Types of instrument

1. Educational Research and
statistic
Types of instrument
 Test
 Questionnaire
 Interview
Instrumentation
One ofthe most important components ofa research design is the research instruments because they
gather or collect data or information. These research instruments or tools are ways ofgathering
data. Without them, data would be impossible to put in hand.
Data Collection
 Scientificanddisciplinedinquiryrequiresthe collection,analysis,andinterpretationof data
 Data – the piecesof informationthatare collectedtoexamine the researchtopic
WHAT ARE DATA?
 The term "data" referstothe kindsof informationresearchersobtainonthe subjectsof their
research.
 The term "instrumentation"referstothe entire processof collectingdataina research
investigation.
ResearcherInstruments

2.  Many typesof researcher-completedinstrumentsexist.
 Some of the more commonlyusedare ratingscales,interview schedules,tallysheets,
flowcharts,performance checklists,anecdotal records
Pilot Testing
 Teston a small numberof individualsinthe sample
 Askfor writtenfeedbackonthe questions
 Revise the surveybasedonthe writtencomments
Selection of a Test
 Designingyouowntests
 Get help from others with experience developing tests
 Item writing guidelines
 Avoid ambiguous and confusing wording and sentence structure
 Use appropriate vocabulary
 Write items that have only one correct answer
 Give information about the nature of the desired answer
 Do not provide clues to the correct answer
QUESTIONAIRE
The most common instrumentor tool of research for obtainingthe data beyondthe physical reach of
the observer.
For Example:
May be sentto human beingswho are thousands ofmilesaway or just around the corner.
 Two Forms of Questionnaire
 Closedform / Closed-ended
 Openform / Open-ended

3. Guidelines inUsing the Questionnaire
 Clarity of language
 Singlenessofpurpose
 Relevantto the objective ofthe study
 Correct grammar
Principles to consider in constructing Questionnaire
1. define orqualifyterms that couldeasilybe misinterpret
2. be careful inusing descriptive adjectivesandadverbs that have no agreed-uponmeaning
3. be careful of inadequate alternatives
4. beware of double negative
5.avoid the double-barreledquestion
6. underline the word ifyou wish to indicate special emphasis
7. whenasking for rating or comparisonsa point ofreference isnecessary
8. avoid unwarranted assumptions
9.Pharse questionsso that they are appropriate for all respondents
10.design questionthat will give a complete answer
11.provide for the systematicqualificationof response
12.consider the possibilityofclassifyingthe respondentsyourselfratherthan having the respondents
choose categories
Advantages
 Printingand mailingare costly
 Response rate maybe low
 Respondentsmay provide only sociallyacceptable answers
 There is lesschance to clarifyambiguous answer
 Respondentsmust be literate and with no physical handicaps

4.  Rate of retrieval can be low because retrieval itselfisdifficult
Disadvantages
 Printingand mailingare costly
 Response rate maybe low
 Respondentsmay provide only sociallyacceptable answers
 There is lesschance to clarifyambiguous answer
 Respondentsmust be literate and with no physical handicaps
 Rate of retrieval can be low because retrieval itselfisdifficult