ABSTRACT- The zooplankton diversity was studied in four stations at Madduvalasa reservoir during June 2014 to May
’15 and forty five species were identified. Among eight groups, the diversity of Rotifera comprises of 17 species
(21.37%), Cladocera 8 (16.44%), Copepoda 5 (17.28%), Ostracoda 2 (15.21 %), Protozoa 3 (12.24%), Crustacea 9
(11.26%), Mollusca 1 species (01.60%) respectively along with fish larvae and eggs (04.61%). The monthly and group
wise zooplankton density analysed and found that the number was highest during summer followed by monsoon and
lowest during winter.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Monthly variation, Madduvalasa reservoir, Rotifera, Copepoda
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Metabolism: the word to describe the totality of energy consuming, manipulative and storage chemical reactions by organisms.
Second law of thermodynamics dictates that all processes increase amount of entropy in the universe. Thus, a highly ordered entity like a fish can only exist with a constant input of energy that allows it to remain ordered.
Therefore, initial requirement of fish survival is to obtain sufficient energy to offset this universal randomization process by: maintaining ion gradients and renewing proteins (Chabot et al., 2016). “Respiration is nothing but a slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen, similar in all respects to that of a lamp or a lighted candle, and from this point of view, animals which breathe are really combustible substances burning and consuming themselves” (Lavoisier & Laplace, 1783).
All animals must supply their cells with oxygen and rid their body of carbon dioxide.
The physiological process by which an animal exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment.Most fish have external gills that are ventilated by a unidirectional flow of water, by pumping or swimming.
Fine sieve structure of gills very efficiently extracts O2 from water.
Efficient O2 uptake is vital to fish because of its low water solubility.
Solubility decreases with increased temperature & salinity!
Also, metabolic rate (demand for O2 ) increases as temperature rises.
‘Branchia’ in greek = ‘gills’
In boney fish (Teleosts):
Gills lie in a branchial cavity covered by the operculum:
Usually two sets of four holobranchs.
Each holobranch consists of two hemibranchs (‘half gill’):
Anterior and posterior
Hemibranchs consist of a row of long filaments (primary lamellae) with semilunar folds (secondary lamellae).
Lamellae or filaments:
Connective tissue scaffold (epithelial cells) framing a vascular network providing blood flow primarily used for gas and ion exchange.Fish employ the countercurrent system to extract O2 from the water.
This system moves water flowing across the gills, in an opposite direction to the blood flow creating the maximum efficiency of gas exchange. Blood flow through lamellae is from posterior to anterior
(back to front).
Water flow over lamellae is from anterior to posterior
(front to back).
Counter-current allows for diffusion from high O2 in water to low O2 in blood across entire length of lamella.Gas gland is location of action in wall of swim bladder (rete mirabile “wonderful net” and surrounding tissues)
Need to pry O2 molecules from Hb molecules in gas gland
Need to accumulate enough O2 (>pO2) in solution in blood plasma to generate a diffusion gradient from distal end of rete mirabile into lumen of swim bladder
Change of pH in blood causes change in bond strength of Hb for O2
Bohr effect--decrease in affinity of Hb for O2 due to decreasing pH or increasing pCO2 affinity: strength of attraction of Hb for O2
Root effect--decrease in capacity of Hb for O2 due to decreasing pH or increasing pCO2
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
Ornamental Fishes by Shivani Verma, Rajasthan, Indiashivani verma
I am Fisheries Science student (College of Fisheries, Udaipur, Rajasthan).It's my report of In-plant industrial training programme at "Under the sun aquarium gallery, Udaipur". Ornamental fishes form an important commercial component of aquaculture, providing for aesthetic requirement. Ornamental fishes are such a vast and important industry has a potential to contribute to sustainable development of aquatic resources.India has a great potentials in Ornamental fish production due to the presence of rich biodiversity of species, favourable climatic conditions. Kerela, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal mainly practice ornamental fish farming in India.
Potential fishing zone advisories & ocean state forecasts_Dr Shenoi( The Kera...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Shenoi, S S C, Director, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development provieds information on the potential fishing zone advisories for the benefit of the fishing communities in Kerala
The Spanish verbs are classified into three groups, referred to as conjugations, according to their infinitive ending:
-AR, -ER, -IR
Each of the three conjugations uses different endings to produce verb forms in the various tenses.
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Metabolism: the word to describe the totality of energy consuming, manipulative and storage chemical reactions by organisms.
Second law of thermodynamics dictates that all processes increase amount of entropy in the universe. Thus, a highly ordered entity like a fish can only exist with a constant input of energy that allows it to remain ordered.
Therefore, initial requirement of fish survival is to obtain sufficient energy to offset this universal randomization process by: maintaining ion gradients and renewing proteins (Chabot et al., 2016). “Respiration is nothing but a slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen, similar in all respects to that of a lamp or a lighted candle, and from this point of view, animals which breathe are really combustible substances burning and consuming themselves” (Lavoisier & Laplace, 1783).
All animals must supply their cells with oxygen and rid their body of carbon dioxide.
