This document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial effects of extracts from Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus) against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Three treatments with varying concentrations of Spiral Ginger extract (100%, 75%, and 50%) were tested, along with positive and negative controls. Zones of inhibition were measured after incubating the bacteria and treatments to determine which treatment was most effective against S. aureus. The study aimed to evaluate the potential of Spiral Ginger extracts as an antibacterial agent and contribute to research on this traditionally used medicinal plant.
Historical Introduction to Microbiology by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document provides a history of medical microbiology from its early discovery era to the modern era. It discusses key figures like Van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under microscope, Spallanzani who disproved spontaneous generation through experiments, and Pasteur who conclusively disproved spontaneous generation and developed techniques like pasteurization and sterilization. It also summarizes contributions of other important scientists like Lister who pioneered antiseptic surgery, Koch who proposed criteria to prove causative agents of disease, Ehrlich who developed chemotherapeutic agents, and Fleming who discovered penicillin.
Propolis - The Natural Antibiotic against MRSA, Candida, and MoreBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is made from the resins of trees and other plants, gathered by honey bees and instinctively chosen for the active components contained within. They then modify it by adding enzymes and beeswax for use within the hive. Extensive research worldwide has found that these rich components of flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamins provide antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties.
This document discusses microorganisms and their role in health and illness. It describes how microorganisms can cause infectious diseases through bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Examples are given of harmful diseases caused by cholera bacteria, typhoid fever bacteria, tuberculosis bacteria, and ringworm fungi. The document also notes that the human body contains many beneficial microorganisms as part of its normal microbiome in places like the skin, nose, stomach, and intestines that protect against harmful microorganisms and support health. Beneficial fungi like Penicillium are also mentioned.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Microorganisms are very small organisms that cannot be seen without magnification. There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Microorganisms can be beneficial by decomposing waste, fixing nitrogen in soil, and aiding in production of foods like cheese and bread, but some can also cause diseases in plants and humans or spoil materials.
Microorganisms are unicellular or multicellular organisms that are microscopic. They were the earliest form of life on Earth and exist in nearly every habitat. Microorganisms can be beneficial, for example in food production, or harmful, as pathogens that cause disease. While some microbes like bacteria and fungi have been used for millennia to make foods, others like Streptococcus and Salmonella can cause illnesses. Important discoveries like antibiotics and their producers such as penicillin have allowed humans to combat harmful microbial infections.
Historical Introduction to Microbiology by Dr. Rakesh Prasad SahDr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document provides a history of medical microbiology from its early discovery era to the modern era. It discusses key figures like Van Leeuwenhoek who first observed microbes under microscope, Spallanzani who disproved spontaneous generation through experiments, and Pasteur who conclusively disproved spontaneous generation and developed techniques like pasteurization and sterilization. It also summarizes contributions of other important scientists like Lister who pioneered antiseptic surgery, Koch who proposed criteria to prove causative agents of disease, Ehrlich who developed chemotherapeutic agents, and Fleming who discovered penicillin.
Propolis - The Natural Antibiotic against MRSA, Candida, and MoreBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is made from the resins of trees and other plants, gathered by honey bees and instinctively chosen for the active components contained within. They then modify it by adding enzymes and beeswax for use within the hive. Extensive research worldwide has found that these rich components of flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamins provide antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties.
This document discusses microorganisms and their role in health and illness. It describes how microorganisms can cause infectious diseases through bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Examples are given of harmful diseases caused by cholera bacteria, typhoid fever bacteria, tuberculosis bacteria, and ringworm fungi. The document also notes that the human body contains many beneficial microorganisms as part of its normal microbiome in places like the skin, nose, stomach, and intestines that protect against harmful microorganisms and support health. Beneficial fungi like Penicillium are also mentioned.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Microorganisms are very small organisms that cannot be seen without magnification. There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Microorganisms can be beneficial by decomposing waste, fixing nitrogen in soil, and aiding in production of foods like cheese and bread, but some can also cause diseases in plants and humans or spoil materials.
