The document summarizes organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle, a major pest of potatoes. It can completely defoliate potato crops if left uncontrolled. Cultural controls like crop rotation and physical barriers like trenches and row covers can help reduce beetle populations. Varieties that mature early may avoid peak beetle levels. Natural enemies provide some control but are rarely effective alone in commercial fields. Botanical insecticides including rotenone and neem products can help control beetles in early crop stages.
Grasshoppers are sporadic pests that sometimes migrate in large populations and defoliate gardens. More than 200 grasshopper species occur in California, but only a few like the devastating grasshopper and valley grasshopper cause significant problems. Grasshoppers lay eggs in soil in fall which hatch the following spring. Nymphs molt several times before becoming adults. Population sizes vary yearly, with major outbreaks occurring every 8-10 years if conditions are favorable for several years. Grasshoppers prefer young plants and remove large sections of leaves, sometimes devouring entire plants. Management options during major invasions are limited, but trap crops and insecticides around garden borders can help control smaller populations.
This presentation provides an overview of trap crop research and demonstrations in tomato (mainly) and squash production system. This paper was presented at the International IPM Symposium, Baltimore, MD (March 20, 2018).
This slideshow summarizes preliminary results from research done on cowpea curculio in Alabama. This insect is a major insect pest of southern peas and very difficult to control to current practices. Information about insect life cycle and behavior are also included. For more IPM information or for educational videos, visit www.aces.edu/vegetableipm.
Biological and Cultural Control of Weeds and NematodesKarl Obispo
This document discusses the biological and cultural control of nematodes and weeds. It provides information on the sugar beet cyst nematode, its life cycle, and crop rotations that can increase or decrease nematode populations. It also discusses using resistant varieties and cultural practices like sanitation and weed management to control nematodes. The document then shifts to discussing St. John's Wort, a noxious weed in North America, its historical medicinal uses, and its successful control through the introduction of the Chrysolina beetle, a natural predator from Europe.
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
This presentation was developed by Dr. A and delivered at the home garden vegetable production workshop in Selma, AL. This presentation discusses a new insecticide mode of action and correct application techniques along with several research updates.
Health Effects on Letterhead with Links - AM July 25 (2)Andreea Modrea
1. The document summarizes potential negative effects of GMOs on soil, plant, animal, and human health. It discusses how GMOs and the herbicides used on them can damage soil health by killing beneficial bacteria and accumulating toxins. This can lead to superweeds and loss of nutrients.
2. Effects on plant health include the emergence of pesticide-resistant superbugs requiring stronger pesticides in a downward cycle. Cross-contamination of organic crops is also a risk.
3. Animal studies show GMOs can cause organ damage, tumors, and early death. As the staple of livestock feed, similar effects may occur in humans such as allergies and immune problems.
Grasshoppers are sporadic pests that sometimes migrate in large populations and defoliate gardens. More than 200 grasshopper species occur in California, but only a few like the devastating grasshopper and valley grasshopper cause significant problems. Grasshoppers lay eggs in soil in fall which hatch the following spring. Nymphs molt several times before becoming adults. Population sizes vary yearly, with major outbreaks occurring every 8-10 years if conditions are favorable for several years. Grasshoppers prefer young plants and remove large sections of leaves, sometimes devouring entire plants. Management options during major invasions are limited, but trap crops and insecticides around garden borders can help control smaller populations.
This presentation provides an overview of trap crop research and demonstrations in tomato (mainly) and squash production system. This paper was presented at the International IPM Symposium, Baltimore, MD (March 20, 2018).
This slideshow summarizes preliminary results from research done on cowpea curculio in Alabama. This insect is a major insect pest of southern peas and very difficult to control to current practices. Information about insect life cycle and behavior are also included. For more IPM information or for educational videos, visit www.aces.edu/vegetableipm.
Biological and Cultural Control of Weeds and NematodesKarl Obispo
This document discusses the biological and cultural control of nematodes and weeds. It provides information on the sugar beet cyst nematode, its life cycle, and crop rotations that can increase or decrease nematode populations. It also discusses using resistant varieties and cultural practices like sanitation and weed management to control nematodes. The document then shifts to discussing St. John's Wort, a noxious weed in North America, its historical medicinal uses, and its successful control through the introduction of the Chrysolina beetle, a natural predator from Europe.