The physiological process by which an animal exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with its environment.Most fish have external gills that are ventilated by a unidirectional flow of water, by pumping or swimming.
Fine sieve structure of gills very efficiently extracts O2 from water.
Efficient O2 uptake is vital to fish because of its low water solubility.
Solubility decreases with increased temperature & salinity!
Also, metabolic rate (demand for O2 ) increases as temperature rises.
‘Branchia’ in greek = ‘gills’
In boney fish (Teleosts):
Gills lie in a branchial cavity covered by the operculum:
Usually two sets of four holobranchs.
Each holobranch consists of two hemibranchs (‘half gill’):
Anterior and posterior
Hemibranchs consist of a row of long filaments (primary lamellae) with semilunar folds (secondary lamellae).
Lamellae or filaments:
Connective tissue scaffold (epithelial cells) framing a vascular network providing blood flow primarily used for gas and ion exchange.Fish employ the countercurrent system to extract O2 from the water.
This system moves water flowing across the gills, in an opposite direction to the blood flow creating the maximum efficiency of gas exchange. Blood flow through lamellae is from posterior to anterior
(back to front).
Water flow over lamellae is from anterior to posterior
(front to back).
Counter-current allows for diffusion from high O2 in water to low O2 in blood across entire length of lamella.Gas gland is location of action in wall of swim bladder (rete mirabile “wonderful net” and surrounding tissues)
Need to pry O2 molecules from Hb molecules in gas gland
Need to accumulate enough O2 (>pO2) in solution in blood plasma to generate a diffusion gradient from distal end of rete mirabile into lumen of swim bladder
Change of pH in blood causes change in bond strength of Hb for O2
Bohr effect--decrease in affinity of Hb for O2 due to decreasing pH or increasing pCO2 affinity: strength of attraction of Hb for O2
Root effect--decrease in capacity of Hb for O2 due to decreasing pH or increasing pCO2
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
Ornamental Fishes by Shivani Verma, Rajasthan, Indiashivani verma
I am Fisheries Science student (College of Fisheries, Udaipur, Rajasthan).It's my report of In-plant industrial training programme at "Under the sun aquarium gallery, Udaipur". Ornamental fishes form an important commercial component of aquaculture, providing for aesthetic requirement. Ornamental fishes are such a vast and important industry has a potential to contribute to sustainable development of aquatic resources.India has a great potentials in Ornamental fish production due to the presence of rich biodiversity of species, favourable climatic conditions. Kerela, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal mainly practice ornamental fish farming in India.
Potential fishing zone advisories & ocean state forecasts_Dr Shenoi( The Kera...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Shenoi, S S C, Director, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development provieds information on the potential fishing zone advisories for the benefit of the fishing communities in Kerala
The Spanish verbs are classified into three groups, referred to as conjugations, according to their infinitive ending:
-AR, -ER, -IR
Each of the three conjugations uses different endings to produce verb forms in the various tenses.
ABSTRACT- The shape of yam tubers is highly variable within and between varieties. Both genetic and environmental
factors, such as soil structure play significant role in determining tuber shape. This variable nature of yam tubers makes
the development of machines for tuber harvesting difficult. For effective mechanisation of yam harvesting, selection of
cultivars with good tuber shape need to be made. As a preliminary investigation, the variability of the diameter to length
ratios in three variants of the white yam was studied. The three varieties of the Dioscorea rotundata (Amola, Ekpe and
Obiaoturugo), exhibited varying tuber shapes both within and between varieties. The tuber shape repeatability coefficients
for the varieties were found to be 96% for “Amola”, 50% for “Ekpe” and 13.4% for “Obiaoturugo”. Tuber shape in the
white yam is genetic and thus can be maintained from year to year and across locations. It is therefore possible to transfer
the genes for shape between varieties. The development of yam varieties with appropriate tuber shapes which can be
harvested mechanically is possible.
