Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Reduce Pest Infestation & Improve Tomato Yields for Smallholder Farmers in Kenya; Gardening Guidebook for Kenya www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Egerton University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
A Repellent Net as a New Technology to Protect Cabbage Crops; Gardening Guidebook www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Storage Life of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Inoculum in Vermiculite B...IJEAB
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is ubiquitous soil borne fungi which provide an intimate link between soil and nutrient absorbing organs of plants. AMF fungi optimize the uptake of phosphorus in plant which results in increase in yield. Production of AMF inoculum and the storage in a viable condition for a longer period of time is still a serious constraint. This study describes the survival capability and infectivity of AMF spores under different storage conditions. The vermiculite based AMF inoculum contained spores of AMF namely Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., Scutellospora sp., Entrophospora sp., and Acaulospora sp., identified from the rhizosphere soil collected from the maize crop cultivated at Mellur block of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, India and the mixed AMF colonized host root bits as propagules. The AMF inoculum spore count was 5-6 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was 100% in the roots of maize plant at the time of packing of the inoculum for storage. During storage, at the end of 180 days the AMF spore count was reduced to 2-5 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was reduced to 90-95%. But the AMF inoculum stored with 10% moisture content at 20ºC - 30ºC and under the light intensity of 1500 lux maintained the same initial spore count of 5-6 / 100g inoculum and infectivity of 99% for the storage period of 150 days (5 months). The results of the present study suggest that AMF propagules, spores and hyphae colonized root bits in the form of vermiculite based culture maintained with 10% moisture content at temperature range of 20ºC - 30ºC and under light condition of 1500 lux for 5 months can be expected to be viable for infectivity in crop plants.
Terminator technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest – it is also called Genetic Use Restriction Technology or GURTS
Terminator gene technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest.
Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) are the name given to experimental methods, described in a series of recent patent applications and providing specific genetic switch mechanisms that restrict the unauthorized use of genetic material (FAO, 2001a) by hampering reproduction (variety-specific V-GURT) or the expression of a trait (trait-specific T-GURT) in a genetically modified (GM) plant.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
A Repellent Net as a New Technology to Protect Cabbage Crops; Gardening Guidebook www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Storage Life of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Inoculum in Vermiculite B...IJEAB
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is ubiquitous soil borne fungi which provide an intimate link between soil and nutrient absorbing organs of plants. AMF fungi optimize the uptake of phosphorus in plant which results in increase in yield. Production of AMF inoculum and the storage in a viable condition for a longer period of time is still a serious constraint. This study describes the survival capability and infectivity of AMF spores under different storage conditions. The vermiculite based AMF inoculum contained spores of AMF namely Glomus sp., Gigaspora sp., Scutellospora sp., Entrophospora sp., and Acaulospora sp., identified from the rhizosphere soil collected from the maize crop cultivated at Mellur block of Madurai District in Tamil Nadu, India and the mixed AMF colonized host root bits as propagules. The AMF inoculum spore count was 5-6 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was 100% in the roots of maize plant at the time of packing of the inoculum for storage. During storage, at the end of 180 days the AMF spore count was reduced to 2-5 / 100g inoculum and the infectivity was reduced to 90-95%. But the AMF inoculum stored with 10% moisture content at 20ºC - 30ºC and under the light intensity of 1500 lux maintained the same initial spore count of 5-6 / 100g inoculum and infectivity of 99% for the storage period of 150 days (5 months). The results of the present study suggest that AMF propagules, spores and hyphae colonized root bits in the form of vermiculite based culture maintained with 10% moisture content at temperature range of 20ºC - 30ºC and under light condition of 1500 lux for 5 months can be expected to be viable for infectivity in crop plants.
Terminator technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest – it is also called Genetic Use Restriction Technology or GURTS
Terminator gene technology refers to plants that have been genetically modified to render sterile seeds at harvest.
Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) are the name given to experimental methods, described in a series of recent patent applications and providing specific genetic switch mechanisms that restrict the unauthorized use of genetic material (FAO, 2001a) by hampering reproduction (variety-specific V-GURT) or the expression of a trait (trait-specific T-GURT) in a genetically modified (GM) plant.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Use of Low-Cost Pest Exclusion Net to Control Tuta absoluta Infestation and B...Premier Publishers
Low cost pest exclusion nets (PENs) of 0.4 mm mesh sizes was evaluated to determine their efficacy in reducing Tuta absoluta infestation and enhancing yields of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Miller) at Dang and Surkhet of Nepal, from December, 2016 to June, 2017 at field production levels. The PENs efficiency was compared with no net (control) in a randomized complete block design with 14 replications. Results showed the lower tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) infestation (P<0.05) with higher yield (P<0.05) on tomato grown under PENs with high incomes. The results revealed that the farmers can adopt the use of PENs for pest management in tomato production to easily control the invasive pest of tomato and obtain the higher yield. Hence, farmers can use low cost pest exclusion nets to control the invasive insects of tomato.
This presentation was developed by Dr. A and delivered at the home garden vegetable production workshop in Selma, AL. This presentation discusses a new insecticide mode of action and correct application techniques along with several research updates.
Foraging and chemical control of subterranean termites in a farm building at ...Muhammad Qasim
A study was conducted to investigate the direction of foraging of the termites towards a farm building (Entomological Research Laboratories, ERL) and efficacy of soil barrier inside this farm building at Post Graduate Research Station, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Foraging of the termites was determined by installing equally spaced PVC pipes with corrugated cardboard in them around building. Soil barrier of the most efficacious insecticide from bioassay test was created around a pit (0.48 m, 0.32 m width and 0.4 m deep) inside ERL. Chlorpyrifos and alpha cypermethrin proved the most effective against termites with LT50 of 3 hours each at a concentration of 1200 ppm. Foraging of termites from mulberry plantation was highest than from fallow field side towards the building. Soil barrier could prevent penetration of the insecticide mixed soil for only up to 15 days when 0.33% damage of wood pieces was observed. Application of soil barrier in an outdoor setting under local conditions against the termites is discussed.