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
This presentation was developed by Dr. A and delivered at the home garden vegetable production workshop in Selma, AL. This presentation discusses a new insecticide mode of action and correct application techniques along with several research updates.
Health Effects on Letterhead with Links - AM July 25 (2)Andreea Modrea
1. The document summarizes potential negative effects of GMOs on soil, plant, animal, and human health. It discusses how GMOs and the herbicides used on them can damage soil health by killing beneficial bacteria and accumulating toxins. This can lead to superweeds and loss of nutrients.
2. Effects on plant health include the emergence of pesticide-resistant superbugs requiring stronger pesticides in a downward cycle. Cross-contamination of organic crops is also a risk.
3. Animal studies show GMOs can cause organ damage, tumors, and early death. As the staple of livestock feed, similar effects may occur in humans such as allergies and immune problems.
This presentation was delivered at the eOrganic webinar where it is archived with audio. This is the basic IPM presentation given to national audience on December 2, 2014. Presentation focuses on the management of yellowmargined flea beetles - a major insect pest of crucifers on organic/small farms.
This is a new presentation on trap cropping developed by Dr. Rammohan Balusu of Auburn University, Alabama. Please contact a Regional Extension Agent for more information.
This document discusses trap cropping, which involves planting a secondary crop that attracts pests away from the primary crop. There are several types of trap cropping based on plant characteristics or deployment methods. Trap cropping works by exploiting insects' attraction to plant volatiles and host preferences. While effective against some pests, trap cropping also has limitations such as additional land and production costs. The document provides many examples of specific trap crops used against various insect pests.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It begins by describing flea beetles and the damage they cause. It then outlines several cultural controls including crop rotation, trap cropping, and row covers. Biological controls like beneficial insects and entomopathogenic nematodes are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews alternative pesticides that are allowed in organic production, such as insecticidal soaps, botanical pesticides, and diatomaceous earth. Monitoring fields is important to determine when any treatments may need to be applied.
The myoporum thrips is an invasive pest from New Zealand that is damaging and killing Myoporum plants in California landscapes. It feeds and lives within curled and distorted new growth of susceptible Myoporum species. Monitoring for females on new growth and tapping or shaking plants are effective detection methods. While beneficial insects help control the pest, severe infestations require systemic insecticides. Applying dinotefuran around tree trunks can control the thrips without harming other plants or beneficials as much as other application methods.
This document summarizes a presentation about learning from past plant epidemics. It discusses two case studies: the Irish Potato Famine of 1845-1850, which was caused by late blight fungus and resulted in over 1 million deaths in Ireland from starvation. The second case study discusses the 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight epidemic in the US, where a fungus destroyed 80-100% of corn crops due to the widespread use of susceptible hybrid varieties. The presentation also covers current threats to US agriculture from diseases and pests, strategies for combating epidemics, and emerging technologies.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops and the debate around them in Britain. It covers:
1) Public opinion in Britain is largely opposed to GM crops but the government continues to support research. Hundreds of hectares of GM crops are grown in research centers.
2) Arguments for GM crops include making them resistant to pests and diseases to reduce pesticide use, resistant to herbicides, and needing less water or fertilizer. This could help address famine issues.
3) Opponents argue GM crops pose enormous risks like creating super-weeds or reducing biodiversity and harming ecosystems. Within 10-20 years the long term risks and impacts may become clearer, but for now individuals
Combating wilt susceptibility in Chickpea – A Success story and Challenges ah...ICARDA
This document discusses the success and ongoing challenges of combating fusarium wilt susceptibility in chickpeas. It summarizes efforts over recent decades to identify sources of wilt resistance through screening landraces and developing resistant varieties. Major accomplishments include the development of varieties JG 315 and JG 74 in the 1980s and subsequent varieties in later decades. However, challenges remain such as new pathotypes of Fusarium oxysporum emerging and increasing issues with other soil-borne diseases under changing climatic conditions. Ongoing efforts are needed to incorporate multiple disease resistance and continue identifying new races of the pathogen.