Key-words- White Yam, Dioscorea rotundata, Tuber shape, Variability and Stability
A Study on Zooplankton Diversity of Budge Budge Railway Jhill in Kolkata of W...ijtsrd
Zooplankton acts as main sources of food for many fishes and plays an important role in early detection and monitoring the pollution of water. A number of studies has been carried out on the condition of ecology and freshwater bodies in various parts of West Bengal but in some parts of South 24 Parganas District, the ecological studies of freshwater bodies especially zooplankton studies is very scanty. The present investigation made an attempt to study the zoo planktons species in Budge Budge Railway Jhill. This Railway Jhill is situated beside the south part of Budge Budge Railway station and in front of Bogie Manufacturing factory, Kolkata, West Bengal. The quantitative studies of plankton diversity in Budge Budge Railway Jhill of Kolkata in West Bengal were carried out for the months of January 2021 to June 2022. The lowest zooplankton number 460 ltr. was recorded in the month of June summer and the highest number 680 ltr. in January winter due to different environmental and inflow characteristics of the water body. Zooplankton community of this Jhill in winter comprises of 10 species and in summer comprises of only 6 species belonging to Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda collected from different zones, viz., littoral, pelagic and deepwater. Qualitatively the copepods Cyclopes sp and Cypris sp ware found to dominant species among the zooplankton community in winter and the rotifers Branchionus sp were found to dominant species among the zooplankton community in summer. Mayukhmala Mandal "A Study on Zooplankton Diversity of Budge Budge Railway Jhill in Kolkata of West Bengal, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61312.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/61312/a-study-on-zooplankton-diversity-of-budge-budge-railway-jhill-in-kolkata-of-west-bengal-india/mayukhmala-mandal
Study of Zooplankton Abundance and Species Diversity in Shahjangi Pond of Bha...ijtsrd
The present study was conducted in Shahjangi Pond of Bhagalpur District of Bihar during April 2021 to March 2022. Zooplanktonic abundance and diversity were determined by using standard method. The principal aim of this study was to study more about the swamps overall zooplankton diversity. Water samples were collected using zooplankton net and preserved with formalin aqueous solution of formaldehyde and 5 neutral buffer 10 ml on the spot, then brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Totally 21 species of zooplankton of four different classes were recorded rotifer, cladocera, copepod and ostracoda in which Rotifera was the most dominant class followed by the cladocera, copepoda and ostracoda. From total 21 genera 10 were belongs to Rotifera, 6 from cladocera, 3 from copepoda and 2 from ostracoda. Shannon Weaver index were employed to analysis the species diversity. Priyama Kumari | Dr. Ashok Kumar Thakur "Study of Zooplankton Abundance and Species Diversity in Shahjangi Pond of Bhagalpur, Bihar (India)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49809.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/49809/study-of-zooplankton-abundance-and-species-diversity-in-shahjangi-pond-of-bhagalpur-bihar-india/priyama-kumari
Distribution of zooplankton community in Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) habitats,...AbdullaAlAsif1
Distribution of zooplankton community in Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) habitats, Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 4022-4033. The river ecosystems of Sarawak has been identified as important-spawning ground for economically important Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) fisheries. In these river ecosystems, zooplankton serves as a secondary producer to the different types of fish larvae including Toli shad. The productivity and biomass of zooplankton are important factors to control the production of higher trophic level organisms like fish larvae and fishes in different stages including T. toli larvae. In this viewpoint, the composition and abundance of zooplankton were investigated at 5 (five) sampling stations (considered to be spawning and nursing areas of Toli shad) at Batang Lupar and Batang Sadong estuaries from July 2016 to June 2017. A total of 29 zooplankton taxa were recorded that belong to 14 major groups comprised of Copepoda (Arthropoda), Crustacean nauplii (Arthropoda), Fish larvae (Chordata), Mollusca (Mollusca), Luciferidae (Arthropoda), Cnidaria (Cnidaria), Ostracoda (Arthropoda), Cirripedia (Arthropoda), Polychaete larvae (Annelida), Chaetognatha (Chaetognatha), Appendicularia (Chordata), Amphipoda (Arthropoda), Echinodermata larvae (Echinodermata) and Cladoceran (Arthropoda). Copepod was dominant group of zooplankton (82.40-94.41%) at all stations, contributing 477.37-25921.89 ind/m3 and 88.38% of total abundance. The second highest was crustacean larvae (2.45-9.38%) in all stations, contributing 0-2391.7 ind/m3 and 5.88% of total abundance. Zooplankton abundance was higher at downstream station 1 (8460.72 ind/m³) followed by station 2 (5479.80 indi/m³), station 3 (4571.95 ind/m³), station 4 (4394.20 ind/m³) and upstream station 5 (4156.73 ind/m³). Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the abundance of copepods was highly influenced by total turbidity and nitrate in the riverine and estuarine ecosystems. Abundance of zooplankton was relatively higher (9549.31 ind/m³) during the post-monsoon and lower (3534.56 ind/m³) during the southwest monsoon.
ABSTRACT- Fresh water resources are not unlimited. The high rate of increase of human population of Nepal and the
rapid rate of industrialization have created problems of disposal of waste water products. The domestic wastes, excretory
materials of both human and animals and industrial effluents are discharged into the nearly lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
tanks and even in the catchment area of the above water bodies. The undesirable substances are regularly mixed into the
water of pond through surface run-off that degrades the water quality. Since last several years, there have been added an
array of agricultural pesticides and insecticides, which are further seriously aggravating the problem of pollution both for
public health and aquaculture. The detailed information of water quality and status of affected living organisms of water
bodies are necessary for the implementation of any management plan. The present investigation encompasses on plankton
identifying the ecological quality of Chhapakaiya pond Birgunj, Nepal. Seasonal sampling from all the sampling sites (site
A, B, C, D) in winter, summer and rainy season for period of 12 months (November 2014 – October 2015) at 9:00-11: 00
AM. A total of 27 taxa from different classes of zooplankton were reported. The zooplanktons were reported to be
maximum (774.4 unit/L) during summer and minimum (539.2 unit/L) during the rainy season in Chhapakaiya pond.
