Detailed analysis of the Arab Israel conflict and the state efficiency of Palestine State

1. The Palestine State -
Israel as the Strange Body in
the Islamic World
National University of Public Service
Faculty of Public Governance and
International Studies
2020.
Prof. Dr. Bordás Mária

2. Motto of the Former Israeli Prime
Minister

3. Kingdom of Israel
(united monarchy)
• 1050 - 930 B.C.

4. 930 B.C. : split
• ten northern
tribes of Israel
rebelled

7. B.C. 1th century
• By 100 B.C.,
Judaea and Israel
are Roman client-
states. About as
many Jews living
outside Judaea as
in it. Two
kingdom: Judea
and Israel

10. Expelled the Jews from their homeland

11. History of Palestine
• 7th century: under Muslim protectorate
• 11th century: Christians – Jerusalem Kingdom
esatblished by crusaders
Godfrey of
Bouillon
Siege of
Jerusalem in
1099

13. The Turkish Sultan invited Jews fleeing from the
Spanish Catholic inquisition to settle down in the
Turkish empire, including several cities in Palestine
Ottoman Empire 1517-1917

14. Sykes-Picot Agreement

15. 1920: UN resolution
• In July 1920, at the San Remo conference, a Class
"A" League of Nations mandates over Palestine was
allocated to the British.
• The establishment in Palestine of a national home
for the Jewish people, which promoted the Jewish
immigration

16. 1923: Trans-Jordan
Jews would be permitted only West of the Jordan River.

17. Situation of Jews
• The Arab population was determined to claim all of
Palestine for itself and wanted to “drive the Jews into the
sea.”
• Palestinian Arabs launched incessant terrorist attacks upon
the Jewish Palestinians
• The British at first tried to maintain order but soon turned a
blind eye.

19. History of the Jewish in Europe
• Jewish diasporas: keeping their religion and culture
• Ethnic distinction:
- Middle ages: only banks, merchants, shops
- Russia: pogroms (settlements were burned up)
- Persecution: holocaust in the nazi Germany

20. IIWW: Holocaust (6 million died in the Nazi
concentration camps)

21. Zionism
The term “Zionism” was coined in 1890 by Nathan
Birnbaum, movement aimed the Jewish national
state in a geographic territory (Palestine)
2020:
- 8 million Jewish – 3 million Palestine
- 3 million Palestine refugees in the
neighbouring countries

22. „Alija”

23. Population
Beginning of the 20th century: 90.000 Jewish –
500.000 Arab
1948: 800.000 Jewish

24. Immigration to Israel

25. Population change in Israel

26. Today
around
5 millions

27. Balfour declaration:
• the Jewish national
homeland should be
promoted by the British

28. After declaration
- Hostility, confrontation: (Jewish are more organized)
- Violent attacks: against Jewish settlements
- Jewish terrorist groups: Hagana and Irgun (against the
British – explosion of David King hotel)
- Palestinians: supported by the Nazi Germany
British: cannot manage the situaion – withdrawal in
1946-47
Israel: supported by:
- the Soviet Union (kibuc, independency)
- France: against Nasser’s independency moovements
- USA: after 1956 (strong Jewish lobby on the East coast)

29. UN Resolution 181. in 1948
- Dividing Palestine into one Arab and one
Jewish state
- Territories are defined - Jerusalem by UN
control
• Palestinians: mass moving since the end of
1947 to the neighbouring countries (700.000
refugees)

31. According to the Plan
• Political division but economic unity
• The Plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for
Palestine, despite its perceived limitations.
• Arab leaders and governments rejected it

32. The Jewish State: Israel
• 1948 May 14 declaration of Jewish state – Israel:
recognition by the International community – NO
from Arab states
• Standpoints:
- Palestinians: Jewish did not have state, nor nation –
it is a religion – they were citizens of other countries
- Jewish: Palestinians do not have nation, they were
part of Jordan or Syria, and they are Arabs

33. Three Israeli-Arab Wars
• 1948 May 15: Israel is attacked by the Arab
countries (Egypt, Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon)
Result: (Gaza strip, East Jerusalem, and Cisjordan
were annexed by Egypt and Transjordan – Israel could
keep territory and extended to the Palestine
territories
• 1967: Six days war - occupation of Gaza, East
Jerusalem, and Cisjordan
• 1973: Jon Kippur war – occupation of Golan heights
and Sinai peninsula – 20 days – serious loss of Israel
military – Golda Meir resigned
Israeli victories: growing its territories!