Microorganisms are unicellular or multicellular organisms that are microscopic. They were the earliest form of life on Earth and exist in nearly every habitat. Microorganisms can be beneficial, for example in food production, or harmful, as pathogens that cause disease. While some microbes like bacteria and fungi have been used for millennia to make foods, others like Streptococcus and Salmonella can cause illnesses. Important discoveries like antibiotics and their producers such as penicillin have allowed humans to combat harmful microbial infections.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Orchis latifolia, an orchid plant used in traditional Indian medicine, against multidrug-resistant bacteria and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The methanolic extract of O. latifolia was partitioned into different fractions and tested for antimicrobial activity. The n-hexane fraction showed the highest activity against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum inhibition of C. albicans. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the active fractions, suggesting these compounds may contribute to the antimicrobial effects. Thin layer chromatography identified several constituents in the n
The document discusses microorganisms and their uses. It describes that microorganisms can be prokaryotic (bacteria) or eukaryotic (fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses) and can be either unicellular or multicellular. It provides examples of microorganisms and how they are used in food preparation, as sources of food, in industries like producing alcohol/vinegar, in agriculture, and to produce antibiotics, vaccines, and for environmental/sewage treatment. It also discusses microorganisms that can cause disease in humans, animals and plants. Finally, it summarizes common methods used to preserve food including drying, boiling, refrigeration/freezing, pasteur
Infection control in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses microorganisms and whether they are friendly or enemies. It defines microorganisms and describes different types including bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. It explains that some microorganisms like lactobacillus and yeast are friendly and used to make foods like bread, curd and cheese, while others are pathogens that can cause diseases in humans and plants. The document also covers how microorganisms can be harmful if they spoil food and discusses methods of food preservation to protect against microbes.
This document discusses the importance and relevance of microbiology to nursing. It explains that nurses must understand microbiology to control infections in hospitals and know which microorganisms are harmful or harmless to humans. Microbiology knowledge helps nurses with drug production, diagnosis, sterilization, and maintaining cleanliness. The document also provides brief historical perspectives on Koch's phenomenon and Koch's postulates, which were methods for identifying disease-causing pathogens established by Robert Koch.
Shraddha Patel1*, Varsha Aglawe2, Sushma Jaget1, Parnavi Arya1, Megha Tiwari1
1Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College,
Affiliated to R.D.V.V. Jabalpur, India
2Asst. Prof, Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College, Affiliated to R.D.V.V.
Jabalpur, India
ABSTRACT- Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to
these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the
health authorities. The inter-human, man- animal and man- environment relationship constitute the prime factors that
explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible
for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main
environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in
specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria,
Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for
Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated.
Key-words- Ubiquitous, Susceptibilities, Nosocomial infection, Surveillance
This document discusses microorganisms and their characteristics. It defines microorganisms as living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. It classifies common diseases caused by different microorganisms and describes how microorganisms can be beneficial, for example in food production, or harmful as pathogens that cause illness in humans, animals and plants. It also explains how diseases are transmitted and the role of antibodies in the human immune response.
Study of alterations of bacterial membrane proteins involved in β lactam sens...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on alterations in bacterial membrane proteins involved in β-lactam antibiotic sensitivity in Bacillus subtilis. Key findings include:
1) Ceftriaxone was more effective than cefazolin against Bacillus subtilis, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.5 ppm and 18 ppm respectively.
2) Sensitivity to β-lactams was higher under acidic conditions versus alkaline conditions.
3) Growth was enhanced in the presence of the chelating agent EDTA along with β-lactam antibiotics, suggesting membrane proteins play a role in antibiotic sensitivity.
Class VIII Science: Chapter 2: Microorganisms; Friend and FoeAngel Alina Varghese
Class 8th NCERT science book's Chapter 2, titled "Microorganisms; Friend and Foe" deals with microorganisms. Major groups of microorganisms, friendly and harmful microorganisms and their uses in our daily life.
This document discusses microorganisms and decay. It notes that microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa are found in soil, air, water, on skin, and inside our bodies. They help break down organic matter through decay. The document asks questions about how microorganisms cause decay and how temperature affects decay rates. It also discusses how microorganisms can be either harmless or harmful if they produce toxins, damage cells, or cause infectious diseases. Finally, it asks how the spread of diseases caused by microorganisms can be prevented.
There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Microorganisms can be beneficial or harmful. They are beneficial in food production like cheese and wine, producing medicines like antibiotics, and increasing soil fertility. However, some microorganisms cause diseases in humans and can be transmitted through carriers like mosquitoes. Food is also spoiled by microorganisms and can be preserved through methods like heating, cooling, drying, salting, sugaring, and packaging.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
7 bio265 infections instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
This document discusses key concepts related to infections and infectious diseases. It defines important terminology like pathogens, reservoirs, transmission, and more. The main topics covered include the normal human microbiota and how opportunistic infections can occur, different types of disease transmission through contact, vehicles like food/water, and vectors. Virulence factors that allow pathogens to cause disease are also defined.
Dr. Cyril Gay - Alternatives to AntibioticsJohn Blue
Alternatives to Antibiotics - Dr. Cyril Gay, Senior National Program Manager, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
This document discusses microorganisms and disease. It states that some microorganisms are pathogens that can cause diseases in humans, plants, and animals. Pathogens enter the body through air, water, food, or direct contact and can be transmitted by infected people or carriers like insects and animals. Examples of diseases caused by pathogens include cholera, the common cold, chickenpox, tuberculosis, and malaria. The document also provides information on plant diseases caused by microorganisms and food poisoning caused by toxic microbes spoiling food.