GMO's and the environment. Currently, GE crops in California include cotton and corn. Potential environmental concerns with GMOs include the escape of transgenes from cultivated crops to wild relatives or other cultivated crops. This could occur through pollen or seed dispersal and affect both target and non-target organisms. While current impacts may be limited, long-term effects require further study. Overall, a case-by-case evaluation is needed considering the environment, organism, and transgene in question.
Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
Nematode populations dynamics threshold levels and estimation ofFrancis Matu
This document discusses nematode population dynamics, threshold levels, and crop loss estimation. It outlines factors that influence nematode thresholds, such as pathogens, soil type, plant vigor, temperature, and antagonistic microbes. The document also describes nematode population dynamics, noting that some species are K-strategists with low reproduction rates while others are r-strategists that can rapidly increase populations when conditions are favorable. Models for estimating nematode multiplication rates are presented, accounting for variables like the maximum reproduction rate and equilibrium population density. Approaches for assessing yield losses from nematodes, including damage models, are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of nematodes, including their tiny worm-like structure, prevalence in soils worldwide, and ability to severely impact plant growth. It describes some major genera of plant-parasitic nematodes found in the US, such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, and the symptoms and damage they cause, such as root galling, stunting, and wilting. The document also notes nematodes have a wide host range and discusses some of their soil and climate preferences that influence their populations.
GURT (Genetic use restriction technology)siddarudh
This document provides an overview of genetic use restriction technology (GURT), also known as "terminator technology". It defines GURT as genetically modifying plants to produce sterile seeds, preventing farmers from reusing seeds. The technology uses three genes - a repressor gene, recombinase gene, and toxin gene - that work together to terminate seeds unless an activator is used. While not yet commercialized, it is being developed by biotech companies to restrict seed reuse and protect intellectual property. However, critics argue it would negatively impact farmers' rights, food security, biodiversity, and local seed varieties that many small farmers depend on for replanting. The document examines both perspectives on this controversial technology.
Genetically Modified Crop is a crop whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the insertion of a gene or a gene from another organism using the techniques of genetic engineering.
This document provides an overview of common insect pests that affect vegetable gardens and their management. It discusses pests that affect specific plant families like cucurbits, cole crops, tomatoes, beans, and others. For each pest, it describes identifying features, types of damage, life cycles, and recommended control methods which include cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological controls. Control methods aim to reduce pest populations while preserving beneficial insect predators and parasites.
This document discusses cultural control methods for reducing pest damage to crops. Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices, like plowing, weeding, pruning, and crop rotation, to make the environment less favorable for pests. The practices may directly impact pest growth and reproduction or minimize their ability to attack plants. The goal is to control pests in an environmentally sound way without using pesticides. Some examples provided include intercropping cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borers, and destroying weed hosts to control citrus fruit sucking moths. Advantages are low cost and minimal environmental impact, while disadvantages include requiring long-term planning and not providing complete pest control.
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
Chemical pest control uses pesticides, which are chemicals that prevent, destroy, or repel pests. Pesticides are classified based on their target organisms like insects, weeds, and fungi. They also vary in their mode of action, such as contact, systemic, fumigant, and stomach poisons. Chemical pest control can effectively control pests but overuse risks developing pest resistance, eliminating natural enemies, and polluting the environment through residues in food and water contamination. Proper use of pesticides can provide agricultural benefits while minimizing disadvantages to health and ecology.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
Chemical pest control uses chemical pesticides to prevent, destroy, or repel pests that affect crops, livestock, and possessions. Pesticides are classified based on their sphere of activity (such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), mode of action (contact, systemic, fumigants), and chemical constituents (botanical, synthetic organic, microbial). They come in various formulations like dusts, granules, emulsifiable concentrates that are applied by methods like knapsack spraying. Chemical pest control is cost effective and provides quality produce but overuse can harm non-target species and contaminate food, water and the environment. Proper pesticide usage balances the benefits of pest control with environmental
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) for food processing facilities. IPM aims to control pests through prevention and elimination of conditions that support pest populations. It emphasizes regular inspection, identifying entry points and food/water sources, and addressing issues before using chemicals. The key steps of IPM include inspection, preventative planning, identification of pest issues, analyzing the causes, selecting targeted treatments, ongoing monitoring, and documentation. IPM provides long-term pest control through non-chemical methods and minimizing application of pesticides.