35. International laws
- Gaza strip and Cisjordan were not states! (annex
was illegal by Egypt and Transjordan)
- Israel occupied ¼ of territories declared by the UN
as Palestinian state: rest is Gaza and Cisjordan – was
approved by the UN
- Israel expelled Palestinians from their lands –
Palestinians attacked first Jewish homes or moved
Debated issue: if Israel has to withdraw from and give
back the lands, property and East Jerusalem (as their
capital) to the Palestinians

36. Palestinian refugees:
Kép, ha van a menekültáborokról

39. Development of the
Palestinian State
• UN resolution 67/19 - 2012.
- Recognition of the Palestinian State – not full
membership
- Double observer status in the UN: Palestinian
State and PLO both
• Recognized by 135 countries (only Austria,
Sweden, Izland from 2012.)
Reason: communist states recognized earlier

40. International recognition of the State of
Palestine

41. Cisjordan (West Bank)
• Refugee camps: annexed by Transjordan
in 1951 (Jordan) – citizenship to the
Palestinians
• 1967: mass movement to the other side
of the Jordan river (2 million refugees
here!)
• Fatah in Transjordan: attacked Israel –
Israel was bombing the area

42. Yasser Arafat and the Palestine
organizations
• 1958: Fatah (National Liberation Movement) armed
organization – its armed wing: Al Aksa Martyrs
Brigades – leader: Arafat
• 1964: PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) –
umbrella to unit the several Palestinian
organizations – Fatah control

43. PLO
• Aim: to establish the Palestinian State and
eliminate Israel
• Supported by the neighbouring Arab countries and
Iraq

44. Other Palestinian Terrorist Groups (1)
As a reaction of the Six days war in 1967
• Extreme left wing organizations:
- Popular Front for the Liberation
of Palestine – leader, George Habbash
- Organization supported
by Baath party in Iraq and and
and Syria
Yasser Arafat, Mahmoud Darwish &
George Habbash in Syria

45. Other Palestinian Terrorist Groups
1974: Abu Nidal organization (several names, ANO,
Black September) separated from Fatah
• Terrorist attacks:
- 1972. Munich olimpic games (killed 11 Israeli
sportmen)
- Hijackings (Rome, Viena – landed in Jordan)
- Terrorist attacks in 20 Western countries (200
deceased and injured)
• Banned by the Fatah later (because of Mosad
persecution)

46. Sabri Khalil al-Banna alias Abu Nidal
• Abu Nidal ("father of struggle in Arab") Killed in
Bagdad 2002 by the Mosad
• He was the ultimate psychopath.

47. Murderous attacks in 20
countries over more than a
quarter of a century killed or
wounded more than 900
civilians
1973 gun attack on Fiumicino airport near
Rome
1980 Antwerp a bomb attack

48. Fatah in Jordan
• In Jerusalem: 1951 al-Aksa Mosque - killed the
Jordanian king
• In Israel: terrorist attacks against the Jewish
• In Jordan:
- citizenship - parliamentary seats
- 2 assassination attempts against King Hussein
- killed Wafi al-Tal prime minister
- controlled the territory on the East side of the Jordan
river – own public administration
- Revolution: to overthrow the monarchy

49. Israeli and Jordanian response:
- Air strikes by the Israeli military on Palestine
territories in Jordan
- „Anger of God” – operation implemented by
Mossad and killed the terrorists of the Munich
Olympic games
• Jordanian response: squeezed out the PLO and
Fatah, separated Cisjordan (West Bank)
• PLO and Fatah: had to leave Jordan

50. The Fatah in Lebanon
1972: moved to South Lebanon
– Controls the Palestinian refugee camps
– Attacked Israel again after the Jom Kippur war in 1973
- Israeli response: attacked South-Lebanon in 1978
- Shiia refugees from South-Lebanon to Beirut
- Conflict between the Shiia Alavite and the Christian
Maronite groups – civil war
1982: Fatah had to leave to Tunisia (Israel surrounded the
Palestinian refugee camps)

51. Lebanese Civil War 1975-1990
Tension – militias - fights
- Maronite Christians: Falang attacks Muslims and
Palestinians – split
- Muslims (Alevites and Druses): split – Shia Amal
Foreign intervention:
- 1978 and 1982: Israel – supports Maronites – attacks
Palestinians refuge camps – Arafat had to leave
- Syria: supported radical Shiia groups (from Amal)
- Iranian Revolution Guard: established Hezbollah in South
Lebanon (political-power vacuum)

52. • 120 000 fatalities
Multifaceted civil war

53. Israeli Wars against
Hezbollah and Hamas
Hezbollah:
- 2006 – 34 days war
Hamas:
- 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014
Israeli response to the terrorist attacks (suicide
bombings, killing and kidnapping Israeli soldiers, missiles)
Aim: to demilitarize – ceasefire
UN Security Council: condemn Israel – not proportional

