Teacher Notes MODULE 6

1. American History
Nationalism and Sectionalism
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1
Changes in manufacturing launch an Industrial Revolution. Slavery and other issues
divide the North and South. Andrew Jackson has popular appeal but uproots many
Native Americans.

2. American History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Nationalism and Sectionalism
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2
Regional Economies
LESSON 1
LESSON 2 The Rise of Nationalism
LESSON 3 The Age of Jackson
LESSON 4 States’ Rights and the National Bank
LESSON 5 The Market Revolution
Can a nation thrive when its regions have differing economic and political priorities?

3. American History
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3
Regional Economies
LESSON 1
The North and the South develop different economic systems that lead to political
differences between the regions.

4. American History
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4
Regional Economies
LESSON 1
Another Revolution Affects America
• Industry moves from households, workshops to factories
• Factory system makes mass production possible
• Changes in manufacturing bring about Industrial Revolution
Great Britain Starts a Revolution
• 18th century, British first generate power from streams, coal
• Develop power-driven machines for mass production, build factories
• Britain has factors of production to industrialize
– land and resources, large labor force, capital, industrialists
The Industrial Revolution in the United States
• After independence, U.S. income primarily from international trade
• Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut down trade, shipping
• Americans begin to invest in building factories
Continued…

5. American History
Lesson 1
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5
Another Revolution Affects America (continued)
New England Industrializes
• 1793, Samuel Slater builds first thread factory in Pawtucket, RI
• 1813, Lowell, Appleton, Jackson mechanize all stages cloth making
• Build weaving factories in Waltham, MA, and Lowell, MA
• By late 1820s, Lowell becomes booming manufacturing center
• Thousands—mostly young women—leave family farms to work in Lowell

6. American History
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Regional Economies
LESSON 1
Two Economic Systems Develop
• Economy in the North develops around manufacturing, South around agriculture
Agriculture in the North
• Farms in North small, grow only what farm family needs
• In Old Northwest, farmers raise 1 or 2 types of crops, livestock
– sell farm products at city markets; buy other items
• Grains do not need much labor or yield great profit; need no slaves
• North, slavery dying out by late 1700s
– most northern states abolish slavery by 1804
Continued…

7. American History
Lesson 1
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Two Economic Systems Develop (continued)
Cotton Is King in the South
• Cotton in high demand because of industrialization of textiles
• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow cotton for profit
• Poor nonslaveholding farmers go west to cultivate cotton
• Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
• Cotton hugely profitable; by 1820s, demand for slaves increases
• Increase in cotton production parallels increase in slave population

8. American History
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Regional Economies
LESSON 1
Clay Proposes the American System
• Madison’s plan to unite country’s regions, create strong economy
– develop transportation systems; make internal improvements
– establish protective tariff
– revive national bank
• House Speaker Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System
– North produces manufactured goods
– South and West produce food, cotton
– national currency, transportation facilitate trade
– all regions sustain the others making U.S. economically independent
Continued…

9. American History
Lesson 1
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Clay Proposes the American System (continued)
Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements
• Railroads not yet in common use; first steam engine built 1825
• Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for themselves
• Federal government funds highways to connect different regions
• 1838, National Road extends from Cumberland, MD, to Vandalia, IL
• Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie, Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes
• Other states build over 3,000 miles of canals by 1837
Continued…

10. American History
Lesson 1
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Clay Proposes the American System (continued)
Tariffs and the National Bank
• Madison proposes Tariff of 1816—tariff on imports
– increases cost of foreign goods
– people more likely to buy American goods
– helps pay for improvements
• Northeast welcomes tariff; South, West resent higher prices
• Clay, Calhoun sway congressmen from South, West to approve
• Most leaders agree national bank, national currency benefit all
• 1816, Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years
A New National Spirit
• Advances in transportation, manufacturing, economy made Americans hopeful
• 1816, James Monroe elected president, begins “Era of good Feelings”
Continued…

11. American History
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The Rise of Nationalism
LESSON 2
Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward
expansion in the early 1800s.