Effect of Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) Larvae Compost and Vermicomp...Premier Publishers
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Oryctes rhinoceros larvae compost and vermicompost on the selected soil chemical properties. The soil was incubated with 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 % of these composts arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 100 mL of distilled water were added regularly to the soil-compost mixture throughout the incubation period. The soil-compost were sampled after one and four weeks of incubation. The samples were analysed for soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), available P, total N and total C. Application of composts induced a positive effect on soil pH, and available P; soil pH increased from 6.29 (initial) to range 6.31-6.55, while available P of the soil increased from 1.39 mg kg-1 to range 1.73-2.02 mg kg-1. It was found that the capability of rhinoceros beetle larvae composts on the soil chemical properties have a similar effect with vermicompost. It made the insect compost are potentially beneficial for farm and can be profitable if commercially produced. It would also help in reducing rhinoceros beetle pests’ problem in oil palm plantation if this insects’ larvae were hunted for composting process.
The advances of modern plant technologies, especially genetically modified crops, are considered to be a substantial benefit to agriculture and society. However, so-called transgene escape remains and is of environmental and regulatory concern. Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs), developed to secure return on investments through protection of plant varieties, are among the most controversial and opposed genetic engineering biotechnologies as they are perceived as a tool to force farmers to depend on multinational corporations’ seed monopolies. In this work, the currently proposed strategies are described and compared with some of the principal techniques implemented for preventing transgene flow and/or seed saving, with a simultaneous analysis of the future perspectives of GURTs taking into account potential benefits, possible impacts on farmers and local plant genetic resources (PGR), hypothetical negative environmental issues and ethical concerns related to intellectual property that have led to the ban of this technology
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The Senegalese grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) is a serious agricultural pest in Senegal. The use of chemical pesticides on a large scale has raised concerns because of side effects on health and the environment. As an alternative to chemical control, a fungal strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, Sorokin) was isolated from the Senegalese grasshopper, and grown in agar culture medium. The effect on O. senegalensis was studied with an oil fungus formulation of 340 × 105 conidia/ml. Spraying took place in the field, and both nymphs and adults were infected with the fungus oil formulation. A total of 1.5 liter oil formulation of fungus was used for 1500 m2. Two methods were used to assess effectiveness: 1) we captured infected insects and fed them fresh grass daily in the laboratory and recorded time to death; 2) we counted insects in the field before and after application. In the field, the number of insects decreased significantly after the fungus treatment. In the laboratory, the lethal time at which 50% of the insects died varied between 8 to 9 days. The effectiveness of M. anisopliae in natural environment decreased with time.
Use of Low-Cost Pest Exclusion Net to Control Tuta absoluta Infestation and B...Premier Publishers
Low cost pest exclusion nets (PENs) of 0.4 mm mesh sizes was evaluated to determine their efficacy in reducing Tuta absoluta infestation and enhancing yields of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Miller) at Dang and Surkhet of Nepal, from December, 2016 to June, 2017 at field production levels. The PENs efficiency was compared with no net (control) in a randomized complete block design with 14 replications. Results showed the lower tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) infestation (P<0.05) with higher yield (P<0.05) on tomato grown under PENs with high incomes. The results revealed that the farmers can adopt the use of PENs for pest management in tomato production to easily control the invasive pest of tomato and obtain the higher yield. Hence, farmers can use low cost pest exclusion nets to control the invasive insects of tomato.
This presentation was developed by Dr. A and delivered at the home garden vegetable production workshop in Selma, AL. This presentation discusses a new insecticide mode of action and correct application techniques along with several research updates.
Foraging and chemical control of subterranean termites in a farm building at ...Muhammad Qasim
A study was conducted to investigate the direction of foraging of the termites towards a farm building (Entomological Research Laboratories, ERL) and efficacy of soil barrier inside this farm building at Post Graduate Research Station, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Foraging of the termites was determined by installing equally spaced PVC pipes with corrugated cardboard in them around building. Soil barrier of the most efficacious insecticide from bioassay test was created around a pit (0.48 m, 0.32 m width and 0.4 m deep) inside ERL. Chlorpyrifos and alpha cypermethrin proved the most effective against termites with LT50 of 3 hours each at a concentration of 1200 ppm. Foraging of termites from mulberry plantation was highest than from fallow field side towards the building. Soil barrier could prevent penetration of the insecticide mixed soil for only up to 15 days when 0.33% damage of wood pieces was observed. Application of soil barrier in an outdoor setting under local conditions against the termites is discussed.
Effect of Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) Larvae Compost and Vermicomp...Premier Publishers
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Oryctes rhinoceros larvae compost and vermicompost on the selected soil chemical properties. The soil was incubated with 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 % of these composts arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 100 mL of distilled water were added regularly to the soil-compost mixture throughout the incubation period. The soil-compost were sampled after one and four weeks of incubation. The samples were analysed for soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), available P, total N and total C. Application of composts induced a positive effect on soil pH, and available P; soil pH increased from 6.29 (initial) to range 6.31-6.55, while available P of the soil increased from 1.39 mg kg-1 to range 1.73-2.02 mg kg-1. It was found that the capability of rhinoceros beetle larvae composts on the soil chemical properties have a similar effect with vermicompost. It made the insect compost are potentially beneficial for farm and can be profitable if commercially produced. It would also help in reducing rhinoceros beetle pests’ problem in oil palm plantation if this insects’ larvae were hunted for composting process.