Key-words- Zooplankton, Biological productivity, Habitat degradation
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Photosynthetic Pigments Content of Trapa Natans Specie in Skadar LakeIJEAB
Skadar lake is the largest lake in th Balkan Peninsula. The total area is 5500 m². Terretorialy the lake belong to Montenegro and to Albania. Both the sides of lake is a big development of acquatic vegetation, including a large variety of habitats and biological communities. The most important associations are Potameto-Najadetum, Trapetum natantis, Myriophyllo-Nupharetum, Nymphoideum peltata. These associations include lake shore macrophytes Najas, Vallisneria, Potamogeton, floating macrophytes Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans, Numphaea alba. Emersed water macrophytes are developed on both sides of lake predominantly in the eastern part of lake (Kamice Shegan) which go as far as 3 meter deep such Ceratophyllum, Najas marina, Najas minor, Vallisneria.Trapeum natantisi is largely widespread community in the Skadar lake. Waternuts develops wide population and communities in the inner and deeper part of the floating macrophyta zones. Plant samples were collected on the both sides of the lake. For Trapa natans specie is determined the content of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Photosynthetic pigments were extracted with 80% acetone and their concentrations are expressed in mg/g dry absolutely leaf .Their measurement is made in the bands f 663, 645.470, of spectriphotometer. Trapa natans was found in the eastern shore and in western shore of Skadar lake. The highest values of chlorophyll a an b in the species Trapa natans was found in September 2014.
The Diversity and Distribution of Rotifers in Two Selected Biotopes of Kanyak...ijtsrd
Rotifers are the free floating and microscopic animals found in all aquatic ecosystems. It is important for many of the fishes as they are used as the source of food. They are filter feeders that will eat dead materials, algae, and other microscopic living organisms, and are therefore very important components of aquatic food webs. Zooplankton are playing important role in biomonitoring of water pollution and rotifers exhibit complex patterns of diversity and distribution in freshwater because many species are cosmopolitan. The zooplankton community fluctuates according to the physicochemical parameters of the environment, especially rotifer species change with biotic factors. Zooplankton is heterotrophic and plays an important role in the food web by linking primary producers to higher trophic level. Kumaracoil temple tank and Suchindrum temple tanks are selected for present study and they were highly fertile freshwaters of Kanyakumari District. Zooplankton samples were collected by filtering 100 liter of water through a zooplankton net made up of bolting silk 35 µm mesh size. Brachionus falcatus, Brachionus caudatus, Brachionus angularis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus patulus, Brachionus quadridentatus, Brachionus forficula, Keratella tropica, Keratella procurva, Platias quadricornis, Brachionus donneri, Brachionus durgae, Keratella edmondsoni, Keratella lenzi, Platyias eloupi, Pseudoeuchlanis longipedes, Mytilina acanthophora, Macrochaetus longipes, Lepadella biloba, Lepadella dactyliseta, Lepadella eurysterna, Lecane braumi, Lecane eswari, Lecane lateralis, Lecane simonneae, Lecane sola, Lecane Monostyla anthinula, Lecane Monostyla bulla diabolica, Ascomorpha ecaudis, Trichocerca bicristata, Trichocerca iernis, Asplanchnopus bhimavaramensis species were identified. Most of the species identified are new to Kanyakumari District and some are new to Tamil Nadu. A. Sivaselva Rajan. | Renu, A. | Rinaldin Aroma, S. "The Diversity and Distribution of Rotifers in Two Selected Biotopes of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52383.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/52383/the-diversity-and-distribution-of-rotifers-in-two-selected-biotopes-of-kanyakumari-district-tamil-nadu-india/a-sivaselva-rajan
3 ijfaf jul-2017-1-evaluation of the ichthyofaunalAI Publications
Fish constitute more than half of the total number of all the aquatic vertebrates in the world; thus, a study was carried out for six months from January-June, 2016 to investigate the physico-chemical parameters, composition, abundance and diversity of ichthyofauna present in some sections of Omambala, Ezu and Ahommiri Rivers in Anambra state, Nigeria. Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis and fish samples were also collected with the assistance of artisanal fishermen using different types of traditional fishing gears namely - gill nets, cast nets, hook and line, local traps (baited) and bag nets to evaluate fish species composition and abundance. The result of the physico-chemical analysis showed uniform values for temperature (25±0.16oC-30±0.48oC), dissolved oxygen (3.65±0.78-5.65±0.11mg/l) and biochemical oxygen demand (13±0.03-16±0.08mg/l) which favoured the distribution of fishes present in different sections of the three Rivers. A total catch of 11,031 fishes were recorded from the three Rivers which comprised 11 orders, 29 families, 43 genera and 69 species. Umuoba-Anam section had 9691 catches, Ebenebe section (702) and Awa section (638). Monthly composition showed highest in March (1,909) and June (2,294) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Seasonal composition showed highest during the rainy season with a total number of 5922 fishes while 5109 fishes was recorded for the dry season. The diversity indices of the three Rivers indicated diverse communities with ten common species variety and Shannon Weiner (H’) diversity index of 2.755-3.682. Tilapia zilli (22.2%) was the most common and abundant species followed by Clarias anguillaris (21.4%), Malapterus electricus (18.9%), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (15.4%), Xenomystis nigri (14.6%), Heterotis niloticus (13.0%), Auchenoglanis monkei (11.0%), Tilapia dageti (10.2%), Hepsetus odoe (8.1%) and Bagrus filamentosus (7.2%). The study revealed that taxa richness and species diversity increase with increased water level and uniform physico-chemical changes. Further survey of fish species diversity and abundance should be carried out continuously for a longer period on a larger scale for a thorough assessment of the water bodies and their fishery potentials.