In the presentation I have shown the various ways the microbes help us in our day to day life. There are different types of microbes in and around us who help us in ways we even don't know about. Please comment if any improvement needed.
this is the full explanation of class 8 NCERT sci micoorganism chapter of biology section if you have any queries you can leave a comment i will completely try to reply. hope you like it. & understand it clearly .there are some activities you can try which can make your concept more clear;)
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Bacteria and viruses can cause illnesses like colds, flu, and serious diseases. Microorganisms live in diverse environments and can be beneficial by helping with food production, soil fertility, and medicine production. However, some microbes are pathogens that cause diseases in humans and animals.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 14 No. 2Wagner College
The Spring 2016 issue contains papers by Joseph V. Agro, Kendra Best, Katie Murphy, Jessica Catanzaro, Nicole Bianco, Sandra G. Minchala, Karina Cusumano, Avika Sagwal, Alyssa Thompson and Juliana R. Ohanian.
Nowadays, there is a demand for novel
drugs to prevent these infections and the emergence
from mutation of microorganisms. Given the rising
incidence of resistance to synthetic antibiotics and in
light of the rising costs of medicines it is well-timed
to search for natural products such as plant derived
antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance of
microorganisms. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius),
in addition to synthetic alternatives, has the potential
of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial properties of
established. For that reason, the research proponents
of this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties
of pandan with the end view of providing low cost
of medications and the prevention of resistance. This research analyzed the in vitro activity of pandan
leaves crude extract against bacterial isolates such as
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853.
About 1 kilogram of freshly collected pandan leaves
was subjected to water distillation and the filtrate
was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude
extract was then used for the phytochemical analysis.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pandan
against the said microorganisms were examined. This
study also determined the stability of pandan as to pH
and temperature.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Orchis latifolia, an orchid plant used in traditional Indian medicine, against multidrug-resistant bacteria and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The methanolic extract of O. latifolia was partitioned into different fractions and tested for antimicrobial activity. The n-hexane fraction showed the highest activity against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum inhibition of C. albicans. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the active fractions, suggesting these compounds may contribute to the antimicrobial effects. Thin layer chromatography identified several constituents in the n
The document discusses microorganisms and their uses. It describes that microorganisms can be prokaryotic (bacteria) or eukaryotic (fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses) and can be either unicellular or multicellular. It provides examples of microorganisms and how they are used in food preparation, as sources of food, in industries like producing alcohol/vinegar, in agriculture, and to produce antibiotics, vaccines, and for environmental/sewage treatment. It also discusses microorganisms that can cause disease in humans, animals and plants. Finally, it summarizes common methods used to preserve food including drying, boiling, refrigeration/freezing, pasteur
Infection control in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses microorganisms and whether they are friendly or enemies. It defines microorganisms and describes different types including bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. It explains that some microorganisms like lactobacillus and yeast are friendly and used to make foods like bread, curd and cheese, while others are pathogens that can cause diseases in humans and plants. The document also covers how microorganisms can be harmful if they spoil food and discusses methods of food preservation to protect against microbes.
This document discusses the importance and relevance of microbiology to nursing. It explains that nurses must understand microbiology to control infections in hospitals and know which microorganisms are harmful or harmless to humans. Microbiology knowledge helps nurses with drug production, diagnosis, sterilization, and maintaining cleanliness. The document also provides brief historical perspectives on Koch's phenomenon and Koch's postulates, which were methods for identifying disease-causing pathogens established by Robert Koch.
Shraddha Patel1*, Varsha Aglawe2, Sushma Jaget1, Parnavi Arya1, Megha Tiwari1
1Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College,
Affiliated to R.D.V.V. Jabalpur, India
2Asst. Prof, Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College, Affiliated to R.D.V.V.
Jabalpur, India
ABSTRACT- Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to
these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the
health authorities. The inter-human, man- animal and man- environment relationship constitute the prime factors that
explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible
for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main
environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in
specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria,
Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for
Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated.
Key-words- Ubiquitous, Susceptibilities, Nosocomial infection, Surveillance
This document discusses microorganisms and their characteristics. It defines microorganisms as living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. It classifies common diseases caused by different microorganisms and describes how microorganisms can be beneficial, for example in food production, or harmful as pathogens that cause illness in humans, animals and plants. It also explains how diseases are transmitted and the role of antibodies in the human immune response.
Study of alterations of bacterial membrane proteins involved in β lactam sens...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study on alterations in bacterial membrane proteins involved in β-lactam antibiotic sensitivity in Bacillus subtilis. Key findings include:
1) Ceftriaxone was more effective than cefazolin against Bacillus subtilis, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.5 ppm and 18 ppm respectively.