54. Peace Agreements with the Arab
Countries
1979: Egypt (withdrew from Sinai penninsula)
1983: Lebanon
1994: Jordan
2012: planned with Syria (Golan heights are still
annexed by Israel)
Since 1982: Arafat realized that elimination of
Israel is not realistic

55. Peace Agreements with the Palestinians
1978: Camp David Agreement
- Between Israel and Egypt in the USA
- Gaza and the West Bank autonomous territories in
5 years
- Palestine Authority
- Elections
- Withdrawal of Israeli military
- No provisions on East-Jerusalem and Golan heights

56. UN Resolutions since 1974
Several resolutions:
- Independency of the Palestinian people -
Sovereignty
- Right to self-declaration
- Have the right to return to their homeland
- Have the right to get back lost lands and properties
- Observer status in the UN for the PLO

57. International Mediation
Since 1978 (Protocol in Camp David) - Results
- Arab countries and certain part of Palestinians
are not supporting it
- Break of Palestinians: fight again with Israel
(suicide bombings, armed attacks)
- Israeli response: violation of human rights
(blockade, occupation, destroy houses, refugee
camps, detentions without court decision)
- Supporting Jewish settlements
- 1987: 1st Intifada (people uprising against
Israel) – establishment of Hamas

58. New Peace Talks in the 1990-s
With Israel about creation of independent Palestinian
state
- Arafat: supported Iraq in the Gulf war – isolated –
lack of financial resources
- Hamas: strengthened – several war with Israel
- „Land for Peace” – principle of Oslo Agreement in
1992
- 1994: Palestine Authority in Gaza and West Bank
(autonomous rights)

60. Growth of Population
• Jews: immigration from all over the world (Yemen and
Ethiopia: transportation of Jewish tribes, Russia, Post
communist countries, Western Europe) Askenazi -
Sephard
• Palestinians: demographic bloom
- Gaza: 1,8 million population – 365 km2
- Palestine State (Gaza and the West Bank): 4,17 million
- 1948. war: 700.000 refugees
- 2017 - Jordan: 2 million, Lebanon: 420.000, Syria:
470.000, West Bank: 788.000, Gaza: 1,1 million, Israel:
250.000

63. Declaration of Israel State

64. Plan of Partition

65. War 1948-49

67. Parts of the Palestine State
• Palestinian territories:
- Gaza (occupied by Egypt) and West Bank (Cisjordan)/East
Jerusalem controlled by Transjordan - 1967: Israeli
occupation
- Transjordan: annexed Cisjordan and citizenship giving to
Palestinians – name: Jordan -1967 war: Israeli occupation
of Cisjordan (West Bank)
- East Jerusalem: part of Jerusalem – Controlled by Israel
since 1967 (original plan: UN International status – place of
3 religions)West Jerusalem: since 1949
- The Palestine State was not established – unclear
international legal status – less organized, refugee camps –
used by Arab countries for their own aim: to attack Israel

68. 700 000 refugees in the 948-49 war

69. Arafat’s Policy and the Palestine State
• 1960-s and 1970-s:
- Target of Arab attacks is Israel – goal: elimination
• 1958: Fatah, organisation of resistance , armed wing:
Brigade al Aksa Martyrs – Palestinian Liberation
Organisation (PLO): umbrella for Palestinian organization
- In Jordan: terrorist attacks against Israeli and Western
targets (Munich) – Israeli airstrikes on territories of Jordan
- 1972: South Lebanon – attack from Israel as a response for
the Palestinian attacks – Arafat had to leave
- 1982: Tunisia – centre of the Palestinian organizations of
Arafat – were unarmed

70. International Mediations
Peace talks with Israel about creation of independent
Palestinian state.
• 1978: Protocol in Camp David:
- Independent Palestinian territories
- Sovereignty and right for self declaration
- Arab countries and certain part of Palestinians are
not supporting

71. Oslo I. Agreement
• Break between Palestinians
1987: Hamas (in Gaza)
- Several war with Israel - Suicide attacks
- Israeli army’s enter to Gaza – blockade - wall
• 1993: Oslo I. agreement
- Recognition of Israel
- Palestinian Authority with rights of central and
local governance
- Not supported by the extreme Jews (killing Rabin)
and Islamist groups

72. Public
Administration
in the
West Bank and
Gaza

73. Limitations of Oslo I. Agreement
• Arafat: Nobel prize, but people are unsatisfied
- Not autonomy, but state
- No Israeli presence in Gaza and West Bank
(elimination military and Jewish settlements)
- Israeli withdrawal from East Jerusalem (capital of
Palestine)
- Extreme wings: Islamic Jihad, Hamas, Hesbollah
• Israeli response: occupied and blockaded Gaza

