1. DATA GATHERING TOOLS AND USES
(QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH)
Flerida S. Pajarillaga
EPS II- HRD
2. By the end of this seminar-workshop, the
participants should be able to:
Know what is data-gathering and its
importance
Select from the list of collecting data tools by
being informed of its benefits and drawbacks
Come-up with an appropriate tool for the topic
research
3. Let’s check what you know
about data gathering tools!
PRIMING ACTIVITY
11. The type of measurement
scale may be determined
with the kind of data-
gathering tool selected
YES
8
12. Data can be defined as the quantitative
or qualitative value of a variable (e.g.
number, images, words, figures, facts
or ideas).
It is a lowest unit of information from
which other measurements & analysis
can be done
What is data-gathering?
13. Translate the research objectives into
specific questions, the responses will
provide the data required to achieve the
research objectives
Provides descriptions of characteristics
of individuals, institutions or other
phenomena under study.
Useful for measuring the various variable
to the study.
Why is data-gathering important?
14. Methods of Collecting
QUALITATIVE Data
Data collection usually involves direct
interaction with individuals on a one-on-one
basis or with individuals in a group setting
Characteristics
time consuming
collected from a smaller sample
more expensive.
Benefits of the qualitative approach is that the
information is richer and has a deeper insight
into the phenomenon under study
18. Observation Schedule
A form on which observations of an
object or a phenomenon are
recorded.
The items to be observed are
determined with reference to the
nature and objectives of the study.
Grouped into appropriate categories and listed in
the order in which the observer would observe
them.
19. Checklist
The simplest of all the devices
The presence or absence of
each item may be indicated by
checking 'yes' or 'no' or
multipoint scale.
The use of a checklist ensures
a more complete
consideration of all aspects of
the object, act or task.
P
20. Overt – subject is
aware
Covert- subject is
unaware
Field notes
Informal approach
Building rapport
What to observe
Use of audio visual
devices
Types of Observation Considerations in
Observation
21.
22.
23. Interview Guide
Usually non-directive and
serves as a suggestive
reference or prompter
during interview.
Aids in focusing
attention on salient
points relating to the study
and in securing comparable
data in different interviews by
the same or different
interviewers.
24. Structured (for
research)
Semi-structured
(flexible but
structured)
Non-directive (free
talk on issues)
Focused(in depth
talk on an issues)
TYPES of INTERVIEW
25. Yield rich, detailed
and new insights
Face-to-face
contact
Easy to Administer
Expensive and
Time-consuming
Recall Error
Prone to
inconsistencies
Huge volume of
data
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
26. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
It is an open discussion
group of about 6-8
participants led by a neutral
facilitator with ready
questions that may or may
not be in sequence
Focus groups combine
elements of both
interviewing and
participant observation
27. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
Focus groups combine elements of both
interviewing and participant observation
The hallmark is the explicit use of the
group interaction to generate data
Allows observation of group dynamics,
discussion, and firsthand insights into
the respondents’ behaviors, attitudes,
language, etc.
28. Interview vs. FGD
1. Group Interaction
2. Group Peer Pressure
3. Sensitivity of the
Subject Matter
4. Depth of Response
5. Data Collector Fatigue
FGD
FGD
Interview
Interview
Interview
29. Interview vs. FGD
6. Extent of Issues covered
7. Continuity of Information
8. Observation of
Stakeholders
9. Logistics Geographically
10. Cost of Training
11. Availability of Qualified
Staff
Interview
Interview
FGD
FGD
FGD
FGD/
Interview
30. FGD: Most Applicable When
Identifying and defining problems in
project implementation
Pretesting topics
Evaluation and recommendations
Interpretation of quantitative findings
Obtaining perceptions of project
outcomes
Generating new ideas
31. Rating Scale
This is a recording form used for measuring
individual's attitudes, aspirations and other
psychological and behavioural aspects, and group
behaviour.
32.
33.
34. Questionnaire/ Survey
An indirect interview where series of
questions are in written form
Factual data are gathered on large
number, defying geographical
limitations, minimum cost and less
time
Popular programs to create online
surveys are google forms, survey
monkey and poll everywhere.
35. Types of Survey
Open-ended
Difficult to code due to variety of
response
Close –ended
May vary from Rating Scale (e.g.,
rate a given statement from 1 to
4 on a scale from “agree” to
“disagree”)
Category or Percentage of Time
36.
37. Objectivity
Easily
administered to
large number of
people
Inexpensive
Flexibility of time
Difficult to analyze
Collection is a
challenge
Ambiguous
Advantages Disadvantages
38. Test
Tests provide a way to
assess subjects’
knowledge and capacity
to apply this knowledge
to new situations
May take in many forms
(e.g. Performance and
Attitudinal Measures)
39. Objective information on
what the test taker knows
and can do
match to a given
curriculum or set of skills
Easily scored
Accepted by the public
as a credible indicator of
learning
Oversimplified and
superficial
Time consuming
May be biased
May be subject to
corruption via coaching
or cheating
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
40.
41. On establishing a culture of research
“ Research has shown that it takes 31 days of
conscious effort to make or break a habit.
That means if one practices something
consistently for 31 days, on the 32nd day it
does become a habit. Information has been
internalized into behavioral change which is
called transformation.
Shiv Khera
Editor's Notes
Schedule – the observation is in sequence
Checklist – it’s a matter of whether it exist or do not exist
To standardize – implies that the condition of administering, procedure of scoring and interpreting is done in a consistent manner or in “Standard”
Responses of participants are usually in huge volume
Making a tally of category of responses
Overt (seen- like performance) and covert behavior (hidden – like attitudes, feelings)
Overt and covert behavior
Scale of measurement – categorical or continuous
Categorical – nominal and ordinal
Continuous – interval and ratio
Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study.
Unit of analysis – decide at what level (individual, family, school or school cluster/district)
Population – group of people with the same characteristics
Sample – a sub-group of pop to make generalization
Descriptive characteristics also called as your demographic data this is important for your ex post facto – after the fact research
Attitudes cannot be measure but by somehow defining it and translating it to scales (nominal, ordinal,
Example:
The main methods for collecting qualitative data are:
Observations
Interviews
Focus groups
Did you know That Action Research is also a means of data collection? Because this leads for a more sophisticated research
In quantitative research, the data are collected and recorded systematically, and these are then organized so that they can be entered into a computer database.
Geared towards numerical collection by means of:
Observation
Interview
Rating Scales
Questionnaire
Test Measurement
Extent of issues covered – Interview can cover great volume while FGD less extensive
Continuity of Information – strings of behavior is less relevant in FGD
Observation of Stakeholders –desirable if stakeholders want to find out
Logistics Geographically – all respondents at one spot
Cost of Training – quick turn-around time in the conduct of research
Availability of Qualified Staff – For FGD, you need somebody who can control groups
While for interview, interviewer should be supportive and skilled
Likert Scale – its better to have even ca
Semantic Differential