2) Sensitivity to β-lactams was higher under acidic conditions versus alkaline conditions.
3) Growth was enhanced in the presence of the chelating agent EDTA along with β-lactam antibiotics, suggesting membrane proteins play a role in antibiotic sensitivity.
Class VIII Science: Chapter 2: Microorganisms; Friend and FoeAngel Alina Varghese
Class 8th NCERT science book's Chapter 2, titled "Microorganisms; Friend and Foe" deals with microorganisms. Major groups of microorganisms, friendly and harmful microorganisms and their uses in our daily life.
This document discusses microorganisms and decay. It notes that microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa are found in soil, air, water, on skin, and inside our bodies. They help break down organic matter through decay. The document asks questions about how microorganisms cause decay and how temperature affects decay rates. It also discusses how microorganisms can be either harmless or harmful if they produce toxins, damage cells, or cause infectious diseases. Finally, it asks how the spread of diseases caused by microorganisms can be prevented.
There are four main types of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Microorganisms can be beneficial or harmful. They are beneficial in food production like cheese and wine, producing medicines like antibiotics, and increasing soil fertility. However, some microorganisms cause diseases in humans and can be transmitted through carriers like mosquitoes. Food is also spoiled by microorganisms and can be preserved through methods like heating, cooling, drying, salting, sugaring, and packaging.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
7 bio265 infections instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
This document discusses key concepts related to infections and infectious diseases. It defines important terminology like pathogens, reservoirs, transmission, and more. The main topics covered include the normal human microbiota and how opportunistic infections can occur, different types of disease transmission through contact, vehicles like food/water, and vectors. Virulence factors that allow pathogens to cause disease are also defined.
Dr. Cyril Gay - Alternatives to AntibioticsJohn Blue
Alternatives to Antibiotics - Dr. Cyril Gay, Senior National Program Manager, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
This document discusses microorganisms and disease. It states that some microorganisms are pathogens that can cause diseases in humans, plants, and animals. Pathogens enter the body through air, water, food, or direct contact and can be transmitted by infected people or carriers like insects and animals. Examples of diseases caused by pathogens include cholera, the common cold, chickenpox, tuberculosis, and malaria. The document also provides information on plant diseases caused by microorganisms and food poisoning caused by toxic microbes spoiling food.
In the presentation I have shown the various ways the microbes help us in our day to day life. There are different types of microbes in and around us who help us in ways we even don't know about. Please comment if any improvement needed.
this is the full explanation of class 8 NCERT sci micoorganism chapter of biology section if you have any queries you can leave a comment i will completely try to reply. hope you like it. & understand it clearly .there are some activities you can try which can make your concept more clear;)
Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistanceBhoj Raj Singh
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have long been believed to fuel antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but new research shows that simply lowering consumption is not enough. Poor sanitation, corruption and low public health spending have a bigger role in pushing up drug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries, including India.
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Bacteria and viruses can cause illnesses like colds, flu, and serious diseases. Microorganisms live in diverse environments and can be beneficial by helping with food production, soil fertility, and medicine production. However, some microbes are pathogens that cause diseases in humans and animals.
Protective Effect of Egyptian Propolis Against Rabbit PasteurellosisBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is known for its protective effects on humans and animals, including improving respiratory conditions. It's also documented to be a very complementary adjuvant with other treatment modalities.
Pasteurella multocida is a well known cause of morbidity and mortality in rabbits. The predominant syndrome is upper respiratory disease or "snuffles." P. multocida is often endemic in rabbit colonies and the acquisition of infection in young rabbits is correlated to the prevalence in adult rabbits.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 14 No. 2Wagner College
The Spring 2016 issue contains papers by Joseph V. Agro, Kendra Best, Katie Murphy, Jessica Catanzaro, Nicole Bianco, Sandra G. Minchala, Karina Cusumano, Avika Sagwal, Alyssa Thompson and Juliana R. Ohanian.
Nowadays, there is a demand for novel
drugs to prevent these infections and the emergence
from mutation of microorganisms. Given the rising
incidence of resistance to synthetic antibiotics and in
light of the rising costs of medicines it is well-timed
to search for natural products such as plant derived
antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance of
microorganisms. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius),
in addition to synthetic alternatives, has the potential
of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial properties of
established. For that reason, the research proponents
of this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties
of pandan with the end view of providing low cost
of medications and the prevention of resistance. This research analyzed the in vitro activity of pandan
leaves crude extract against bacterial isolates such as
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853.