A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel stream and Meherdy s...Innspub Net
Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in an ecosystem. The current study was carried out from May 2016 to August 2016 to find out Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric measurements and meristic counts. This study included eight species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda belonging to four orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes) and five Families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae). Cyprinidae was the most dominant family comprised of three species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The family Channidae included two species i.e. Channa punctate and Channa gachua while Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae were represented by only one species each, Acanthocobitis botia, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda respectively. It was concluded that Ompok pabda is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda).
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Diversity of Molluscan communities in Kondakarla Freshwater Lake, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Amaravathi D*, P S Raja Sekhar, Rama Rao K
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.1.5
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
Effect of water parameters on temporal distribution and abundance of zooplank...AbdullaAlAsif1
Seasonal abundance of zooplankton in relation to different physico-chemical conditions of Kaptai lake has been studied. A total of four major groups of zooplankton were identified from study area of Kaptai lake during three seasons observation at pre-monsoon, monsoon and Post-monsoon. These four groups were categorized into rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and others (fish larvae, shrimp larvae, insects, mosquito larvae etc.). The mean abundance of group rotifers, copepods, cladoceras and others were 103, 84.67, 38.33 and 41.83 ind. L-1 respectively. The highest group was rotifers in terms of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 38 % at three season's observation. The lowest group was cladoceras in term of abundance and composition where compositions were recorded 14 %. The air temperature, water temperature, transparency, water pH, DO, BOD5, PO 4-P, NO 2-N, SiO 3-Si, TSS, TDS, Alkalinity ranged between 21 and 27.5C, 23.5 and 31.5C, 0.8 and 3 m, 7.1 and 7.5, 5.72 and 8.58 mg/l, 8.55 and 12.87 mg/l, 3.22 and 4.13 µg/l, 0.992 and 1.19 µg/l, 161.18 and 201.15 µg/l, 0.28 and 0.48 g/l, 0.18 and 0.68 g/l, 40 and 60 ppm, respectively. Margalef richness index (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (λ) are analyzed by Primer V6 software to quantify the collected species. Through same software SIMPER, Cluster analysis also done to compare similarity between season.
Similar to Zooplankton Diversity in Madduvalasa Reservoir, India (20)
Background: Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into the surrounding tissue. Changes to DNA cause cancer. It is one of the most common and largest killer diseases in the world. It usually affects physically, and the disease can alter one’s perspective on life and personality. Many treatment options are there to treat cancer. Among them, chemotherapy treatment may have more side effects like lethargy, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, Fatigue, and insomnia, the most common problems among chemotherapy patients in India. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a sample size of 60, out of which 30 subjects were in the experimental group and 30 were in the control group. A convenient sampling method was used to select the subjects. A structured questionnaire tool was used to collect the data. Result: The result of the study showed that, during pre-test in the study group, among 30 subjects 3(10%) had moderate Fatigue, 22(73.33%) had severe Fatigue, 5(16.67%) had worst Fatigue and 12(40%) had moderate insomnia, 18(60%) had severe insomnia and in control group among 30 subjects, 6(20%) had moderate Fatigue, 13(43.33%) had severe Fatigue, 11(36.67%) had a worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. With post-test, in experimental group, 14(46.67%) had no fatigue, 16(53.33%) had mild fatigue, 14(46.67%) had no insomnia, 16(53.33%) had mild insomnia, and in control group, 6(20%) had moderate fatigue, 13(43.33%) had extreme fatigue, 11(36.67%) had worst fatigue, and 14(46.67%) had moderate insomnia, 16(53.33%) had severe insomnia. Conclusion: The study concluded that clients who were receiving chemotherapy had fatigue and insomnia problems. The Warm water foot bath therapy is very effective in clients undergoing chemotherapy in reducing Fatigue and insomnia. A positive correlation between pre-test and post-test was found by using the Mann-Whitney test.
Key-words: Cancer, Chemotherapy, Foot bath, Health, Warm water
Background: Alcohol has long been a global social and medical issue. According to W.H.O report. Total 3.3 million people die from
alcohol abuse annually. Alcoholic liver disease (A.L.D.) ranges from steatosis to liver cirrhosis. Chronic heavy drinkers get hepatitis
or cirrhosis 15 20% of the time
Methods: This study was c onducted in the general medicine inpatient department at PGIMER & C . in Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
Indi a. All hospitali z ed patients with liver illness who had previously t aken alcohol were screened. Each patient's alcohol
consumption, including native alcoholic beverages, was recorded. To support the diagnosis, all standard and extra examination s
were carri ed out. The modified Kuppuswamy scale was used to determine s s ocioeconomic class.
