Intolerance and Oppression in Ivano-Frankivsk
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Intolerance and Oppression in Ivano-Frankivsk
- 2. Introduc9on • Once there were 56 synagogues, now only 1 • Even had a Jewish mayor Arthur Nimhin (1896-1919) • Ivano-Frankivsk use to be a ethnically mixed city, today it is largely homogeneous • Many different groups have been the vic9ms of persecu9on in Ivano-Frankivsk over the last century, demographically the city has changed
- 7. Ivano-Frankivsk during WWI • Russians occupied the city: September 3, 1914 – February 20, 1915; March 4 – June 8, 1915; August 11, 1916 – July 24, 1917 • Austrians shelled the city in February 1915 in order to weaken the Russian defenses thus destroying the Ratusha • Russians persecuted the Jews in Ivano-Frankivsk during their occupa9on just like they had done in pogroms previously across Czarist Ukraine
- 8. Thalerhof
- 9. Thalerhof • Internment camp near Graz, Austria from 1914-1917 for Galician and Bukovinian Russophiles • Over 14,000 people passed through the camp with at 1,767 deaths recorded, though many more believed to have died • Those that died became known as the martyrs of Thalerhof in the interwar era among Russophiles
- 10. Galician Germans
- 11. Galician Germans • Germans started arriving in Ivano-Frankivsk aber Galicia became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1772 • Most came aber the Chernivtsi-Lviv railway was finished in 1866 • Seeled along the railroad • Most were forced to leave when the Soviets invaded aber the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and re-seeled in modern Germany and German- occupied Poland
- 13. Soviet annexa9on: part I (1939-1941) • Soviets gave most government posi9ons to Ukrainians and Jews, while relega9ng Poles to clerical posi9ons in the new administra9on • Soviets encouraged Ukrainians to aeack Poles as the Soviets viewed Poles as the “bourgeoisie enemy” • School #5 was an interroga9on KGB/NKVD place where 15 bodies were found during renova9on in 2014 & KGB/NKVD headquarters was in the now SVU building on Sakharov street • Soviet deported 95,000 people from Eastern Galicia (Lviv, Ternopil & Stanislawow Voivodeships), with 80% being ethnic Poles, 10-15% Ukrainians and 5-10% Jews • Soviets killed another 15,000 people
- 14. Dem’ianiv Laz
- 15. Dem’ianiv Laz • In 1941 the NKVD murdered at least 524 Ukrainians and Poles in Paschnichna, as the Red Army retreated from the Wehrmacht • Many vic9ms were forced to dig their own graves • The Soviets used the burial site as a dumping ground for construc9on materials aber the war in order to hide evidence of the atrocity • Excava9ons were carried out by the Ukrainian branch of the Moscow-based Memorial Society star9ng in 1989 and lasted for 40 days
- 16. Dem’ianiv Laz • Skeletal remains were reburied in a dignified manner later in 1989 • 359 men, 159 women and 6 of unknown gender • Only able to posi9vely iden9fy 22 of 524 bodies • Around 400 vic9ms names were iden9fied • Many vic9ms were shot through the head or bayoneted through the breasts • Memorial complex with chapel was opened in 1998
- 17. German Occupa9on
- 18. German Occupa9on (1941-1944) • Under the leadership of Hans Krüger the SS managed to kill 70,000 Jews and deport another 12,000 Jews to death camps with only 25 Gestapo officers in killing many members of the Polish intelligentsia, he had previously par9cipated in the massacre of Polish professors in Lviv • Hans Krüger was demoted for discrepancies in an audit in 1943 • Recruited numerous Ukrainians as policemen to help, many of whom later joined the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
- 23. Stanislawow Gheeo • Germans established a Judenrat or Jewish council on July 26, 1941 in order to implement German orders • In August the Germans demanded Jews supply 500 skilled laborers, who taken away and killed, they thought they were going to get jobs • Germans required the Judenrat to establish a labor office where men were required to show up everyday for forced tasks • Gheeo was established aber the Bloody Sunday of Stanislawow in October 1941 • The Germans chose the oldest and most neglected part of the city for the gheeo, those Jews who were not living in the gheeo were forced to move into it in December 1941 • Jews only allowed to leave the gheeo in order to do forced labor • About 100 Jewish police officers or Ordnungdienst patrolled inside the gheeo with Ukrainian and German Schutzpolizei