This presentation was delivered at the eOrganic webinar where it is archived with audio. This is the basic IPM presentation given to national audience on December 2, 2014. Presentation focuses on the management of yellowmargined flea beetles - a major insect pest of crucifers on organic/small farms.
This is a new presentation on trap cropping developed by Dr. Rammohan Balusu of Auburn University, Alabama. Please contact a Regional Extension Agent for more information.
This document discusses trap cropping, which involves planting a secondary crop that attracts pests away from the primary crop. There are several types of trap cropping based on plant characteristics or deployment methods. Trap cropping works by exploiting insects' attraction to plant volatiles and host preferences. While effective against some pests, trap cropping also has limitations such as additional land and production costs. The document provides many examples of specific trap crops used against various insect pests.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It begins by describing flea beetles and the damage they cause. It then outlines several cultural controls including crop rotation, trap cropping, and row covers. Biological controls like beneficial insects and entomopathogenic nematodes are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews alternative pesticides that are allowed in organic production, such as insecticidal soaps, botanical pesticides, and diatomaceous earth. Monitoring fields is important to determine when any treatments may need to be applied.
The myoporum thrips is an invasive pest from New Zealand that is damaging and killing Myoporum plants in California landscapes. It feeds and lives within curled and distorted new growth of susceptible Myoporum species. Monitoring for females on new growth and tapping or shaking plants are effective detection methods. While beneficial insects help control the pest, severe infestations require systemic insecticides. Applying dinotefuran around tree trunks can control the thrips without harming other plants or beneficials as much as other application methods.
This document summarizes a presentation about learning from past plant epidemics. It discusses two case studies: the Irish Potato Famine of 1845-1850, which was caused by late blight fungus and resulted in over 1 million deaths in Ireland from starvation. The second case study discusses the 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight epidemic in the US, where a fungus destroyed 80-100% of corn crops due to the widespread use of susceptible hybrid varieties. The presentation also covers current threats to US agriculture from diseases and pests, strategies for combating epidemics, and emerging technologies.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops and the debate around them in Britain. It covers:
1) Public opinion in Britain is largely opposed to GM crops but the government continues to support research. Hundreds of hectares of GM crops are grown in research centers.
2) Arguments for GM crops include making them resistant to pests and diseases to reduce pesticide use, resistant to herbicides, and needing less water or fertilizer. This could help address famine issues.
3) Opponents argue GM crops pose enormous risks like creating super-weeds or reducing biodiversity and harming ecosystems. Within 10-20 years the long term risks and impacts may become clearer, but for now individuals
Combating wilt susceptibility in Chickpea – A Success story and Challenges ah...ICARDA
This document discusses the success and ongoing challenges of combating fusarium wilt susceptibility in chickpeas. It summarizes efforts over recent decades to identify sources of wilt resistance through screening landraces and developing resistant varieties. Major accomplishments include the development of varieties JG 315 and JG 74 in the 1980s and subsequent varieties in later decades. However, challenges remain such as new pathotypes of Fusarium oxysporum emerging and increasing issues with other soil-borne diseases under changing climatic conditions. Ongoing efforts are needed to incorporate multiple disease resistance and continue identifying new races of the pathogen.
GMO's and the environment. Currently, GE crops in California include cotton and corn. Potential environmental concerns with GMOs include the escape of transgenes from cultivated crops to wild relatives or other cultivated crops. This could occur through pollen or seed dispersal and affect both target and non-target organisms. While current impacts may be limited, long-term effects require further study. Overall, a case-by-case evaluation is needed considering the environment, organism, and transgene in question.
Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
Nematode populations dynamics threshold levels and estimation ofFrancis Matu
This document discusses nematode population dynamics, threshold levels, and crop loss estimation. It outlines factors that influence nematode thresholds, such as pathogens, soil type, plant vigor, temperature, and antagonistic microbes. The document also describes nematode population dynamics, noting that some species are K-strategists with low reproduction rates while others are r-strategists that can rapidly increase populations when conditions are favorable. Models for estimating nematode multiplication rates are presented, accounting for variables like the maximum reproduction rate and equilibrium population density. Approaches for assessing yield losses from nematodes, including damage models, are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of nematodes, including their tiny worm-like structure, prevalence in soils worldwide, and ability to severely impact plant growth. It describes some major genera of plant-parasitic nematodes found in the US, such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, and the symptoms and damage they cause, such as root galling, stunting, and wilting. The document also notes nematodes have a wide host range and discusses some of their soil and climate preferences that influence their populations.
GURT (Genetic use restriction technology)siddarudh
This document provides an overview of genetic use restriction technology (GURT), also known as "terminator technology". It defines GURT as genetically modifying plants to produce sterile seeds, preventing farmers from reusing seeds. The technology uses three genes - a repressor gene, recombinase gene, and toxin gene - that work together to terminate seeds unless an activator is used. While not yet commercialized, it is being developed by biotech companies to restrict seed reuse and protect intellectual property. However, critics argue it would negatively impact farmers' rights, food security, biodiversity, and local seed varieties that many small farmers depend on for replanting. The document examines both perspectives on this controversial technology.
Genetically Modified Crop is a crop whose genetic characteristics have been altered by the insertion of a gene or a gene from another organism using the techniques of genetic engineering.
This document provides an overview of common insect pests that affect vegetable gardens and their management. It discusses pests that affect specific plant families like cucurbits, cole crops, tomatoes, beans, and others. For each pest, it describes identifying features, types of damage, life cycles, and recommended control methods which include cultural, mechanical, chemical and biological controls. Control methods aim to reduce pest populations while preserving beneficial insect predators and parasites.
This document discusses cultural control methods for reducing pest damage to crops. Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices, like plowing, weeding, pruning, and crop rotation, to make the environment less favorable for pests. The practices may directly impact pest growth and reproduction or minimize their ability to attack plants. The goal is to control pests in an environmentally sound way without using pesticides. Some examples provided include intercropping cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borers, and destroying weed hosts to control citrus fruit sucking moths. Advantages are low cost and minimal environmental impact, while disadvantages include requiring long-term planning and not providing complete pest control.
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
Chemical pest control uses pesticides, which are chemicals that prevent, destroy, or repel pests. Pesticides are classified based on their target organisms like insects, weeds, and fungi. They also vary in their mode of action, such as contact, systemic, fumigant, and stomach poisons. Chemical pest control can effectively control pests but overuse risks developing pest resistance, eliminating natural enemies, and polluting the environment through residues in food and water contamination. Proper use of pesticides can provide agricultural benefits while minimizing disadvantages to health and ecology.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM). It defines IPM as a pest management approach that uses multiple control strategies, including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical tactics, to keep pest populations below economically damaging levels while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The key principles of IPM include understanding pest biology and crop-pest interactions, advanced planning, balancing control costs and benefits, and monitoring pest populations to inform management decisions. The document discusses various IPM strategies and their advantages for improving farm profitability, reducing pest resistance and environmental impacts compared to reliance on pesticides alone.
Chemical pest control uses chemical pesticides to prevent, destroy, or repel pests that affect crops, livestock, and possessions. Pesticides are classified based on their sphere of activity (such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), mode of action (contact, systemic, fumigants), and chemical constituents (botanical, synthetic organic, microbial). They come in various formulations like dusts, granules, emulsifiable concentrates that are applied by methods like knapsack spraying. Chemical pest control is cost effective and provides quality produce but overuse can harm non-target species and contaminate food, water and the environment. Proper pesticide usage balances the benefits of pest control with environmental
The document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) for food processing facilities. IPM aims to control pests through prevention and elimination of conditions that support pest populations. It emphasizes regular inspection, identifying entry points and food/water sources, and addressing issues before using chemicals. The key steps of IPM include inspection, preventative planning, identification of pest issues, analyzing the causes, selecting targeted treatments, ongoing monitoring, and documentation. IPM provides long-term pest control through non-chemical methods and minimizing application of pesticides.