The advances of modern plant technologies, especially genetically modified crops, are considered to be a substantial benefit to agriculture and society. However, so-called transgene escape remains and is of environmental and regulatory concern. Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs), developed to secure return on investments through protection of plant varieties, are among the most controversial and opposed genetic engineering biotechnologies as they are perceived as a tool to force farmers to depend on multinational corporations’ seed monopolies. In this work, the currently proposed strategies are described and compared with some of the principal techniques implemented for preventing transgene flow and/or seed saving, with a simultaneous analysis of the future perspectives of GURTs taking into account potential benefits, possible impacts on farmers and local plant genetic resources (PGR), hypothetical negative environmental issues and ethical concerns related to intellectual property that have led to the ban of this technology
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Medi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The Senegalese grasshopper Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) is a serious agricultural pest in Senegal. The use of chemical pesticides on a large scale has raised concerns because of side effects on health and the environment. As an alternative to chemical control, a fungal strain of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff, Sorokin) was isolated from the Senegalese grasshopper, and grown in agar culture medium. The effect on O. senegalensis was studied with an oil fungus formulation of 340 × 105 conidia/ml. Spraying took place in the field, and both nymphs and adults were infected with the fungus oil formulation. A total of 1.5 liter oil formulation of fungus was used for 1500 m2. Two methods were used to assess effectiveness: 1) we captured infected insects and fed them fresh grass daily in the laboratory and recorded time to death; 2) we counted insects in the field before and after application. In the field, the number of insects decreased significantly after the fungus treatment. In the laboratory, the lethal time at which 50% of the insects died varied between 8 to 9 days. The effectiveness of M. anisopliae in natural environment decreased with time.
— Labisia pumila or commonly known as kacip fatimah is one of the popular medicinal plant in Malaysia. The constituents of this plant have been reported to possess anti cancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. The growth and production of L. pumila is greatly influenced by the environmental condition such as shade, humidity and growing media. In this study, the survivality of L. pumila var. alata (KFeFRIM01) plantlets derived from tissue culture technique using temporary immersion system were analyzed during pre and post acclimatization process. The plantlets were pre acclimatize in different potting media namely 100% sand and 100% jiffy and grown in plastic growth chamber with different percentage of shade (0%, 50% and 70%). After a month, the plants were transferred to the nursery for post acclimatization. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the survivality of plants placed under different percentage of shade (70% and 50%), suitable growing media and watering requirement per day. The growth of the plants such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width were recorded during the acclimatization process. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the survivality and growth of this plant during the acclimatization process. KFeFRIM01 was found to grow better in 0% shade compared to 50% shade and 70% shade. However, there were no significant difference recorded in the usage of two potting medium (100% sand and 100% jiffy) on the growth of KFeFRIM01 during pre acclimatization process. While in post acclimatization, KFeFRIM01 placed under 50% shade produce better growth in term of leaves number (8.44a ± 0.20), leaf length (6.13a ± 0.14) and leaf width (3.17a ± 0.06) compared to 70% shade. KFeFRIM01 plants planted in treatment 1-top soil: leaf compost: sand (2:3:1) gave the highest growth performance in all parameter measured. Whereas, KFeFRIM01 plants that watered twice per day (9AM & 4PM) have greater plant height (8.83a ± 0.34) and leaves number (7.53a ± 0.39) compared to plants watered once per day. The findings from this study are essential for mass production of L. pumila using tissue culture technology in future as a successful protocol for acclimatization of this plants obtained.
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
Physiological Selectivity of Agrochemicals to Predatory Mites of Tetranychus ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The growing of rose (Rosa spp.) in a greenhouse provides favorable conditions for both, the plant and the pest mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), for which chemical control is still used. Consumers' demand has encouraged researches to use less aggressive agricultural practices, making the biological control as a viable option. The objective of the present study was to investigate the physiological selectivity of plant protection products, used on rosebushes for the control of T. urticae and other pests or diseases, to Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) both predatory mites of T. urticae on rosebush growing in a greenhouse. According to IOBC/WPRS, the residual method of spraying on a glass and leaf surface area was used for the physiological selectivity test of plant protection products for the predatory mites. The obtained results shown that with the exception of the acaricides-insecticide chlorfenapyr all other tested products-fungicides, acaricides and acaricides-insecticide-methiram + pyraclostrobin, thiofanate-methyl, boscalid + kresoxim-methyl, chlorothalonil, propargite, mandipropamid, mefenoxam, difenoconazol, bifenthrin and pyriproxifen, were innocuous (class 1) or only slightly harmful (class 2) to both species. Chlorfenapyr was highly toxic only for N. californicus (class 4), however after five days of its application no toxic residue of the product was detected on the glass surface and so the product has been classified as innocuous (class 1) as well for this predatory mite species after this period.
Weed control is an important agronomic practice that improves growth and maximizes yield in maize. An experiment was carried out to investigate the ‘effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in the western highlands of Cameroon. The work was carried out during the 2017/2018 main cropping season from the 14th of March to the 14th of July at the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Bambui experimental field. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The experiment comprised of seven treatments: weedy check or control (T1), constant hand hoeing (T2), delay hand hoeing (T3), pre-emergence herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) (T4), post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T5), pre- herbicide application of Atrazine 90 DF ( 0.9 kg ha-1) + Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T6) and delay post-emergence herbicide application of Ultramais 100 SC (1.9 litre ha-1) (T7). The white maize variety CHC 201 (“KASAI”) was used during the experiment and sown in plot sizes of 4 m x 5 m with a planting density of 80cm by 50cm with 2 plants per station with the aim of achieving a plant population of 50,000 plants ha-1. All agronomic practices were followed from planting to harvesting. The data recorded were plant height, number of green leaves per plant, leaf area, stem girth, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, ear height, ear length, ear girth, number of gain rows per ear, number of gains per ear, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.. The data collected were analyzed with the aid of STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.0 Software and ANOVA was run to find the differences between the various treatments. The highest 1000 grain weight (314.13g) came from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment and did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the constant hand hoeing treatment (307.83g). The lowest 1000 grain weight (234.67g) was seen in the weedy check treatment. The constant hand hoeing had the highest grain yield (6.27 ton ha-1) and this did not differ significantly (P˃0.05) from the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application treatment (6.07 ton ha-1). The lowest grain yield (3.18 ton ha-1) was seen in the weedy check treatment. From the study, the pre-emergence plus post-emergence herbicide application may be recommended for increasing maize yield particularly in the case of high scale production.