12. American History
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The Rise of Nationalism
LESSON 2
The Supreme Court Boosts National Power
• Gibbons v. Ogden, federal government controls interstate commerce
• Federal government has the power to regulate almost everything that crosses state lines
• Competition favored over monopolies
Strengthening Government Economic Control
• McCulloch v. Maryland, no state can interfere with workings of federal government
– principle of national supremacy
• Marshall Court blocks state interference in business, commerce
– Fletcher v. Peck, voids Georgia law violating right to make contract
– Dartmouth College v. Woodward, state cannot interfere with contracts

13. American History
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The Rise of Nationalism
LESSON 2
Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
• Nationalism—national interests come before region, foreign concerns
Territory and Boundaries
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams makes treaties with Britain
– to reduce Great Lakes fleet,
– to set U.S.-Canada border
– to jointly occupy Oregon Territory
• 1819, Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain cedes Florida to U.S. and gives up claim to Oregon Territory
The Monroe Doctrine
• Spain, Portugal want to reclaim old colonies; Russia has trading posts in CA
• Americans opposed to new colonies in Americas
• 1823, Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in Western Hemisphere
– U.S. will not interfere with Europe, existing colonies
– declaration of intentions to defend American interests

14. American History
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The Rise of Nationalism
LESSON 2
Nationalism Pushes America West
• American settlers push into the Northwest Territory
Expansion to the West
• Most settlers go west for land, economic opportunity
• On frontier social gains possible; Jim Beckwourth is trader, scout, rancher
• When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehood
– 1818, U.S. has grown to 22 states
The Missouri Compromise
• 1819, almost 100, 000 people have settled in Missouri; apply for statehood
– Conflict in Congress over whether Missouri would be a free or slave state
• Missouri Compromise—preserves balance between slave, free states
– Maine admitted into Union as free state, Missouri as slave state
– divides Louisiana Territory at 36 30’ line, slavery legal south of line

15. American History
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The Age of Jackson
LESSON 3
Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for common people but violate Native American
rights.

16. American History
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The Age of Jackson
LESSON 3
Expanding Democracy Changes Politics
• John Quincy Adams proves to be ineffective as president; opposed by Andrew Jackson
Tension Between Adams and Jackson
• 1824, Andrew Jackson wins popular but not electoral vote
– John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s support
• Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a corrupt bargain
• Jacksonians form Democratic-Republican Party, block Adams’s policies
Democracy and Citizenship
• Most states ease voting qualifications; few require property
• 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win presidency

17. American History
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The Age of Jackson
LESSON 3
Jackson’s New Presidential Style
• With expansion of voting rights, candidates have to appeal to ordinary people
Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Citizen
• Jackson claims he is of humble origins, in reality is wealthy
– says Adams is intellectual elitist
• Jackson wins 1828 presidential election by landslide
• Jackson’s election marks shift in politics, anyone can win election; Jacksonian democracy
Jackson’s Spoils System
• Jackson limits appointees to federal jobs to four-year terms
• Uses spoils system—replaces former appointees with own friends
• Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen cabinet”

18. American History
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The Age of Jackson
LESSON 3
Removal of Native Americans
• Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans
• “Five civilized tribes” have already adopted parts of European culture
Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their land
– thinks assimilation cannot work
– too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands
• Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830
– funds treaties that force Native Americans west
– Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly removes others
Continued…

19. American History
Lesson 3
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Removal of Native Americans (continued)
The Cherokee Fight Back in Court
• Worcester v. Georgia—state cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land
• Some Cherokee try to continue court fight, minority favor relocation
– Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation begins
• 1838, 20,000 remain in East; President Martin Van Buren orders removal
The Trail of Tears
• Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-mile trip made mostly on foot
• Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws; thousands die

20. American History
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States’ Rights and the National Bank
LESSON 4
Andrew Jackson confronts two important issues during his presidency—states’ rights
and a national bank.

21. American History
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States’ Rights and the National Bank
LESSON 4
A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue
• To destroy American competitors, British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods
• 1816, Congress passes tariff to protect American industries
• 1824, 1828 tariff increased, results in resurgence of sectionalism
Opposition to the Tariff
• Vice President John C. Calhoun calls 1828 tariff a Tariff of Abominations
• South forced to buy more expensive Northern manufactured goods
– South pays for North’s prosperity; cotton prices low
The Nullification Theory
• Calhoun devises nullification theory
– questions legality of applying federal laws to states
– Constitution based on compact among states
– state can reject law it considers unconstitutional
– states have right to leave Union if nullification denied
Continued…

22. American History
Lesson 4
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A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue (continued)
Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights
• Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights
• Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends Union
• Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns
South Carolina Rebels
• South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede
• 1833, Congress passes Force Bill, can use army, navy against S. Carolina
• Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years