Results: The study comprised 186 participants with a median age of 46. The gender ratio was 3:1, with 139 (74.7%) men. Urban
populations have a greater prevalence of alcohol ic liver disease (60.75%) than rural populations (39.24%). The l ower
s ocioeconomic c lass (50.53%) has the highest rate of alcoholic liver disease. Men drink more (>700 gm/wk) and married people
drink more. A woman who drinks 140 280 grams per week for 10 1 5 years is more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease than a
man who drinks >700 grams per week for 15 years.
Conclusions: In this study, we conclude d that the prevalence of A .L. about S .E. is of utmost importance in developing
population based st r ategies that effectively educate individuals on the need to modify their drinking habits. This is crucial to
mitigate the occurrence of alcohol consumption and its associated repercussions.
Key-words: Socioeconomic status, Hospitalized Patients, Alcoholic Liver Disease
Background: One of the most common disorders in this age group, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), is the primary cause of most gynaecological problems in adolescents. Unfortunately, epidemiological data on AUB in teenagers is scarce, especially in the Indian subcontinent. The PALM-COEIN classification, where PALM stands for structural reasons and COEIN for functional causes, was employed in this single-center prospective observational study to evaluate the relative contributions of several etiological factors in AUB. To comprehend the etiological, dermographic, and therapeutic factors affecting menorrhagia in patients going through adolescence. Methods: Enrollment for females with AUB between 10 and 19 occurred between January and December 2022. A thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation, which in every case comprised standard testing, hormone analysis, and abdominal and pelvic ultrasonography were used to determine the cause of AUB. MRIs and CT scans were performed when needed. Results: There were 190 patients enrolled in total. Functional factors comprised the predominant aetiology of AUB among adolescent females: Adenomyosis=01 (0.52%), Polyp=1 (0.52%). Coagulopathy=2 (1.05%), Leomyoma=01 (0.52%), Malignancy=1 (0.52%), and PALM=4 (2.11%). COEIN=186 (97.89%), ovulation disorder=175 (92.15%), endometrial=01 (0.52%), iatrogenic=6 (3.15%), non-specified=2 (1.05%), and iatrogenic=6 (3.15%). Conclusion: The most frequent cause of AUB in the adolescent population is ovulatory abnormalities. Even though they are extremely rare, structural factors must be ruled out. A helpful technique for evaluating patients with AUB systematically is the PALM-COEIN classification.
Key-words: PALM-COEIN, Leiomyoma, AUB, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Hormonal therapy
Derived from the bacterium Proteus vulgaris , chondroitin ABC lyase is an enzyme that can be used in treating proteoglycans that
affect neural activity (communication, plasticity). Chondroitinase can be used for vision abnormalities and spinal injuries. The
biological activity of chondroitinase is due to its ability to act on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which are required for
normal functioning. Th is study aim s to examine various types and routes of administration of Chondr oitina se e n zymes. There is an
increasing application of chondro itin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury, vit reous attachment, and the management of
various carcinogenic conditions. Research must be done to create an effective chondroitinase delivery mech anism so that the
pharmacological activity seen in vitro and in preclinical research may be applied in the clinic. More studies are required to widen
the application of chondroitinase in therapeutics. In this review, chondroitinase ABC, B, and C are all di scuss ed. T he routes of
administration like caudal or ros tral, intracerebroventricular, hydrogels, and intrath ecal have been detailed. The current review
article highlights the different medical uses for chondroitinase, drug delivery methods for the enzym e, and chondroitinase
dispersion across bacteria. In conclusion, this study can reduce the chance of edema by the intracerebroventric ular route.
However, it is not effective for people due to the gyrencephalic anatomy of brain
Key-words: Chondroitinase, Chondroitin, Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans, Spinal Injuries, Ocular Abnormalities, Proteoglycans
Background: Maturing is a widespread peculiarity. Advanced age is not in itself a sickness however is an ordinary piece of human existence length. A guardian, like wise called a career, home wellbeing assistant or individual consideration assistant, is the individual answerable for furnishing their clients with day-to-day private consideration and help with exercises. Methods: Exploration approach: unmistakable methodology research plan: graphic study research plan. The setting of the review: provincial areas of Bagalkot region. Information assortment strategy: organized polls test. The example was chosen by an arbitrary inspecting procedure. The analyst arbitrarily chose Shirur town as a provincial setting and was chosen for enrolment of subjects. Results: The information score of guardians was 41.06%, with mean and SD of 12.32±3.925. These discoveries uncover those guardians had normal information for advanced-age medical conditions. The mentality score of guardians was 73.73%, with a mean and SD of 110.6±11.008. These discoveries uncovers that parental figures have concur capable demeanour in regards to the advanced age medical conditions. Conclusion: At last, a critical co-connection between the information and demeanour at 0.001 the discoveries uncovers that there is a moderate positive relationship between the information and disposition of the advanced age medical issues.