Two field experiment were run at the farms of Omar AL-Mokhtar university, in order to knew the effect of some methods used to control tomato pests on soil arthropod systemic groups in organic cultivated tomato field such as (BT, algifol, methyl salicylate, neem oil), Results indicated that application of B. thuringensis and Algifol achieved the highest performance showing 100% reduction in mites and other soil arthropods systemic groups, and gave reduction 55.5 and 54.96% in both insect and total population of soil arthropods collected with pitfall traps. As far as Neemazone and Methyl salicylate increased the insect population with percentages 132.5 and 310% and total soil arthropods with 133.2% and 308.6% respectively and reduced the mites and the other arthropods population with 100%. Also results showed that the pesticides (avermectin, indoxacarb, & neemazone) increased the average number of the total soil arthropod population groups, and these pesticides showed selective effect, so that, it will be recommended that in order to preserve the beneficial predators, carnivorous and parasitoids these biological and selective pesticides in conventional tomato field should be applied.
According to the results obtained from this work, the changes in diversity and equitability and decrease or increase of percent population of soil arthropods groups were differed according to the soil arthropod groups, sampling period, applied plant protection products and system of agricultural.
Plant acoustic frequency technology control system to increase vegetative gro...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The application of plant acoustic frequency technology (PAFT) can spur plant growth, increase productivity, immune system, quality, and extend the shelf life of agricultural products after harvest. The application of sound waves in plants can stimulate the opening of the stomata to optimally absorb nutrients and water. This study aims to determine the effect of frequency and time of PAFT exposure by utilizing Javanese gamelan traditional music on the vegetative growth of red-lettuce (Lactuca sativa var.). Javanese gamelan music used was titled Puspawarna with variations in the frequency of 3-5, 7-9, and 11-13 kHz. The variation of exposure time of sound waves was 1, 2, and 3 hours. PAFT exposure was given routinely in the morning and evening. The results of this study indicated that the best treatment was at 3-5 kHz with an exposure time of 2 hours. This treatment gave a significantly better effect when compared to plants without PAFT. The best combination of frequency and time of PAFT exposure produced 10 leaves, plant height of 9.4 cm, wet weight of 4 g, dry weight of 0.22 g, leaf area of 27.19 cm2, leaf red mean of 63, and stomata opening width of 145.44~206.59 μm.
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
A modern method of agriculture with minimum cost of production and maximum yield using new technological approach,accelerating agricultural output through effective utilization of natural resources practiced under any natural ecosystem.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Reduce Pest Infestation & Improve Tomato Yields for Smallholder Farmers in Kenya
1. Agronomy 2014, 4, 1-12; doi:10.3390/agronomy4010001
agronomy
ISSN 2073-4395
www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy
Article
Eco-Friendly Nets and Floating Row Covers Reduce Pest
Infestation and Improve Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Yields for Smallholder Farmers in Kenya
Elisha O. Gogo 1
, Mwanarusi Saidi 1
, Francis M. Itulya 1
, Thibaud Martin 2,3
and
Mathieu Ngouajio 4,5,
*
1
Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115,
Kenya; E-Mails: elishaotieno41@yahoo.com (E.O.G.); mwanarusi@yahoo.com (M.S.);
fitulya@hotmail.com (F.M.I.)
2
CIRAD (Centre de coopération internationale en recherchéagronomique pour le développement) UR
Hortsys, Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France; E-Mail: thibaud.martin@cirad.fr
3
Icipe, Plant health Department, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
4
Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street,
Plant and Soil Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
5
National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Washington, DC 20250, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: mngouajio@nifa.usda.gov;
Tel.: +1-202-401-4895; Fax: +1-202-401-6488.
Received: 19 November 2013; in revised form: 27 December 2013 / Accepted: 2 January 2014 /
Published: 9 January 2014
Abstract: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable for supplying
vitamins, minerals and fiber in human diets worldwide. Successful open field production of
tomato in the tropics is limited by insect pests among other constraints. Two trials were
conducted at the Horticulture Research and Teaching Field, Egerton University, Kenya
with the objective of evaluating the effects of agricultural nets (agronets) herein called
eco-friendly nets (EFNs) and floating row covers (FRCs) on pest population and yield of
tomatoes. A randomized complete block design with five replications was used. Tomato
plants were protected with either fine mesh EFN (0.4-mm pore diameter), large mesh EFN
(0.9-mm pore diameter) or FRC. The EFN and FRC were maintained permanently closed
or opened thrice a week from 9 am to 3 pm. Two control treatments were used: open
unsprayed (untreated control) or open and sprayed with alpha-cypermethrin based
insecticide (treated control). The use of EFN and FRC helped to manage pests with the
OPEN ACCESS
2. Agronomy 2014, 4 2
lowest pest population obtained under FRC maintained permanently covered and the
highest population recorded in the untreated control. Covering tomato plants with EFN or
FRC also resulted in more marketable fruit and lower yield losses compared with the
unprotected systems. The EFN and FRC offer great potential as part of integrated systems
for pest management and yield improvement in tomato production in regions with a
tropical climate.
Keywords: pest exclusion; pest control; tomato yields; tomato quality;
microclimate modification
1. Introduction
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production is one of the most promising areas for horticultural
expansion and development in many developing countries. The crop is an important vegetable for both
small and medium-scale growers with a potential for increasing income and creating employment.
Fresh tomatoes are produced for both domestic and export market in most developing countries, and
there is increasing demand for processing. Increased production of tomato may improve living
standards, especially in rural areas of many developing countries where poverty is prevalent [1].
In many tropical countries, successful tomato production is constrained by pest infestations that
contribute to reduced fruit yield and quality [2,3]. Common pests of tomato in the tropics include
leafminers (Lyriomyza sp.), cotton bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner), onion thrips (Thrips
tabaci Lindeman), mites (Tetranychus sp.), silverleaf whitefies (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius), and
aphids (Aphis sp.) [3]. Yield losses as high as 100% due to insect pest damage have been reported [2].
Although a wide range of pesticides exists in the pest control industry, growing public awareness and
concern for the adverse effects of these chemicals on human health, soil, and water resources demand
that producers rethink their pest management options. Moreover, the development of resistance among
most pests following repeated use of certain chemicals provides an opportunity to look for eco-friendly,
safer, and sustainable methods of pest control.
