The presentation is prepared to give a general idea to the reader about zeolite, and its application. Various zeolites and their molecular structure is also discussed. Further, Si/Al, pore geometry, and their effect on the zeolite application are also discussed.
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
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Solventless reaction in green chemistryAfrin Nirfa
Solventless reactions or solid state reactions are one of the principles involved in green chemistry. these reactions are more useful because the toxicity of solvents are reduced, easy to handle, cheaper and makes environment friendly.
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Synthesis of tris (thiourea) copper (i) sulphate by kwezi mwaka juliusMakerere University
its a well described report on SYNTHESIS OF TRIS (THIOUREA) COPPER (I) SULPHATE and this serves to industrial chemistry students doing transition metal chemistry.
Solventless reaction in green chemistryAfrin Nirfa
Solventless reactions or solid state reactions are one of the principles involved in green chemistry. these reactions are more useful because the toxicity of solvents are reduced, easy to handle, cheaper and makes environment friendly.
The following questions answers are as under:-
What is the valence bond theory?
What are the shortcomings of VBT?
What are the merits of the valence bond theory?
Zeolites are eco-friendly alternatives to many products
The largest application of the synthetic zeolites is the production of home laundry detergent powders, then goes the production of catalysts and adsorbents
Natural zeolites which dominate the global market, are consumed in concrete, water treatment and pet litter sectors
North America, Western Europe and Japan zeolites markets are mature and will post moderate growth
The other regions demand will increase more noticeably, especially in Asia Pacific
Zeolites Market Review is a source for detailed information on the market situation.
The Lecture contains descriptive and analytical parts, enriched with tables and figures for national and global markets. Market forecasts for the next five years complete the Lecture.
The following questions answers are as under:-
What is the valence bond theory?
What are the shortcomings of VBT?
What are the merits of the valence bond theory?
Zeolites are eco-friendly alternatives to many products
The largest application of the synthetic zeolites is the production of home laundry detergent powders, then goes the production of catalysts and adsorbents
Natural zeolites which dominate the global market, are consumed in concrete, water treatment and pet litter sectors
North America, Western Europe and Japan zeolites markets are mature and will post moderate growth
The other regions demand will increase more noticeably, especially in Asia Pacific
Zeolites Market Review is a source for detailed information on the market situation.
The Lecture contains descriptive and analytical parts, enriched with tables and figures for national and global markets. Market forecasts for the next five years complete the Lecture.
A comprehensive birds eye view of catalysis in green chemistry. Includes descriptions of photocatalysis,zeolites and nanoparticles as efficient green catalysts.A simple and crisp presentation with minimum words and alot of figures and colors.
Preparation of zeolites by different bases with 1.5 of initial ratio Si/Al: t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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The importance of porous materials with very small crystal diameter is immensely increased because of their large range of applications in our daily life. Mordenite falls in the category which is a microporous, synthetic zeolite with an ideal unit cell composition of Na8. (AlO2)8. (SiO2)40. nH2O or Na8Al8Si40O96.nH2O and a lot of work is going on its synthesis according to its application.
But we have mainly focused on Mordenite synthesis in nanosize without adding seed and incorporating its effect on Mordenite morphology by comparing with standard Mordenite.
Synthesis of Mordenite nanocrystals was mainly divided into three steps. The first step covered the procedure for preparation of gel without adding seed. The gel is then converted into raw Mordenite under hydrothermal conditions in the second step. Finally, in third step raw Mordenite product is recovered into pure Mordenite crystals by applying washing with distilled water and drying techniques. The effect of sans adding seed and distilled water in the sample is then studied with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Vast range of laboratorial and industrial applications of Mordenite are summarized into three major uses. These includes the use of Mordenite as a catalyst, as an adsorbent and as an ion exchanging sieve. Other uses of Mordenite are also discussed.
A silicate is an anions consisting of silicon and oxygen.
Silicates occur in earth’s crust in abundantly in the form of silicate minerals and aluminosilicate clay.
Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures,including chains and rings.double chains and sheets.
Silicates are extremely important materials, both natural and artificial, for all sorts of technological and artistic activities.
Our journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the journal publishes research papers in the fields of science and technology such as Astronomy and astrophysics, Mathematics, Mechanics, Statistics, Health Care & Public Health, Nutrition.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Zeolite and its application.pptx
1. Z E O L I T E : A C ATA LY T I C
I N S I G H T
D R . D E B A S H I S P A N D A
1
2. • Zeolite consists of tectosilicate framework (TO4) formed by oxygen-sharing T (Si or Al)
atoms, each T atom linked to four oxygen making tetrahedra.
• These tetrahedra are linked to form rings containing equal number of oxygen and
silicon atoms. The rings share common oxygen (or silicon) forming different
polyhedra.
• The polyhedra then forming the three -dimensional network structure giving rise to
pores. Counter ions (cations) are present in order to compensate negative for
negative framework charge created by Al substitution.
Common formula: Mn
x/nSi1-x AlxO2.yH2O (M= Na+, Ca2+)
• Various type zeolite structure: Natural, and synthetic (LTA, FAU, ZSM, Erionite)
A B O U T S T R U C T U R E
Zeolite Pore type Ring
4A Small, 0.4 nm 8
ZSM-5 Medium, (0.54 X0.56) nm 10
X,Y, beta Large, (0.74 nm) 12
SAPO-8 Extra-large (0.87 nm) 14
2
3. • A major application of the zeolites in catalysis is in acid catalyzed reactions such as
alkylation, acylation, electrophilic aromatic substitution, cyclization, isomerization and
condensation the framework.