23. American History
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States’ Rights and the National Bank
LESSON 4
Jackson Attacks the National Bank
• Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of the United States (BUS)
Jackson Opposes the Bank
• Henry Clay, Daniel Webster try to make recharter of BUS into campaign issue
• Jackson presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy
Pet Banks
• Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party
• BUS president Nicholas Biddle unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank
• 1836, BUS becomes just another bank, then goes out of buisness
The Whig Party Forms
• People unhappy with Jackson form Whig Party, back American System

24. American History
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States’ Rights and the National Bank
LESSON 4
Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy
• Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election with Jackson’s support
– inherits Jackson’s bank war and money policies
Jackson’s Legacy
• Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold, silver they have
• Government demands specie (gold, silver) to pay for public lands
• Rush to exchange paper money for specie, banks stop taking paper
• Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit system:
– people lose savings, businesses bankrupt
– more than a third of population out of work
• Van Buren tries to solve economic problems, makes problems worse
Continued…

25. American History
Lesson 4
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Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy (continued)
Harrison and Tyler
• Whig William Henry Harrison beats Van Buren in 1840 election
• Harrison enacts Whig program to revitalize economy
• Harrison dies one month later; succeeded by Vice President John Tyler
• Tyler opposes many parts of Whig economic plan

26. American History
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The Market Revolution
LESSON 5
Technological changes create greater interaction and more economic diversity among
the regions of the nation.

27. American History
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The Market Revolution
LESSON 5
U.S. Markets Expand
• Early 1800s farm families self-sufficient; only buy what cannot make
• Mid-century farmers begin specialization—raise 1or 2 cash crops
• Market revolution—people buy and sell goods rather than make them for own use
The Entrepreneurial Spirit
• Capitalism—private control of means of production, used for profit
• Business capital (money, property, machines) fuels growing economy
• Entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries; great loss, profit
New Inventions
• Inventor-entrepreneurs develop new products
• 1839, Charles Goodyear creates vulcanized rubber
• 1846, Elias Howe patents sewing machine; I.M. Singer adds foot treadle
– Factory production of clothing now possible; prices drop by over 75%
Continued…

28. American History
Lesson 5
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U.S. Markets Expand (continued)
Impact on Household Economy
• Farmers begin using mechanized farm equipment; boost industry output
• Technology lowers cost of factory items; workers become consumers

29. American History
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The Market Revolution
LESSON 5
The Economic Revolution
• New inventions make life easier, transform manufacturing, transportation, communication
Impact on Communication
• 1837, Samuel F. B. Morse develops electromagnetic telegraph
– messages tapped in code, carried by copper wire
– by late 1800s, most of world connected by telegraph lines
– businesses, railroads transmit information
• Steam-powered press makes printing faster, cheaper
Impact on Transportation
• 1807, Robert Fulton’s steamboat goes 150 miles up Hudson in 32 hours
• By 1830 steamboats on western rivers cut freight costs, speed travel
• Water transport key for moving heavy machinery, raw materials
• Erie Canal heavily used, lowers cost; dozens of canals follow
• Canals connect Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets
Continued…

30. American History
Lesson 5
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The Economic Revolution (continued)
Emergence of Railroads
• 1840s, shipping by railroad much costlier than by canal
– railroads faster, operate in winter, go inland
• Early train travel uncomfortable for passengers
• By 1850s, railroads expand, cost drops, safety increased

31. American History
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The Market Revolution
LESSON 5
New Markets Link Regions
• Improved transportation, communication make regions interdependent
• By 1838, National Road extends from Cumberland, MD, to Springfield, IL
• Growing links lead to development of regional specialties
Southern Agriculture
• Most of South agricultural; relies on cotton, tobacco, rice
• South lacks capital for factories; money tied up in land, slaves
• By 1840, South is world’s leading producer of cotton; more demand for slaves
• Southern leaders fear that any limits on slavery could devastate the South
Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing
• Canals, railroads turn Northeast into center of American commerce
• New York City central link between U.S. farms and European markets
• Great rise in manufacturing leads to more, better, less expensive goods
• Shipping centers, like Chicago, grow into cities
• Labor demands lead to increase in immigrants
Continued…

32. American History
Lesson 5
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New Markets Link Regions (continued)
Midwest Farming
• John Deere invents steel plow; farmers replace oxen with horses
• Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper; 1 farmer can do work of 5
• Farmers shift from subsistence farming to growing cash crops
• Women work alongside men and win respect, leads to new economic opportunities

33. American History
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