Use of eco-friendly nets (EFNs) in protected cultivation was tested in Africa [4] and proved
effective against many pests on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.). Floating row covers
(FRCs) as an effective pest management tool against various insect pests, including aphids, cucumber
beetles (Acalymma and Diabrotica sp.), whiteflies, and their related pathogens has also been on the
increase due to their demonstrated ability to serve as a physical barrier against pests [5–7]. As a result
of pest exclusion, covers present a potential for reducing pesticide application in any given crop, thus
providing a more environmentally friendly alternative for controlling insect pests among small-holding
farmers [4,8,9].
The use of covers in crop production also has a direct impact on plant growth and development
resulting in better yield [10,11]. In Kenya, EFNs have successfully been used to reduce insect pests
and improve tomato and cabbage transplant production [12,13]. According to Licciardi et al. [8], mesh
size of the cover used can affect insect penetration and microclimate around the crop. While many
studies have reported positive effects on yield with the use of net covers [4,10], Joubert et al. [14]
3. Agronomy 2014, 4 3
observed low yields in protected tomato during summer in France as a result of high heat
accumulation, based on which, they recommended periodic opening of the structure during the day
time in such situations. The current study aimed at investigating the effects of EFNs of different pore
diameters and FRCs managed by maintaining them either permanently covered or opened thrice a
week on the population of major tomato pests and fruit yield under tropical conditions.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
Two trials (May to October 2011 and October 2011 to March 2012) were conducted at the
Horticulture Research and Teaching Field of Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya. The field lies at a
latitude of 0°23′ S and longitude 35°35′ E in the Lower Highland III Agro Ecological Zone (LH3) at
an altitude of ~2238 m above sea level. The average maximum and minimum temperatures for the
growing seasons was 19.5 °C and 7 °C for season 1, and 21 °C and 10 °C for season 2, respectively,
with a mean total annual rainfall of 1400 mm in season 1 and 1000 mm in season 2. Soils are
predominantly andosols with a pH of 6.0–6.5 [15].
2.2. Planting Material, Experimental Design, and Treatments
“Rio Grande” tomato transplants were started under an eco-friendly net covered nursery to ensure
that they were of superior quality and virus free. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete
block design (RCBD) with five replications. Transplants were established under eight different
treatments as follows: (i) open unsprayed (untreated control); (ii) open sprayed with alpha-cypermethrin
based insecticide on a weekly interval (treated control); (iii) FRC maintained permanently covered;
(iv) fine mesh (0.4-mm pore diameter) EFN maintained permanently covered; (v) large mesh (0.9-mm
pore diameter) EFN maintained permanently covered; (vi) FRC opened three times a week from 9:00 am
to 3:00 pm; (vii) fine mesh (0.4-mm pore diameter) EFN opened three times a week from 9:00 am to
3:00 pm; and (viii) large mesh (0.9-mm pore diameter) EFN opened three times a week from 9:00 am to
3:00 pm. Row covers used were manufactured by Agribon, Mooreville, NC while the EFN were
manufacture by A to Z Textile Mills, Arusha, Tanzania. Each block measured 71 ×1-m separated by a
1-m buffer. Within each block, individual experimental units measured 8 ×1-m separated by a 0.5-m
buffer. In every plot, three posts 1.2-m long were placed 4-m apart along the 8-m bed to serve as a
support system for the cover and the crop. The posts were grounded 20-cm deep for appropriate
support. Binding wires were then pinned at 30-cm intervals from the ground to the top of the posts to
complete the crop support system. Additionally, for the covered treatments, ordinary mild steel (R6)
1-m long pieces were mounted on top of each post, fastened using U-nail and bent to provide a tunnel
shape for dressing the covers. Covers used on each experimental unit measured 3-m wide and 11-m long.
2.3. Land Preparation and Maintenance Practices
The field was ploughed to a ~20 cm depth and later harrowed to a fine tilth using a disc plough and
harrow, respectively. One week before transplanting, tomato seedlings were hardened off by reducing
watering frequency to only once at the beginning of the week. Transplanting holes were manually dug
4. Agronomy 2014, 4 4
using a hoe and diammonium phosphate (18% N, 46% P2O5) applied at 10 g per hole and thoroughly
mixed with the soil prior to transplanting. Four-week-old tomato seedlings were transplanted in one
row 8 m long and at 50 cm within the row [16] giving 16 tomato plants per experimental unit. Before
covering the plots with EFN and FRC, all plots were given blanket spray of insecticide
(alpha-cypermethrin 100g/L EC) at the rate of 25 mL/20 L of water provided by Orbit Chemical
Industries LTD., Nairobi, Kenya. This was to avoid trapping insects inside the covers at the beginning
of the experiments. Thereafter, standard good agricultural practices including fertilizer application,
watering, weeding and training were done uniformly on all experimental units on a need basis.
2.4. Data Collection
Data for all variables were collected from the middle 14 plants in all the experimental units.
Pest Count: Weeds were counted from an area of 1 m2
at the center of each experimental unit prior
to each weeding. The numbers of insect pests at their respective injurious stage(s) were counted once
every week. Counting of insects was done early in the morning when most insects had low activity.
Hand lenses (G-888-075; Shanghai Precision and Scientific Instrument Co., Shanghai, China) were
used for counting smaller pests like mites, thrips and aphids. During weed and insect assessments, the
opening of the EFN and FRC was minimal for treatments requiring a permanent protection.
Yield: Harvesting of fruit at the pink stage was done weekly for four weeks. At each harvest, the
total fruit number and weight was recorded. Fruit was sorted into marketable and non-marketable
based on the market standard that prevailed and their numbers and weight determined. The total and
non-marketable fruit yields were then used to compute the percent yield loss.