Key-words: Assess, Care Giver, Health Problems, Knowledge, Old Age
Background: Adolescent is one of the most rapid phases of human development. Anemia is a deficiency in the number of RBC in your body. RBC carry oxygen around your body using a particular protein called hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin level in adolescent girls 13-15 g/dl. According to WHO, the hemoglobin level 10- 11.9 g/dl is considered mild anemia, 7-9 g/dl is considered moderate, and less than 7 g/dl is called severe anemia. Methods: The present study is pre-experimental among 60 adolescent girls, using a disproportional stratified random technique. One experimental group of clients was selected without randomization and no control group was used. The data was collected by using the structured close-ended knowledge questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics regarding mean, frequency distribution, percentage, paired table t-test and chi-square test. Results: The overall findings reveal that the post-test knowledge mean score 26.24% with SD±5.94, which was 72% of the total score was more when compared to the pre-test knowledge mean score 12.98 with SD 5.94, which was 36.83% of total score. The calculated t-value of 24.91 was much higher than the table t-value 1.96 for the hypothesis. Conclusion: The study provides that VATP on knowledge regarding the preparation and use of moringa juice in managing anemia among adolescent girls was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Adolescent girls, Knowledge, VATP, Effectiveness, Socio-demographic variables.
Background: The research demonstrates that water birth comports and loosens mothers actually and intellectually. The buoyance lessens body weight and permits free development and situating to the mother. Buoyance and warm water upgrade uterine withdrawal and better blood flow, which builds uterine muscles' oxygenation, diminishes the mother's torment and increases maternal oxygenation of the child. Submersion of water assists with decreasing circulatory strain and additionally gives security, which hinders uneasiness or dread. Methods: The current review pre-trial study with 50, 4th-year B.Sc. Nursing is chosen through basic arbitrary methods. One gathering pre-test without control bunch configuration was utilized. Information was gathered through a self-directed, organized, shut, finished information survey. Data was examined by involving distinct and inferential measurements concerning mean rate by conveyance, matched "t" test, and Chi-square test for affiliation. Results: The pre-test reveals that out of 50 BSc 4th-year nursing students, the highest pre-test (62%) of BSc 4th-year nursing students had poor knowledge. Overall, the post-test knowledge score (22.6±4.19), 70.62% of the total score, was more than the pre-test knowledge score (8.76±3.95), 23.3%. The effectiveness of the assisted teaching programme, in this area, the mean knowledge score was 13.84 with SD±0.24, which was 43.25% of the total score. Hence, it indicates that the video-assisted teaching program effectively enhanced the knowledge of BSc 4th-year nursing students. Conclusion: This study concluded that video-assisted teaching programmes on knowledge regarding waterbirth among B.Sc 4th year Nursing students was the scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Fourth year B.Sc. Nursing students, Knowledge, VATP, Water birth
Background: Post-menopausal women experience many physical, emotional, and mental symptoms during the post-menopausal period, and reflexology has grown into a complex therapeutic modality and has a range of effects. Reflexology will help put hormones back into a normal state and act like a process of emotional cleansing, relieving stress and restoring harmony to the body and soul. Hence, foot reflexology seems to be effective in treating post-menopausal symptoms. Methods: In the present study, pre-experimental i.e. one group pretest-posttest design, was adopted. The study was conducted on 30 post-menopausal women to assess their knowledge regarding foot reflexology. Samples were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The mean percentage of the pre-test score was 28%, and the post-test score was 76.65%. The mean and the standard deviation of the pre-test score were 5.60±1.71, and the mean and the standard deviation of the post-test score were 15.33±1.15. The total mean and standard deviation are 9.73±2.07 by comparing the pre-test and post-test scores. Hence, it was found that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of post-menopausal women regarding foot reflexology. No significant association was found between post-test knowledge scores and socio-demographic variables on foot reflexology. Conclusion: The study concluded that a planned teaching program on knowledge regarding foot reflexology for post-menopausal women was a scientific, logical, and cost-effective strategy to reduce post-menopausal symptoms.
Key-words: Effectiveness, Foot reflexology, Post-menopausal women, Planned teaching program, Socio-demographic variables
Background: A 51-year-old woman had left lower abdomen pain for 18 hours with nausea and vomiting. Prior CT scans suggested pelvic neoplasms. Our hospital's emergency CT showed an enlarged uterus with cystic shadows, right adnexal cysts, and stomach fluid. Physical examination revealed left lower abdomen discomfort. A gynaecological examination revealed a painful, firm pelvic mass of 151210 cm. Further diagnosis is underway. Method: The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy, discovering a twisted, swollen left ovary with a 540° rotation, classified as a benign cyst. It was found that the patient had congenital upper vaginal atresia and bilateral initial uteri. Pain was reduced after surgery, thanks to symptomatic treatment. An abnormal karyotype of 46, XX,1qh+ was found during genetic testing. Result: Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina develop from the embryonic accessory mesonephric duct. MRKH syndrome is caused by bilateral accessory mesonephric duct dysplasia and disappearance of the uterus or vagina. MRKH has three types, with Type 1 lacking uterus or vagina. Due to ovarian cyst torsion, this Type 1 MRKH with double initial uterus and upper vaginal atresia needed left adnexa resection. Genetic testing showed a typical female karyotype. MRKH's complex aetiology incorporates chromosomal abnormalities, emphasizing early cytogenetic evaluation for personalized treatment and fertility assistance. Conclusion: Early cytogenetic testing for MRKH syndrome patients is crucial for determining the underlying cause and guiding personalized treatment plans to restore reproductive function and improve quality of life.