About 1 kilogram of freshly collected pandan leaves
was subjected to water distillation and the filtrate
was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude
extract was then used for the phytochemical analysis.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pandan
against the said microorganisms were examined. This
study also determined the stability of pandan as to pH
and temperature.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether culturing E. coli with Streptococcus salivarius or Staphylococcus epidermidis increased the rate of antibiotic resistance in E. coli compared to culturing E. coli alone. Over multiple generations, resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, and erythromycin increased for both the mixed cultures and E. coli alone. However, statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the rate of increased resistance between the mixed cultures and E. coli alone, contradicting the initial hypothesis.
Biological monitoring methods are the only way to ensure sterilization has occurred, as they test whether microbial life has been killed. These methods are recommended by leading health organizations. Biological monitoring involves exposing bacterial spores to sterilization and checking if they multiply afterwards. If sterilization was effective, exposed spores will not multiply unlike unexposed control spores. Biological testing should be done regularly according to guidelines to ensure sterilization equipment is working properly.
This document discusses the human microbiome and alternatives to antibiotics. It begins by describing the normal human microbiota and how probiotics can benefit health by maintaining microbial balance. It then discusses how overuse of antibiotics can disrupt this balance and lead to increased antibiotic resistance. The document explores some alternatives to antibiotics for treating infections, including probiotics like Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces boulardii, naturally occurring antimicrobials from plants like garlic and cranberry, and medicinal fungi and essential oils. It provides examples of how these alternatives have shown effectiveness against problematic infections. In summary, the document outlines the importance of the human microbiome and explores non-antibiotic approaches to treatment of infections.
This document provides information about the aesthetic and scientific value of insects. It discusses how butterflies are often seen as beautiful symbols of freedom and peace in art. It then provides taxonomic classifications and descriptions of various butterfly species. The document also discusses silk production from silkworms and how silk is used medically. It notes several scientific uses of insects, honey, and other substances produced by insects, including for wound treatment, sleep aid, and pain relief. Insects like maggots, beetles, and ants are discussed for their potential medical applications. The document closes by describing how some insect species can serve as bioindicators of environmental health.
LINDA TORKUMA POWER POINT SEMINAR PRESENTATIONamee terdue
This seminar presentation summarizes Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli as food pathogens. It introduces S. aureus and E. coli, their characteristics, modes of transmission, occurrence in food, disease symptoms, foods involved in poisoning, and resistance to processing methods. The objectives are to review S. aureus and E. coli, the types of foods associated with each, their transmission and occurrence in food and diseases, growth and survival characteristics, and resistance to processing. The concluding remarks emphasize that S. aureus and E. coli food poisoning are major public health concerns, and that further research is needed to better understand and control these pathogens in food.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
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Mushroom is a type of fungus that can be found in forests and grows in winters and rainy seasons. Pleurotus ostreatus is a wild mushroom commonly found growing on dead wood in moist, shady forests. It is one of the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide and has high nutritional value. The objectives of the current study are to culture the mycelium and fruiting body of P. ostreatus and check its antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella oxytoca using the agar disk diffusion assay method. Previous studies have shown that extracts from the mycelium and fruiting bodies of P. ostreatus produced using various solvents exhibit antibacterial
Cholera is a bacterial infection of the small intestine caused by Vibrio cholerae. It causes watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to rapid dehydration. Primary treatment is oral rehydration solution. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica and is transmitted by contaminated food or water. It causes fever and abdominal symptoms. Treatment includes antibiotics and oral rehydration. Oral rehydration therapy was developed in the 1970s in Bangladesh as a treatment for cholera and has reduced diarrhea related deaths worldwide.
Fungi like Aspergillus play important roles in ecosystems by breaking down organic material. Aspergillus can also cause disease as a pathogen. While some species like A. fumigatus cause infections, others like A. oryzae are used industrially to produce enzymes and food products. Genome sequencing of Aspergillus will help understand what makes it pathogenic versus harmless, aiding drug development to treat fungal infections.
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This study examined the effectiveness of various disinfecting agents (Listerine, hydrogen peroxide, UV light) at reducing bacteria levels on used toothbrushes. Bristles from 29 used toothbrushes were exposed to the agents for different time periods and then cultured. The most common bacteria found were E. coli, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus species. Listerine was generally the most effective at reducing bacterial levels compared to peroxide and UV light. Its effectiveness increased with longer exposure times. While toothbrush disinfection cannot fully eliminate bacteria, these results suggest Listerine may help keep brushes sanitary, particularly for immunocompromised individuals.