2.5. Data Analysis
The Proc univariate procedure of SAS (version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used to
check for normality of the data before analysis. Data were then subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using the GLM at p ≤ 0.05. Data for the two seasons were pooled together and analyzed
using the statistical model: Yij = μ + βi + αj + εij where; Yij is the tomato yield response, μ is the
overall mean, βi is the ith blocking effect, αj is the effect due to the jth treatment and εij is the random
error term. Means for significant treatments, at the F test, were separated using Tukey’s honestly
significant difference (THSD) test at p ≤ 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Weed Population
The most prominent weeds observed were oxalis (Oxalis latifolia Kunth), blackjack (Bidens pilosa L.),
and gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cavanilles). The weed population was influenced by the use
of EFN and FRC. Higher weed populations were recorded under EFN and FRC compared with the
open field treatments during early stages of tomato growth as shown in Figure 1. The highest weed
population was recorded under the FRC maintained permanently covered in most of the early stages of
tomato growth. The weed population trend, however, changed as time from transplanting advanced.
Throughout the mid and late stages of the crop, more weeds were observed under the open field
5. Agronomy 2014, 4 5
treatments compared with EFN and FRC treatments, with the lowest weed population recorded under
the FRC that stayed permanently covered. Averaged over the entire study period, open field treatments
had the highest weed population while FRC maintained permanently covered had the lowest
population (Figure 2). Among other covered treatments, FRC opened thrice a week had the lowest
weed population followed by 0.4-mm EFN maintained permanently covered, 0.4-mm EFN opened
thrice a week, 0.9-mm EFN maintained permanently covered, and highest under the 0.9-mm EFN
opened thrice a week.
3.2. Insect Pest Population
The numbers of leafminers, cotton bollworms, onion thrips, mites, silverleaf whiteflies, aphids on
the tomato crop were significantly reduced by the use of EFN and FRC in both seasons (Table 1). In
all sampling dates, the highest population of each pest was observed under the untreated control
treatment. Pest populations were among the lowest under FRC maintained permanently covered being
significantly lower than the pest populations recorded for the treated control treatment in most
sampling dates. Among other treatments, 0.4-mm EFN maintained permanently covered had also a
reduced population of the individual pest species followed by the treated control.
3.3. Yield
Total Fruit Yield: Growing tomato under EFN and FRC significantly increased tomato total fruit
yield (Table 2). The use of FRC maintained permanently covered resulted in the highest total number
of fruit while the lowest number was obtained from the unprotected plants sprayed with insecticide and
the 0.9-mm EFN maintained permanently covered. In terms of total fresh weight, FRC maintained
permanently covered registered the highest total fresh fruit weight while the untreated control had the
lowest fruit fresh weight (Table 3). The impact of the treatments on total fruit number was generally
minimal.
Marketable Yields: The number of marketable fruit was influenced by the use of EFN and FRC
(Table 2). Tomato under FRC maintained permanently covered yielded the highest number of
marketable fruit. The lowest number of marketable fruit was, on the other hand, obtained from the
untreated control. A trend similar to that of total marketable fruit numbers was observed for
marketable fresh fruit weight (Table 3). The highest marketable fresh fruit weight was obtained under
FRC permanently covered while the lowest was under the untreated control.
Non-Marketable Yields: The highest non-marketable fruit numbers were obtained from the
untreated control and the lowest non-marketable fruit numbers were obtained with the use of FRC
maintained permanently covered. The effect of FRC or EFN on non-marketable fresh weight showed a
trend almost similar to that of non-marketable fruit numbers with the highest and lowest fresh weights
obtained under the untreated control and the FRC maintained permanently covered treatments,
respectively (Table 3).
6. Agronomy 2014, 4 6
Figure 1. Effects of floating row covers (FRC) and eco-friendly nets (EFN) on weed
population trends during tomato production. Values shown are averages for two growing
seasons (May to October 2011 and October 2011 to March 2012). Data points within the
same date with no letter or the same letter are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.
Untreated control had no pesticide applied, treated control was sprayed with pesticides,
permanent is where the FRC or EFN were covered throughout except during crop
maintenance periods, and opened is where the FRC or EFN were opened thrice a week
from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm.
e
a
a
e
a
a
a
e f
ab
d
e
c
c
cd
bc
de
de
d
c
bc
d
b
b
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
15 45 75 105
Weedpopulaon(no./m2)
Days a er transplan ng
Untreated control Treated control
FRC permanent 0.4-mm EFN permanent
0.9-mm EFN permanent FRC opened
0.4-mm EFN opened 0.9-mm EFN opened
Figure 2. Effects of floating row covers (FRC) and eco-friendly nets (EFN) on mean weed
population during tomato production. Values shown are averages for two growing seasons
(May to October 2011 and October 2011 to March 2012). Bars having the same letter are
not significantly different according to Tukey’s honest significant difference (THSD) at
p ≤ 0.05. Untreated control had no pesticide applied, treated control was sprayed with
pesticides, permanent is where the FRC or EFN were covered throughout except during
crop maintenance periods, and opened is where the FRC or EFN were opened thrice a
week from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm.
7. Agronomy 2014, 4 7
Table 1. Effects of floating row covers (FRC) and eco-friendly nets (EFN) on pest population during production of tomato in season 1 (May
to October 2011) and 2 (October 2011 to March 2012).