Key-words: Double primordial uterus; MRKH syndrome; Upper vaginal atresia; Torsion of left ovarian cyst pedicle
Background: Cell phones have advanced to the degree of becoming a necessary piece of individuals' lives. Cell phones are utilised for correspondence, diversion, efficiency, interpersonal interaction, and gaming. In addition to supplanting the conventional cells, cell phones have likewise supplanted personal computers and numerous other comparative gadgets. Individuals these days feel indistinguishable from their cell phones. In lined with the rising improvement of innovation and excessive utilisation of cell phones, one of the significant issues that scientists have noticed and are chipping away at is cell phone addiction. Methods: It was a graphic study directed among 100 nursing students aged 19-22 in B.V.V.S. Institute of Nursing Sciences Bagalkot. Information was gathered utilising a structured knowledge questionnaire to survey socio-demographic information. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (Alertness Test) was utilised to evaluate the classroom alertness of the nursing students and the Cell phone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was utilised to assess the cell addiction of the nursing students. Results: An association was found between the year of studying and the classroom alertness of students (χ2 =3.9102) p<0.05. There was a significant negative correlation between cell phone addiction and classroom alertness of the nursing students, p<0.05. The r-value obtained was 0.80. Thus, the correlation between the two factors is seen as statistically significant. Conclusion In the wake of acquiring the consequences of the current work the scientist s saw a negati ve relationship between cell
pho ne addiction and the class room alertness of the students.
Key-words: Addiction, Alertness, Cell phone, Classroom, Phone addiction
Background: Chemical changes occur in the epididymis when the testicular sperm grows. When sperm and seminal fluids mix during ejaculation, a substance called semen is formed. The cervical mucus of a fertilized egg screens out the best possible sperm. For infertility, Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) can be necessary. Test sperm that are DNA efficient, normal, and motile using Swim Up. Sperm could be damaged by reactive oxygen species that are produced during centrifugation. All infertility treatments should take these factors into account. Methods: The in vitro fertilization (ICSI) procedure was administered to fifty male patients who were 35 years old or younger and tested positive for normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and oligozoospermia. After obtaining informed consent, a Swim-Up was performed using both the full semen and a washed pellet. With sperm obtained from both methods, six Metaphase-2 stages of oocytes (MII oocytes) were implanted in each patient. A Tri-gas Bench-top incubator was used to put each injected oocyte in its 37°C setting. Results: The study showed that the age differences were insignificant (p=0.722), but significant variations emerged in sperm concentration before processing (p=1.030) and after (p=1.064). Sperm morphology differences were evident before processing (p=0.004) and after (p=0.002). No significant differences were noted in the number of Day 3 cleavage stage embryos. Conclusion: The study concluded that there is no significant difference between the two techniques regarding sperm washing efficiency.
Key-words: Sperm preparation methods, Swim-up, Centrifugation, ICSI, Fertilization, Day 3 Embryo
Background: The third most common musculoskeletal symptom in orthopaedic clinical practice is a sore shoulder, which can cause significant morbidity. It has been reported that 7–27% of the general population has it, and 36–66% of overhead arm athletes have it. Pathophysiology includes functional, degenerative, and mechanical factors. Most shoulder pain is subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), often known as ‘shoulder impingement syndrome’. Impingement hypothesis: shoulder joint structures mechanically clash. SAPS accounts for 36–48% of shoulder discomfort. Methods: This observational study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, among Eastern Indian outpatients. The study included adult patients (ages 18–75) of both sexes who presented to MKCG Medical College and Hospital's OPD with shoulder pain from December 2020 to November 2022 and were diagnosed with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (SIS). Thorough histories and clinical exams were done. The Department of Radiology, MKCG Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, performed conventional shoulder MRIs on the selected participants. Results: Most cases and controls were Type-II (43.3%), followed by Type-I (28.3% and 30%, 29.2% of the total group). The study's least common acromial shape was type-IV, seen in 5% of cases and 10% of controls (7.5% of the sample). Fisher's exact test showed no significant connection between subacromial impingement and acromial shape (p=0.65). With a p-value of 0.045, cases had a significantly greater acromial width (8.12±2.16 mm) than controls (7.51±0.81 mm). Conclusion: Sub-acromial impingement was unrelated to acromion morphology. There was no correlation between acromial morphology and rotator cuff injuries.
Key-words: Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, Acromion Morphology, MRI
Impact of Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an Add-on Treatment for Skin Diseases-Acne, Eczema and Psoriasis
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.5.2
Seasonal Incidence and Varietal Response of Gram against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) at Talwandi Sabo, Punjab
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2020.6.4.3
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
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This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
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Target Audience
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Learning Objectives
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
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mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
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