Antibacterial Activity of Citrus Sinensis X against Pathogenic Bacteriasijtsrd
Citrus sinensis was tested for antibacterial activity against bacteria strains such as E.coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, and staphylococcus aureus. The extraction was done with water and ethanol. Agar disc diffusion was used to test antibacterial activity in vitro method. On Escherichia coli, the antibacterial action of aqueous extract demonstrated a zone of inhibition. On the other organisms, it showed little or no zones of infection, although being seven millimeters in diameter. Inhibition with a diameter of 0 3mm. little inhibitory zones were also visible in the ethanol extract. On test organisms with diagram ranging from 1 3mm the inhibitory concentration that must be met MIC . Using a two flow serial dilution method, no zones of contamination were found in the ethanol and aqueous extract. The finding of this of this investigation indicated that the extract have limited promise for treating disorder induced by the organisms. E. Kaviya | Ela. Sendhuram | J. Ishwarya "Antibacterial Activity of Citrus Sinensis X against Pathogenic Bacterias" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52149.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/52149/antibacterial-activity-of-citrus-sinensis-x-against-pathogenic-bacterias/e-kaviya
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Antibacterial activity of citrullus colocynthis against different types of ba...Alexander Decker
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Antimicrobial Activity of Commonly Used Raw and Commercially Available Kitche...IOSR Journals
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Normal flora is the term used to describe the various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of certain
body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and
vagina (Tables 6–1 and 6–2). Viruses and parasites (protozoa
and helminths), which are the other major groups of
microorganisms, are usually not considered members of
the normal flora, although they can be present in asymptomatic individuals. The normal flora organisms are often
referred to as commensals. Commensals are organisms
that derive benefit from another host but do not damage
that host. The term human microbiome is often used to
describe the normal flora.
The members of the normal flora play a role both in the
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organisms are nonpathogens in their usual anatomic location, they can be pathogens in other parts of the body.
(2) They constitute a protective host defense mechanism.
The nonpathogenic resident bacteria occupy attachment
sites on the skin and mucosa that can interfere with colonization by pathogenic bacteria. The ability of members of the
normal flora to limit the growth of pathogens is called colonization resistance. If the normal flora is suppressed, pathogens may grow and cause disease. For example, antibiotics
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difficile, which is resistant to the antibiotics, to overgrow and
cause pseudomembranous colitis.
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Poorly nourished people who are treated with oral antibiotics can have vitamin deficiencies as a result of the reduction in the normal flora. However, since germ-free animals
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The human microbiome is the term used to describe the
thousands of microbes (“microbiota”) located on the skin,
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TABLE 6–2 Medically Important Members of the Normal Flora
Location Important Organisms1 Less Important Organisms2
Skin Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, anaerobes (e.g., Propionibacterium), yeasts (e.g.,
Candida albicans)
Nose S. aureus3 S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium (diphtheroids), various streptococci
Mouth Viridans streptococci Various streptococci, Eikenella corrodens
Dental plaque Streptococcus mutans Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis
Gingival crevices Various anaerobes (e.g.,
Bacteroides, Fusobacterium,
streptococci, Actinomyces)
Throat Viridans streptococci Various streptococci (including Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus
pneumoniae), Neisseria species, Haemophilus influenzae, S. epidermidis
Colon Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia
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STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
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Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
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Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
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5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
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1. The Efficiency of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
Extracts against Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
Introduction
Background of the Study
Staphylococcus aureus are one of the major human bacteria
thet have ability to produce a various illnesses such as skin
infections through the production of a wide range of tocins.
(Herriman, 2011)
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus) is an important medicinal
plant widely used in several indigenous systems of medicine for
the treatment of various ailments.( Dreiser, 2001 )
Antibacterial are definitely effective in killing bacteria,
however, there is considerable controversy surrounding their
health benefits. The non-residue producing agents have been used
for many years and continue to be effective agents for
controlling disease organisms in a wide variety of healthcare
and domestic settings. When used under strict guidelines of
application, the residue-producing agents have proven effective
at controlling bacterial and fungal infection in clinical
settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, neonatal nurseries
and other health care facilities where there may be a high risk
of infection. (Sturm et al., 2003)
2. An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial growth
or kills bacteria. The term is often used synonymously with the
term antibiotic(s). Today, however, with increased knowledge of
the causative agents of various infectious diseases,
antibiotic(s) has come to denote a broader range of
antimicrobial compounds, including anti-fungal and other
compounds. Antibacterial must be distinguished from
disinfectants (sanitizing agents), which are less-selective
substances used to destroy microorganisms. (Velajisoet al.,
2007)
This study was conducted to test the effects of Spiral
Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) against Bacteria
Staphylococcus Aureus.
3. Statement of the Problem
Generally, this study aims to find out the Efficiency of
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract against
Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following
questions:
1. What treatment shows the Highest Efficiency on the
Aureus using Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) ?
2. Is there a difference on the effect of Bacteria
Staphylococcus Aureus when exposed to separate
concentrations of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) ?
Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference on the extinction of
Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
when exposed to varying concentrations of Spiral Ginger
(Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
2. The treatment that has the greatest Efficiency on the
percent extinction of Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus
using Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) is
Treatment A which has 100% Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) .
4. 3. There is no significant mean difference on the extinction
of Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus using different
concentrations of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) .