- 24. Stanislawow Gheeo • Germans only allowed 8,000 Jews to remain in the gheeo aber March 1942, the rest were transported to Belezc Extermina9on Camp, only those fit to work remained • Jews from surrounding communi9es such as Kalush, Nadvirna and Tlumach then killed in successive execu9ons in the Sicherheitspolizei’s Headquarters and a place called Rudolf’s Mill or Rudolfsmühle • By September 1942 11,000 Jews remained in Stanislawow • Another 4,000 Jews deported to Belezc Extermina9on Camp in mid-September 1942 • Deporta9ons to Belezc stopped in January 1943 and the gheeo was liquidated in February 1943 • In 1939 there were 27,000 Jews by 1944 only 228
- 26. Czarny Las Massacre • About 250 Polish intelligentsia members mainly teachers were murdered on August 14-15, 1941 • Part of the larger “opera9on intelligence” to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia by the Germans • Brought to a place in the forest near the village of Pawelcze where they were killed • The mass grave was not discovered un9l 1988 • Monuments and plaques placed at the site in 1991 and 2011
- 28. 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician) • July 1943-May 1945 • Recruited from ethnic Ukrainians in Galicia • Only fought communist forces • Between 12,000 and 25,000 men during existence • Part of the Waffen SS • Served in Ukraine, Slovakia, Austria • Hoped that by working with Germans Ukraine would gain independence • Some Ukrainian na9onalists supported them, others did not • Par9cipated in killing of Poles in modern Ukraine: Huta Pieniacka (Ternopil Oblast), Pidkamin (Lviv Oblast), & Palykorovy (Lviv Oblast) • Were not deported back to Ukraine aber WWII because previously Polish ci9zens • Most reseeled as displaced persons in Canada, UK, USA, Germany and Australia aber WWII • Revered today by Ukrainian na9onalists • Ukrainian Division Street in Ivano-Frankivsk named in their honor
- 29. Stalag 371
- 30. Stalag 371 • Prisoners were transferred from a POW Camp in the Langwasser district of Nuremberg • August 1942- January 1944 about 2,000 Dutch POWs were held at the Dubrova Prison • 5 Dutch POWs died, 4 are buried in the prison grounds, • 10 Dutch POWs successfully escaped with the help of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army • The POWs were transferred to a another POW Camp in Neu-Brandenburg as the Red Army advanced and were liberated in 1945
- 31. POW Camp 304
- 32. POW Camp 304 • Around 4,500 German and 500 Hungarian POWs were housed in the former Jewish gheeo in April 1945 • By August 1945, only 1600 POWs remained in Ivano-Frankivsk • Several places for deceased POWs are located in the city, but no marker is visible currently anywhere • Camp was formerly closed by decree on November 29, 1946 and all POWs were transferred to other POW camps in the USSR
- 34. Soviet Incorpora9on • Soviets merged the Greek-Catholic Church with the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarch) • Roman Catholic Church was outright banned • Industry, business and property was na9onalized • Ethnic Poles deported to Poland • Massive re-seeling of ethnic Russians and other Soviet na9onali9es to replace the pre-war popula9on killed or expelled
- 36. Ukrainian Insurgent Army crimes • Es9mated 18,400 Poles were murdered just in Stanislawow Voivodeship by UPA during WWII • UPA hoped the Soviets and Germans would kill each other off and Poles were most numerous ethnicity in Western Ukraine aber Ukrainians • Many UPA fighters previously served the German occupying authori9es • From mid-1944 the UPA turned their aeen9on to the Red Army • Ac9ons classified as genocide by the Polish Sjem • Killed between 60,000 to 100,000 Poles in Western Ukraine • Assisted in the killing of Jews throughout Ukraine, many members held an9-Semi9c views • Killed around 20,000 Ukrainian civilians between 1944-1950 and 10,000 Soviet soldiers
- 38. Persecu9on of Ukrainians in Western Ukraine aber WWII • Between 1944-1953 the Soviets in Western Ukraine killed 153,000 Ukrainians, arrested 134,000 Ukrainians and deported another 203,000 Ukrainians to such distant places as Komi Republic, Irkutsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Kazakhstan. • This equals about 490,000 people; almost every family in Western Ukraine had a family member killed, arrested or deported • Majority of those deported were women and children • Many of those deported were never allowed to return to Western Ukraine
- 40. Polish Deporta9ons • Between 1944-1949: 787,674 people were deported from Ukrainian SSR to Poland out of a total of 1,517,983 from USSR in total • 75,900 Poles were from Stanislawow Voidovship • Deporta9ons did not apply to ethnic Poles who had Soviet ci9zenship before WWII • Those of mixed Polish or Jewish ethnicity were allowed to choose Soviet or Polish ci9zenship • 482,000 ethnic Ukrainians were also forced to move to the Soviet Union from Poland
