This document discusses various tools that can be used for data gathering in qualitative and quantitative research. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding what data gathering is, being able to select appropriate tools, and choosing tools for specific research topics. It then defines data and data gathering. The rest of the document discusses different tools for collecting qualitative data, like interviews and focus groups, and quantitative data, like questionnaires and tests. For each tool, it provides details on what it is, how it is used, and advantages and disadvantages. The goal is to help participants in selecting the right data collection methods for their research needs.

1. DATA GATHERING TOOLS AND USES
(QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH)
Flerida S. Pajarillaga
EPS II- HRD

2. By the end of this seminar-workshop, the
participants should be able to:
 Know what is data-gathering and its
importance
 Select from the list of collecting data tools by
being informed of its benefits and drawbacks
 Come-up with an appropriate tool for the topic
research

3. Let’s check what you know
about data gathering tools!
PRIMING ACTIVITY

4. Data-gathering in research
can be categorized either
Quantitative or Qualitative
YES
1

5. An observation checklist is
the most simplest device in
data gathering
YES
2

6. Observation schedule and
observation checklist are the
same
NO
3

7. Administration of interview
can be standardized
YES
4

8. Theme organization is a
method utilized to interpret
results of an interview
YES
5

9. Questionnaire can be
administered through mail
YES
6

10. Behavior cannot be measured
by written test
NO
7

11. The type of measurement
scale may be determined
with the kind of data-
gathering tool selected
YES
8

12.  Data can be defined as the quantitative
or qualitative value of a variable (e.g.
number, images, words, figures, facts
or ideas).
 It is a lowest unit of information from
which other measurements & analysis
can be done
What is data-gathering?

13.  Translate the research objectives into
specific questions, the responses will
provide the data required to achieve the
research objectives
 Provides descriptions of characteristics
of individuals, institutions or other
phenomena under study.
 Useful for measuring the various variable
to the study.
Why is data-gathering important?

14. Methods of Collecting
QUALITATIVE Data
 Data collection usually involves direct
interaction with individuals on a one-on-one
basis or with individuals in a group setting
 Characteristics
 time consuming
 collected from a smaller sample
 more expensive.
 Benefits of the qualitative approach is that the
information is richer and has a deeper insight
into the phenomenon under study

15. Methods of Collecting
QUALITATIVE Data
QUALITA
TIVE
Data Collection
Tools
 Interviews

16. Methods of Collecting
QUANTITATIVE Data
 Geared towards numerical collection
 Interviews

17. Data Gathering
Tools

18. Observation Schedule
 A form on which observations of an
object or a phenomenon are
recorded.
 The items to be observed are
determined with reference to the
nature and objectives of the study.
 Grouped into appropriate categories and listed in
the order in which the observer would observe
them.

19. Checklist
 The simplest of all the devices
 The presence or absence of
each item may be indicated by
checking 'yes' or 'no' or
multipoint scale.
 The use of a checklist ensures
a more complete
consideration of all aspects of
the object, act or task.
P

20.  Overt – subject is
aware
 Covert- subject is
unaware
 Field notes
 Informal approach
 Building rapport
 What to observe
 Use of audio visual
devices
Types of Observation Considerations in
Observation

23. Interview Guide
 Usually non-directive and
serves as a suggestive
reference or prompter
during interview.
 Aids in focusing
attention on salient
points relating to the study
and in securing comparable
data in different interviews by
the same or different
interviewers.

24.  Structured (for
research)
 Semi-structured
(flexible but
structured)
 Non-directive (free
talk on issues)
 Focused(in depth
talk on an issues)
TYPES of INTERVIEW

25.  Yield rich, detailed
and new insights
 Face-to-face
contact
 Easy to Administer
 Expensive and
Time-consuming
 Recall Error
 Prone to
inconsistencies
 Huge volume of
data
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE

26. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
 It is an open discussion
group of about 6-8
participants led by a neutral
facilitator with ready
questions that may or may
not be in sequence
 Focus groups combine
elements of both
interviewing and
participant observation

27. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
 Focus groups combine elements of both
interviewing and participant observation
 The hallmark is the explicit use of the
group interaction to generate data
 Allows observation of group dynamics,
discussion, and firsthand insights into
the respondents’ behaviors, attitudes,
language, etc.

28. Interview vs. FGD
1. Group Interaction
2. Group Peer Pressure
3. Sensitivity of the
Subject Matter
4. Depth of Response
5. Data Collector Fatigue
FGD
FGD
Interview
Interview
Interview

29. Interview vs. FGD
6. Extent of Issues covered
7. Continuity of Information
8. Observation of
Stakeholders
9. Logistics Geographically
10. Cost of Training
11. Availability of Qualified
Staff
Interview
Interview
FGD
FGD
FGD
FGD/
Interview

30. FGD: Most Applicable When
 Identifying and defining problems in
project implementation
 Pretesting topics
 Evaluation and recommendations
 Interpretation of quantitative findings
 Obtaining perceptions of project
outcomes
 Generating new ideas

31. Rating Scale
This is a recording form used for measuring
individual's attitudes, aspirations and other
psychological and behavioural aspects, and group
behaviour.

34. Questionnaire/ Survey
 An indirect interview where series of
questions are in written form
 Factual data are gathered on large
number, defying geographical
limitations, minimum cost and less
time
 Popular programs to create online
surveys are google forms, survey
monkey and poll everywhere.

35. Types of Survey
 Open-ended
 Difficult to code due to variety of
response
 Close –ended
 May vary from Rating Scale (e.g.,
rate a given statement from 1 to
4 on a scale from “agree” to
“disagree”)
 Category or Percentage of Time

37.  Objectivity
 Easily
administered to
large number of
people
 Inexpensive
 Flexibility of time
 Difficult to analyze
 Collection is a
challenge
 Ambiguous
Advantages Disadvantages

38. Test
 Tests provide a way to
assess subjects’
knowledge and capacity
to apply this knowledge
to new situations
 May take in many forms
(e.g. Performance and
Attitudinal Measures)

39.  Objective information on
what the test taker knows
and can do
 match to a given
curriculum or set of skills
 Easily scored
 Accepted by the public
as a credible indicator of
learning
 Oversimplified and
superficial
 Time consuming
 May be biased
 May be subject to
corruption via coaching
or cheating
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

41. On establishing a culture of research
“ Research has shown that it takes 31 days of
conscious effort to make or break a habit.
That means if one practices something
consistently for 31 days, on the 32nd day it
does become a habit. Information has been
internalized into behavioral change which is
called transformation.
Shiv Khera