Significance of the Study
Thus, the researcher would like to conduct an
antibacterial from Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus Sm..) on
Bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus which may be profitable to humans
a competitive form of antibacterial and predictable to
individual and also to the environment.
Also, this investigatory project is intent to guide the
incoming researchers who want to conduct further or related
studies that may benefit from the findings of this research
study.
5. Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study will be restrained in applying the extract
of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) against
Staphylococcus Aureus. The Plant Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) will be manipulated to rotary evaporation to
separate the solvent. Phytochemical analysis of the plant will
be through at West Visayas State University. There will be three
Set Ups to be done in three replications. Treatment A – 100%
Spiral Ginger extracts, Treatment B – 75% Spiral Ginger, 25%
water (H2O) as diluents, Treatment C – 50% Spiral Ginger,50%
water (H2O), a positive control – Cotrimoxazole, and a negative
control – water (H2O) for the test of Staphylococcus Aureus .
Yet, the plant will be having a proper Plant Identification
that will be done in the Department of Agriculture. While the
accomplishment and the testing will be done at the Capiz
Emmanuel Hospital under the supervision of a registered Medical
Technologist.
6. Definition of Terms
Antibacterial - Anything that destroys bacteria or
suppresses their growth or their ability to reproduce. Heat,
chemicals such as chlorine, and antibiotic drugs all have
antibacterial properties. Many antibacterial products for
cleaning and hand washing are sold today. Such products do not
reduce the risk for symptoms of viral infectious diseases in
otherwise healthy persons.
Spiral Ginger - Spiral ginger is a rhizomatous herbaceous
plant. Stems are stout, leafy, up to 2 meters or more in height,
and 1.6 centimeters in diameter. Leaves are spirally arranged,
oblong, 15 to 30 centimeters long, with pointed tip, short
stalks and covered with soft hairs on the lower surface.
Agar - Agar or agar-agar is a gelatinous substance,
obtained from algae and discovered in the late 1650s or early
1660s by Minoya Tarozaemon in Japan, where it is called Kanten.
Staphylococcus Aureus- a common and important cause of
disease in animals including bovine mastitis, tick pyemia
(enzootic staphylococcosis), abscesses, dermatitis,
furunculosis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, wound
suppuration, and bumblefoot in poultry. S.
aureus subsp. anaerobius causes lesions similar to caseous
lymphadenitis in sheep. Theoretical Framework
7. Theoretical Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 1. Zone of inhibition on the growth of S. aureus treated
with different concentrations of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) extracts
Set Ups
Treatment A – 100%
Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
extracts
Treatment B– 75% Spiral
Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
extracts and 25% triple
distilled water as
diluents
Treatment C –– 50%
Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..)
extracts and 50% triple
distilled water
Positive control –
Cotrimoxazole
Negative control – 3
distilled
Bacteria
Staphylococcus
Aureus
8. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus) is an important medicinal
plant widely used in several indigenous systems of medicine for
the treatment of various ailments. The stems can grow as tall as
10 feet, but you can see its growth habit is unusual. The tips
twirl around like wisteria vines but end up being more or less
straight. All Costus Speciosus are known for the regular spiral
arrangement of leaves on the stem.
Spiral Ginger is an Indian ornamental plant which
has long been used medicinally in traditional systems of
medicine. The plant has been found to possess diverse
pharmacological activities.( Dreiser, 2001 )
Phytochemical screening yielded secondary metabolites
of alkaloids and flavonoids.( Aliajesoet al., 2007)
The scrapings of the stalk are applied to leprous skin
Studies suggest anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic,
anti-cholinesterase, and ecbolic properties. (Sturm et al.,
2001)
The plant has been found to possess diverse pharmacological
activities. Stalk are used to treat pneumonia, rheumatism,
dropsy, urinary diseases, jaundice, skin diseases and leaves are
used to treat mental disorders.( Apess, 2000 )
9. In the present study, antibacterial activity of three
species of Costus (C.speciosus, C.pictus and C.igneus).
The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed against a
few pathogens viz. E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pnuemoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The generated data has
provided the basis for its wide use as the therapeutic both in
traditional and folk medicine.
( Barbara, 2000 )
Staphylococcus aureus- is a gram positive
coccus bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and is
frequently found in the human respiratory tract and on the skin.
It is positive for catalase and nitrate reduction.
Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic, it is a common
cause of skin infections (e.g. boils), respiratory disease
(e.g. sinusitis), and food poisoning. Disease-associated strains
often promote infections by producing potent protein toxins, and
expressing cell-surface proteins that bind and inactivate
antibodies. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of
pathogenic S. aureus (e.g. MRSA) is a worldwide problem in
clinical medicine.