• Zeolite A commonly used for Laundry detergent (water softening), X,Y are used for
catalytic cracking, and ZXM-5 for petroleum cracking.
• Zeolite can hold water up to 60% of its weight due to high porosity of the crystalline
structure. Water can be desorb and readsorb easily without affecting crystal structure.
• Zeolite is often called molecular sieve due to ability to selectively short molecules, so
mostly used for separation application. Zeolite also used cation exchange application
to adsorb heavy metals from wastewater.
• The adsorption on zeolites dependent on the following physical molecular properties:
• Size and Shape: molecules or ions larger than the pore opening of the zeolite can not
be adsorbed, smaller molecules or ions can.
• Molecular Polarity: due the charge on outer and inner zeolitic surface particle,
molecules with large polarity or polarisability can be adsorbed preferentially under
identical conditions (e,g, removal of CO2, H2S from natural gas)
A P P L I C A T I O N S
3
4. • Beta structured zeolites are widely used for automotive emission control, industrial
off-gas purification, and reduction of VOC, NOx and N2O.
• As process catalysts, they are ideal for fuel upgrading, production of petrochemical
intermediates, and processing chemicals.
• Examples: Beta structure type are CZB 25 (BEA 25), CZB 30 (BEA 30), and CZB 150
(BEA 150).
• Structurally zeolite Beta has 3-dimensional pore structure, 12 rings and an opening of
0.7 nm.
• Application: Dealuminated beta zeolites were found to be effective bifunctional
catalysts for the conversion of glucose into HMF; Lewis acid sites in the beta zeolites
promoted the isomerization of glucose, which is the rate-determining step, through a
hydride transfer mechanism and Brønsted acid sites promptly promoted the
dehydration of fructose to HMF.
Z E O L I T E B E T A
Catalysis today, 2018, 304, 97-102
Zeolite Beta
4
5. • Zeolite Y is a faujasite molecular sieve with 0.74 nm diameter pores and a three-
dimensional pore structure.
• The primary application for Y zeolites has been in catalytic cracking of petroleum into
gasoline range hydrocarbons. Among the zeolites used in industrial scale, zeolite Y or
faujasite including ultra-stable Y zeolite (USY) is the most widely employed materials.
It is the main component of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst at a volume above
100,000 tons/yr like refining processing in petrochemical industries.
• Zeolite Y can be directly synthesized with Si/Al ratios above 3, catalytically relevant
materials with high Si/Al ratios must be prepared by post-synthetic removal of the
framework aluminum. Furthermore, heating NH4Y in dry vs. wet air brings about
different dealumination effects and structural characteristics.
• Ultrastable Y (USY) zeolite is an effective catalyst used for catalytic cracking in
petroleum refining. This catalyst is prepared from ammonium Y zeolite by steaming at
high temperatures above 773 K. From this process, aluminum cations are dislodged
from the framework of the Y zeolite. Through this process, as the actual catalytic
cracking occurs, the structure of the Y zeolite is simultaneously stabilized
Z E O L I T E Y
Catal. Sci. Technol., 2015, 5, 4001-4007
Zeolite Y
5
6. • NH4
+-exchanged zeolites are typically prepared in the synthesis of zeolites as
intermediate step to transform the Na+-form obtained during hydrothermal synthesis
in basic conditions to the final H+-form obtained by calcination of the NH4
+-exchanged
zeolite.
• The NH4+ form was obtained after treatment with an NH4NO3/NH4OH aqueous solution
(pH = 10.5) to ion exchange Na+ with NH4
+. The H+-zeolites were obtained by
calcination in air (ramp 2 °C/min to 500 °C, hold the isotherm for 5 h and then cooled
down to room temperature)
• Ammonium form are very usual because, to transform a Na-zeolite in a H-zeolite, one
usually proceeds by ion exchange of Na+ by NH4+ (and not by directly H+, which
would imply exposing the zeolite to too acidic solution) followed by calcination
(formation of the H form and release of NH3).
H + A N D N H 4
+ Z E O L I T E S
Catalysis today, 2018, 304, 97-102
Zeolite NH4
+Zeolite H+ Zeolite
heat
H+ Zeolite
6
7. • Zeolite dealumination and desilication are common postsynthesis methods, which
improve accessibility of the active sites located inside the zeolite crystallites and tune
the zeolite acidity.
• Dealumination is a well-known post-synthesis method of removing aluminum from
zeolite structure with the use of chemical agents or by hydrothermal treatment. The
goal of dealumination is to modify the Si/Al ratio in the zeolite framework and zeolite
acidity.
• The “desilication” method, which preferentially extracts silicon atoms from the zeolite
framework, has been efficient for introducing additional mesopores, in particular, into
high silica zeolites such as ZSM-5, Beta and mordenite. Post-synthesis chemical
modification of zeolite crystals carried out by steam treatment or treatment with acid
or basic agents.
• Dealumination and desilication could be used as complementary methods to control
zeolite acidity, to create porosity and to improve the transport properties.
• Desilication leads to more mesopore formation, voids between and in the irregular
zeolite crystallites, whereas dealumination leads to pore blockage.
D E - A L U M I N A T I O N A N D D E - S I L I C A T I O N O F Z E O L I T E
J. CO2. Util. 2020, 40, 101223, Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 2019, 286, 57-64
Pristine
7
Desilicated