recent
events, all of which would simply indicate stressed–out

The Effects Of Repetitive Head Impact On Athletes Essay
Over the years, the demand for research on the cognitive and neuropathological consequences of
repetitive head impacts in athletes has been an uprise in the sports medicine field. A concussion is
caused by a direct blow to the head or another body region, resulting in a sudden acceleration and
deceleration of the craniocervical complex ().It is estimated that each year between 1.6 and 3.8
million athletes in the United States suffer a concussion in sport, however, it is still considered an
underestimation due to many injuries going unrecognized or unreported by players. The sports–
related concussion has gained primary attention from the media due to the potential dangers and
long–term consequences of the impact. For example, the movie "concussion" was released in
December 2015 start an uproar of the media consider of the early focus on professional football
players due to the game built around quick and full contact between powerful players. The movie
was based off a true–life story which unfolding in September 2002, when Omalu was assigned to
perform an autopsy on the body of Mike Webster. He discovered the presence of tau proteins. The
proteins would cause impair moods and cognitive function upon accumulation. It has been usually
common to find in the brains of the deceased boxer. The rap proteins were named the condition of
"Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy," or know as CTE. Due to the recent widespread media
attention surrounding the topic of concussion in the

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