74. Oslo II. Agreement in 1995
• Public administration in the West Bank:
- 8 large cities: Palestinian public administration
(A area) 17,5% prohibited for the Israeli
- Country side populated areas (400 villages):
common military and Palestinian public
administration (B area) 23,8%
- Jewish settlements: under Israeli control (C
area) 59%

76. Problems with Oslo II. Agreement
Open questions: (vague and unambigouos
provisions)
- Izraeli settlements have to withdraw from the
West Bank and East Jerusalem (Palestinian
demands)
- Izraeli rejection (more settlements)
- Problems of walls and borders: green light of
1948 war
- UN resolution: (in the last days of Obama
government) against Jewish settlements

77. Public Administration in West Bank
• Complexity: using of roads, bridges,
telecommunications, infrastructure, electricity
and water supply, check points, walls against
suicide attacks
• Orders by Israeli authorities:
- Demolishing Palestinian houses, using blockade,
arresting terrorist people
- Personnel documents (ID, driving licence,
passport) are registered by Israel authorities
- Permission to leave the Palestine territories – no
connection between Gazas and West Bank

78. Public Administration in Gaza
• takeover in Gaza by Hamas on 14 June 2007

79. Sharon Governments (2001 and 2003)
and the 2nd Intifada in 2000
• Recognized the Palestinian State
• No compromise:
- No withdrawal from West Bank and East
Jerusalem
- Except: withdrew from Gaza and eliminated
Jewesh settlements (2005) – social tension in
Israel
- No recognize East Jerusalem as the capital of the
Palestine State
• Reason: Hamas is following up terrorist attacks

80. Policy of Trump Administration
Source of serious conflict:
- Supports jewish settlements again in the West Bank
- Replace US embassy to Jerusalem – offered a small town
outside of East-Jerusalem as a capitol for the Palestines –
declared that Jerusalem is the capitol of Israel
- Appoints his son of law (Jared Kushner) to mediate – he is
not unbias, because he is Jew
- Jeopardizes the peace process fo the last decades (which
was not succesful until this, either)
- Offered new territory for the Palestines
- Offered investments by the US in exchange
- President of the palestines, Abbasz rejected all of them

81. Government in the Palestine State
1996: Fatah won the elections
2000: 2nd Intifada
Israeli military:
- Blockade around the Palestinian territories
- Home arrest of Arafat by Ariel Sharon
2006: suicide attacks by al Kassam Brigades
(military wing of Hamas)
2006: Hamas won the elections

82. Conflicts between the Hamas an
Fatah
2006: forming government
- Hamas won, but its candidates will not be the
prime minister and ministers
Abbas, the leader of Palestine Authority:
- Dissolved the government
- Declaring state emergency
- Decision about new government
Hamas: began war
No elections since 2006! – Hamas may win!

83. Recent Situation In Gaza
Hamas:
- Khaled Meshaal, the leader in Qatar
- Prime minister: Ismail Haniyeh – president:
Aziz Dweik
- Controlls Gaza and expelled Fatah fighters
- Killed the Fatah symphatizers and officials in
street fights
- Terrorist organizations

84. Recent Situation in the West Bank
Fatah: (Ramallah government)
- Tanzim is the military wing (no terrorist
organization)
- Controls West Bank only – capital: Ramallah
- Its government is not allowed to operate in
Gaza
- Abbas: his mandate expired in 2009

85. The Ramallah Government
Organization of Palestinian State:
- President and prime minister
- Parliament
- Government
- Public administration
- Law enforcement organs
- Separation of powers

86. The Palestine State
West Bank:
- Ramallah Government (recognized by international
community)
- Democratic government system (but no elections)
- Policy: to make peace with Israel
Gaza:
- Controlled by Hamas
- On the list of terrorist organization
- Structure of terrorist organization
- Aim: follow up fight with Israel

87. Palestine
• Palestine, is a de jure sovereign state that
is recognized by 136 UN members and since 2012
has a status of a non-member observer state in
the United Nations – which amounts to a de facto,
or implicit, recognition of statehood

88. Israeli Policy
2005:
- Recognition of Palestinian State by Israel
- Withdrawal from Gaza
„Land for Peace” Agreement
• Israeli standpoint: did not get peace in return
• Palestine standpoint: did not get back the
West Bank and East-Jerusalem

89. Witdrawal from Gaza

90. Eliminating Settlements in Gaza

91. Questions?