- 43. Erasing ethnic footprint • Old Jewish Cemetery: burials started in 1662 and stopped in 1930, bulldozed in early 1960s in order to build the Cosmos Movie Theater which opened in 1963 • Stanislav Necropolis: burials started in 1782 and stopped in 1955, bulldozed in 1980 in order to make the former necropolis into a park, only 11 graves of famous people were spared • Evangelical Augsburg Cathedral: finished in 1885 and detonated in 1970 in order to build the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Academic Music and Drama Theater • Church of the Virgin Mary was closed and given to Ivano-Frankivsk Oil and Natural Gas University in 1965 and became an art museum in 1980 • Armenian Church was a museum of “space and atheism” from 1971-1990 • Part of the New Jewish Cemetery was destroyed in order to build the City Lake in the 1950s • Christ the King Monastery: school, police sta9on, furniture warehouse and state archives during Soviet period • Church of Christ the King (Roman Catholic): abandoned from 1947-1954, then a book depository and clothing warehouse • Holy Trinity Cathedral: Soviet warehouse
- 45. Soviet Jews of Ivano-Frankivsk • Old Jewish Cemetery founded in 1662 was bulldozed in order to build the Cosmos movie theater in early 1960s, it was closed for burial in 1930 • The New Jewish Cemetery started burials in 1926 • 1964 the city government erected a monument at the New Jewish Cemetery that the Nazis killed more than 100,000 peaceful Soviet ci9zens and prisoners of other countries during their occupa9on, it did not men9on the word Jews at all • All burials in the New Jewish Cemetery stopped in 1967 with the Six-Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the USSR broke off diploma9c rela9ons with Israel • Since 1967 all Jews of Ivano-Frankivsk were buried in the old city cemetery on Kyiv Street and later in the village of Chukalivka • The synagogue was given in 1954 to the Medical University and used as a gymnasium and lecture hall un9l the fall of the USSR
- 47. Post-Soviet Jews in Ivano-Frankivsk • 1991- the main synagogue was returned to the Jewish community, but they were unable to maintain the whole building and so rented out parts of the building • 2002 – Congress of Ukrainian Na9onalists request demographic info on members of Verkhova Rada to guard against “cosmopolitanism” a code-word for Jewish influence • 2009 – Vandals spray paint swas9kas on graves in the New Jewish Cemetery on the anniversary of Bloody Sunday of Stanislaw
- 49. Warped Post-Soviet view • Svboda, Rights Sector, and Congress of Ukrainian Na9onalists have a large poli9cal presence in the city • 2003: a monument outside the only func9oning synagogue in the city was installed to honor the memory of not the over 27,000 Jews killed, but 15 Ukrainian na9onalists gunned down by the Gestapo against the synagogue wall, the street was renamed aber the executed na9onalists in 2010 • 2004: Oley Tyahnybok, leader of Svboda party is charged with inci9ng ethnic hatred by the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, he is eventually acquieed of all charges under poli9cal pressure on March 31, 2005 • No holocaust memorial in the center of the city, just at the new Jewish cemetery by the City Lake paid for by American and Israeli Jews • No memorial to the deported Germans or Poles • Many streets named aber OUN & UPA members: Eugene Konovalets, Stepan Bandera, Slava Stetsko, and Heroes of UPA • Statues and plaques adorn the city with members of OUN & UPA: Stepan Bandera, Stepan Lenkavsky, Eugene Konovalets, Stepan Lenkavsky and others
- 51. Problems with Tolerance • July 22, 2015: Woman aeacks and insults dark-skinned foreigners in downtown Ivano-Frankivsk • August 22, 2015: scuffle between Arab students playing music from their car and ATO veterans • December 22, 2015: 2 Jordanian Medical Students seduce 2 female minors and then “give them” to Arab medical students in Ternopil where they are sexually assaulted, found guilty later in March 2016 • January 22, 2016: Azov civilian regiment along with other far-right groups hold a “march of jus9ce” to demand removal of rector from IF Medical University, the full weight of jus9ce to be applied to foreign student and then smoked-bombed a dormitory at IF Oil and Natural Gas University housing foreign students • April 15, 2016: Mayor Ruslan Martsinkiv demands that foreigners should have limited access to selling goods at the market
- 53. Ques9ons to answer • Who is/are the vic9ms in Ivano-Frankivsk? • What should the city council of Ivano- Frankivsk do in order to remember the all vic9ms? • What did you find the most interes9ng about this presenta9on?