Staphylococcus was first identified in 1880 in Aberdeen, United
Kingdom, by the surgeon Sir Alexander Ogston in pus from a
surgical abscess in a knee joint. This name was later appended
10. to Staphylococcus aureus by Rosenbach who was credited by the
official system of nomenclature at the time. It is estimated
that 20% of the human population are long-term carriers of S.
aureus which can be found as part of the normal skin flora and
in anterior nares of the nasal passages. S. aureus is the most
common species of staphylococcus to cause Staph infections and
is a successful pathogen due to a combination of nasal carriage
and bacterial immuno-evasive strategies. S. aureus can cause a
range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such
as pimples, impetigo, boils (furuncles), cellulitis folliculitis
,carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-
threatening diseases such
as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis,endocarditis, toxic
shock syndrome (TSS), bacteremia, and sepsis. Its incidence
ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint,
endovascular to wound infections. It is still one of the five
most common causes of nosocomial infections and is often the
cause of postsurgical wound infections. Each year, some 500,000
patients in United States' hospitals contract a staphylococcal
infection. (Lathrop, 2006)
11. Methodology
Materials and Methods
Materials
The following materials will be used in the study: denatured
alcohol, 100 mL distilled water, Disinfectant, Cotrimoxazole, 1
250mL methanol, Nutrient Broth, different concentration of
Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract, Mueller-
hinton agar and pure isolate of Staphylococcus Aureus.
Tools
The following tools were used in the study: Pair of
scissors, 1 basin, 1 autoclave, 3 100mm Petri dishes, 4 test
tubes, test tube rack, marking pen, gloves, masks, laboratory
gown, match sticks, 5 vials, 1 alcohol lamp, cotton swabs,
pipette and 4 tuberculin syringes.
12. Experimental Design
The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) will be used. There
will be 3 replications with 3 treatments, a Positive Control,
and a Negative Control.
13. Procedural Design
Gathering of Plants
Proper Plant Identification Plant Preparation
Phytochemical Analysis
Extraction of Plants
Preparation of Treatments Procurement of the Test
Organism
Testing of the Microorganism
Sensitivity testing
Gathering of results
Proper Disinfection and Disposal of Materials
14. General Procedure:
Gathering of Plant Samples
The Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract
will be randomly picked and washed thoroughly with tap water.
Plant Identification
The leaves will be brought to the Department of Agriculture,
Roxas City for proper plant identification.
Plant Preparation
About 100 grams of Spiral Ginger (Costus Speciosus
(Koenig)Sm..) will be air dried for one day and will be soaked
in 250mL methanol. It will be brought to WVSU for Phytochemical
analysis and for rotary evaporation.
Preparation of the Different Treatments
Using a tuberculin syringe, 1mL Spiral Ginger (Costus
Speciosus (Koenig)Sm..) extract will be transferred into a
sterile bottle labeled as Treatment A. For treatment B, 0.75mL
extract will be transferred into another sterile bottle labeled
as TB and will be diluted with 0.25mL triple-distilled water.
And for treatment C, 0.50mL extract diluted with 0.50mL triple-
distilled water will be transferred into a sterile bottle
labeled as TC.
15. Procurement of the Test Organism
A small amount of Staphylococcus aureus pure isolates
will be purchased.
Testing of the microorganism
Using a sterile platinum loop, identified strains of
Staphylococcus aureus will be taken and placed into a test tube
with nutrient broth. The bacterial suspensions will be agitated
and will be immediately compared against to the turbidity of a
0.5 McFarland Standard (Ademola and Ejikeme, 2010).
Through pressing and rotating the moisten swab firmly
against the inside wall of the tube, the excess liquids will be
drained off. The plates will be heavily streaked of the plate
approximately 60˚ after each application to make sure an even
distribution of the inoculums (Ademola and Ejikeme, 2010).
The open end of the pipette will be heated for about 10
to 15 seconds. The SDA will then stab using the open end of the
pipette to create a well/cup cleanly cut from plate. Five
equidistant wells will be created one after the other with 6mm
in diameter.
16. By means of a tuberculin syringe, the treatments will
be delivered into their particular agar wells. 2 to 3 drops was
softly allowed to drip directly into the well until a concave
wall upper rim was achieved at the assigned hole of each labeled
plate.
The plates will be then incubated at room temperature
(37˚C) for 24 hours in the incubator.
Gathering of results
The plates will be inspected for zone of inhibition
formation. A zone diameter in the x and y axis was measured
using a ruler with millimeter calibration. And the average was
taken and placed in a tabular form. An area of inhibited
bacterial growth will be observed as clear zones around the
wells.
Proper Disinfection and Disposal of Materials Used
After measuring the zones of inhibition, the plates with
microorganisms will be soaked with Lysol disinfectant and the
working place will be then disinfected. All the materials used
will be then subjected for autoclaving.