Treatment *
Leafminers
(no./plant) DAT **
Cotton bollworms
(no./plant) DAT
Onion thrips
(no./plant) DAT
Mites
(no./plant) DAT
Silverleaf whiteflies
(no./plant) DAT
Aphids
(no./plant) DAT
30 93 30 93 30 93 30 93 30 93 30 93
Season one
Untreated control 0.64 a *** 2.64 a 0.39 ab 3.00 a 0.61 a 3.53 a 0.70 a 6.84 a 2.81 a 8.13 a 4.07 a 9.00 a
Treated control 0.13 c 0.20 b 0.14 cd 0.18 b 0.30 bc 0.29 b 0.24 cde 0.23 b 0.44 cd 0.24 b 0.46 cd 0.24 b
FRC permanent 0.14 c 0.10 b 0.14 cd 0.16 b 0.13 c 0.17 b 0.13 e 0.16 b 0.14 d 0.13 b 0.18 d 0.16 b
0.4-mm EFN permanent 0.11 c 0.17 b 0.10 d 0.14 b 0.13 c 0.11 b 0.17 e 0.29 b 0.27 d 0.35 b 0.46 cd 0.37 b
0.9-mm EFN permanent 0.23 bc 0.36 b 0.27 bc 0.35 b 0.30 c 0.40 b 0.43 bc 0.39 b 0.93 bc 0.50 b 0.81 bc 0.46 b
FRC opened 0.37 b 0.24 b 0.36 ab 0.21 b 0.33 b 0.33 b 0.33 cd 0.36 b 0.62 bcd 0.36 b 0.44 cd 0.30 b
0.4-mm EFN opened 0.27 bc 0.33 b 0.32 ab 0.35 b 0.58 a 0.42 b 0.63 ab 0.35 b 0.58 bcd 0.64 b 0.9 bc 0.47 b
0.9-mm EFN opened 0.35 b 0.36 b 0.46 a 0.33 b 0.53 a 0.42 b 0.64 a 0.40 b 1.04 b 0.60 b 0.93 b 0.58 b
Season two
Untreated control 0.66 a 2.31 a 0.49 a 2.42 a 0.74 a 3.36 a 0.84 a 5.57 a 2.73 a 6.56 a 3.60 a 9.30 a
Treated control 0.30 cde 0.31 bc 0.24 bc 0.49 cd 0.37 bc 0.34 bc 0.36 bc 0.40 cd 0.60 d 0.57 cd 0.50 c 0.39 de
FRC permanent 0.13 f 0.11 c 0.11 cd 0.11 f 0.17 d 0.14 c 0.14 c 0.17 e 0.20 f 0.23 e 0.23 e 0.23 e
0.4-mm EFN permanent 0.14 ef 0.16 c 0.10 d 0.20 ef 0.23 cd 0.18 c 0.17 c 0.29 de 0.46 e 0.40 de 0.29 de 0.33 de
0.9-mm EFN permanent 0.23 def 0.33 bc 0.26 b 0.37 de 0.37 bc 0.33 bc 0.42 b 0.42 cd 1.27 c 0.57 cd 0.53 bc 0.50 cd
FRC opened 0.40 bc 0.30 bc 0.36 ab 0.47 cd 0.33 cd 0.37 bc 0.34 bc 0.40 cd 0.57 de 0.54 cd 0.44 cd 0.42 de
0.4-mm EFN opened 0.36 bcd 0.46 b 0.34 ab 0.64 bc 0.61 a 0.46 b 0.67 a 0.51 bc 1.33 c 0.71 bc 0.63 bc 0.68 bc
0.9-mm EFN opened 0.47 b 0.51 b 0.43 a 0.74 b 0.56 ab 0.50 b 0.76 a 0.58 b 1.65 b 0.83 b 0.71 b 0.73 b
* Untreated control had no pesticide, treated control was sprayed with pesticides, permanent is where the FRC or EFN were covered throughout except during crop maintenance periods and
opened is where the FRC or EFN were opened thrice a week from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm; ** DAT represents Days after transplanting with 30 and 93 DAT representing mid vegetative and
reproductive stages, respectively; *** Means followed by the same letter within a column, a variable and a season are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honest significant
difference (THSD) at p ≤ 0.05.
8. Agronomy 2014, 4 8
Table 2. Effects of floating row covers (FRC) and eco-friendly nets (EFN) on tomato yield
(no./plant) during production. Values are averages of two growing seasons (May to
October 2011 and October 2011 to March 2012).
Treatment *
Total fruit number
(no./plant)
Marketable fruit
number (no./plant)
Non-marketable fruit
number (no./plant)
% Yield loss
per plant
Untreated control 20.6 bc ** 15.9 e 4.7 a 22.8 a
Treated control 19.4 e 17.7 d 1.7 c 8.8 c
FRC permanent 21.5 a 21.0 a 0.5 f 2.3 g
0.4-mm
EFN permanent
20.3 c 19.5 b 0.8 e 3.9 f
0.9-mm
EFN permanent
19.4 e 17.9 cd 1.4 d 7.2 d
FRC opened 21.3 ab 20.0 b 1.3 d 6.1 e
0.4-mm
EFN opened
20.2 cd 18.4 c 1.8 c 8.9 c
0.9-mm
EFN opened
19.5 de 17.4 d 2.1 b 10.7 b
* Untreated control had no pesticide, treated control was sprayed with pesticides, permanent is where the
FRC or EFN were covered throughout except during crop maintenance periods and opened is where the FRC
or EFN were opened thrice a week from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm; ** Means followed by the same letter within a
column and a variable are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honest significant difference
(THSD) at p ≤ 0.05.
Table 3. Effects of floating row covers (FRC) and eco-friendly nets (EFN) on tomato yield
(kg/plant) during production. Values are averages of two growing seasons (May to October
2011 and October 2011 to March 2012).
Treatment *
Total fresh
weight
(kg/plant)
Marketable fruit
weight (kg/plant)
Non-marketable
fruit weight
(kg/plant)
% Yield loss
per plant
Untreated control 1.9 g ** 1.5 f 0.44 a 21.1 a
Treated control 2.2 f 2.0 e 0.19 c 9.1 c
FRC permanent 3.8 a 3.7 a 0.09 e 2.6 g
0.4-mm EFN permanent 3.1 c 3.0 c 0.13 d 3.2 f
0.9-mm EFN permanent 2.6 ed 2.4 d 0.19 c 7.7 cd
FRC opened 3.4 b 3.2 b 0.21 c 5.9 e
0.4-mm EFN opened 3.0 d 2.4 d 0.24 b 7.4 de
0.9-mm EFN opened 2.4 ef 2.1 e 0.25 b 12.5 b
* Untreated control had no pesticide, treated control was sprayed with pesticides, permanent is where the
FRC or EFN were covered throughout except during crop maintenance periods and opened is where the FRC
or EFN were opened thrice a week from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm; ** Means followed by the same letter within a
column and a variable are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honest significant difference
(THSD) at p ≤ 0.05.
9. Agronomy 2014, 4 9
Yield Losses: Use of EFN or FRC significantly reduced yield losses (Tables 2 and 3). The lowest
yield reduction was under FRC maintained permanently covered while the highest yield loss was under
the untreated control.
4. Discussion
Use of EFN and FRC proved beneficial in reducing pest population in tomato production in this
study. During the initial stages of tomato growth, weed population was lowest in open field production
compared with EFN and FRC covered treatments. Among covered treatments, covers with finer pore
diameter (FRC and 0.4-mm EFN) also tended to have more weeds compared with the larger 0.9-mm
pore diameter EFN. Within the FRC and each given EFN mesh size, more weeds were noted under
covers that were maintained permanently covered compared with those obtained under treatments that
were opened thrice a week. According to Aoki [17], higher temperature and soil moisture under covers
promotes weed germination and development. Higher weed populations observed under FRC and EFN
in the initial stages of tomato growth in the current study could thus be attributed to higher temperature
and soil moisture under the covers, which could have favored weed seed germination and seedling
growth. However, from the mid to late stages of plant growth, weed populations tended to be lower in
FRC and EFN covered treatments than in open field treatments. Weed population under covered
treatments similarly depended on the cover pore diameter and whether the covers were maintained
permanently covered or opened with the finest pore diameter cover (FRC) maintained permanently
covered registered the lowest weed population. Vegetation cover has been reported to smother weeds
thus discouraging their growth [18]. Faster growth of tomato plants observed under covered treatments
in the current study which could have been favored by the modified microclimate under the covers
could possibly have helped in smothering the weeds during the mid through later stages of tomato
growth by depriving them of light and nutrients leading to lower weed population.
Considerably reduced populations of leaf miners, cotton bollworms, onion thrips, mites, silver leaf
whiteflies, and aphids were also observed under FRC and EFN covered treatments. The cover with the
finest pore diameter (FRC) and used permanently had the least number of pests compared to the larger
pore diameter (0.9-mm EFN) cover opened thrice a week. Row covers and nets have been documented
to offer physical barrier to pests [4,5,9]. The use of such covers in the current study may therefore have
protected tomato plants from infestations by pests through physical exclusion. In addition, the white
nets and floating row covers used could also have offered a visual barrier for flying pests such as leaf
miners, onion thrips, moths and silver leaf whiteflies distracting their feeding and mating habits, hence
lowering their population under the covered treatments. According to Majumdar [9], cover pore
diameter affects entry of insect pests into the crops. This could probably explain the lower population
of pests observed under covers with finer pore diameter (FRC and 0.4-mm EFN) compared with those
of a larger pore diameter (0.9-mm EFN). In their field tests, Licciardi et al. [8] and Martin et al. [4]
similarly observed delayed and reduced aphid infestation on cabbage under netting. Although the
incidences of viral diseases were not evaluated in our study, it is likely that use of FRC and EFN could
provide significant benefits in the management of such diseases. The reduction of the silverleaf
whitefly population noted in the current study could reduce and delay the risk of begomovirus
transmission such as tomato yellow leaf curl virus to the plant [6].
10. Agronomy 2014, 4 10
The main goal of every farmer is to maximize profit. One way of achieving this is through
improving yield and quality of crops. Use of FRC and EFN in the current study helped improve tomato
yield. At harvest, plants under FRC and EFN covers yielded more total and marketable fruit yields
compared with tomatoes grown in the open field. In addition, non-marketable fruit yields and percent
yield losses were reduced following the use of FRC and EFN. Non-marketable yield and yield losses
tended to increase with increasing cover pore diameter, with the highest non-marketable yields and
yield losses obtained under the open field treatments. Within a given cover type, covers maintained
permanently closed also resulted in less non-marketable yields and yield losses than those opened
thrice a week. Higher infestation on crops from pest and diseases led to non-marketable products [19].
Covering crops physically excludes pest and diseases [4,9]. The lower non-marketable yields and yield
losses noted for FRC and EFN covered tomato in the present study could probably have been as a
result of the lower pest damage in these treatments. Besides, the modified microclimate (increased air
temperature and soil moisture) under covered treatments may also have contributed to improved crop
performance and reduced physiological disorders favoring the production of more fruit that met the
market standards and less non-marketable fruit. El-Aidy and Sidaros [20] reported higher marketable
and less non-marketable yields under protected compared to non-protected tomato. Similarly, Nair and
Ngouajio [21] reported more total marketable yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under FRC
compared with the control.
5. Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrate the potential of FRC and EFN especially those of finer mesh
size as viable strategies for improving tomato yields through reduction of pest population which can be
used alone or as components of integrated pest management. The use of these techniques also stands to
reduce the use of pesticides during tomato production leading to healthier produce and a safer
environment. Although opening of nets during the day has been recommended by some studies, we
recommend permanent use of covers under our research conditions since opening of nets would
increase labor requirements with no additional benefit on pest reduction or yield. Net opening has
being used in warm climates as a mean to ventilate the crop during hot days. The cool climate and the
extra rise in temperature following net cover were actually beneficial for the crop. While the findings
of this study provide a good foundation to understanding the influence of EFN and FRC in pest
management and tomato performance, further testing of these materials using a wider range of mesh
sizes and color, different tomato varieties and in different tomato growing agro ecological zones would
be beneficial. An evaluation of the effect of covers on beneficial insects (pollinators and natural
enemies) may also be of immense benefit. A full economic analysis factoring in the cost of purchase,
installation and management of EFN and FRC will also be useful.
Acknowledgments
This is part of Master of Science in Horticulture project by Elisha Otieno Gogo of Egerton University,
Njoro, Kenya. The study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through
the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under Award No. EPP-A-00-09-00004.
Additional financial support was provided by Michigan State University and the Centre de coopération
11. Agronomy 2014, 4 11
internationale en recherché agronomique pour le développement (Cirad). The contents are the
responsibility of Horticulture Collaborative Research Support Program (HortCRSP) project BioNetAgro
investigators and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the U.S. Government. We also
acknowledge our project partners, the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Kenya; A to Z Textile Mills in
Tanzania; University of Abomey Calavi, Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB),
and Association des Personnes Rénovatrices des Technologies Traditionnelles (APPRETECTRA) in
Benin for their support.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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