This document discusses integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. IPM is a holistic approach that uses monitoring, identification, and action thresholds to determine when and how to address pest issues using cultural, physical, biological, or chemical methods. The goal is to prevent and control pests with minimal risk to humans, the environment, and other organisms. The document outlines IPM principles and provides examples of various control tactics within each category.
This document provides an overview of pest control measures. It begins by defining what a pest is and provides examples of common pests like insects, weeds, and diseases. It then discusses the history of major pest outbreaks like the bubonic plague and potato famine. The document outlines the evolution of pest control from primitive to modern techniques. It describes the four major categories of pests and various control methods like biological, mechanical, cultural, physical, genetic, chemical, and regulatory approaches. For each control method, examples are given to illustrate how it can be applied to manage different types of pests.
Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control OptionsGardening
This document provides information on organic control options for the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), a major pest of potatoes. It summarizes several cultural, physical and biological control strategies including crop rotation, flaming, row covers, traps, mulching and varietal resistance. It also discusses the use of natural enemies, botanical insecticides like neem and pyrethrum, and biopesticides including Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana for managing CPB populations organically.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It outlines cultural, biological and alternative pesticide approaches. Cultural controls include using crop rotation, trap cropping with Chinese Southern Giant Mustard or radishes, and row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites that naturally suppress flea beetle populations. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides like neem, rotenone and pyrethrins, as well as insecticidal soap, garlic extracts, and diatomaceous earth.
This document provides information on organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It discusses cultural, physical, biological and alternative pesticide controls. Cultural controls include providing optimal growing conditions, crop rotation, trap cropping, and sanitation. Physical controls are row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides, insecticidal soap, diatomaceous earth, and Surround. Regular monitoring is important to determine if and when pesticidal applications are needed.
Environmental issues associated with transgenic cropsSheetal Mehla
This document summarizes environmental issues associated with transgenic crops. It discusses direct effects on biodiversity and non-target organisms from GM crops. One example discussed is early research suggesting Bt corn may harm monarch butterflies, but later studies found large-scale cultivation does not significantly impact monarch populations. The document also covers pollen-mediated gene transfer between crops and wild varieties, as well as concerns about horizontal gene transfer and invasiveness of GM crops. Indirect effects from changes in farming practices associated with GM crops are also noted.
Thrips Management Alternatives in the FieldGardening
This document summarizes alternatives for managing thrips populations in agricultural fields. It discusses monitoring thrips using sticky cards and examining plant parts with a lens. Cultural control methods include avoiding susceptible crops after grains, managing weeds, using colored mulches, and balanced soil nutrition. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also help suppress thrips naturally. Organic pesticides are available when needed to control thrips.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsGardening
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, which are major pests of cucurbit crops. It describes the life cycles and characteristics of each pest. It outlines a three-level approach to organic pest management according to the USDA National Organic Program standards. Level 1 involves cultural and systems-based practices like crop rotation and field sanitation. Level 2 includes mechanical controls like row covers and traps. Level 3 uses biological and botanical pesticides allowed on the National Organic List. The document discusses various organic controls for each pest, including row covers, host plant resistance, and biological controls. It provides details on planning, monitoring, and integrating multiple control strategies to manage these pests organically
Garden symphylans are small, white soil-dwelling arthropods that can cause significant damage to crops. They feed on plant roots, reducing the crop's ability to take up water and nutrients, which leads to stunting or death. Garden symphylans are commonly found in western Oregon, Washington, and California, especially in heavier, well-structured soils with good tilth. Their patchy distribution within fields makes them difficult to sample for and manage. Various sampling methods can be used to determine if they are present in damaging numbers to inform management decisions. Tactics to control damage include those that decrease garden symphylan populations as well as those that reduce their access to crop roots.
Austin Chemical Engineering is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles related to original and novel fundamental research in the field of Chemical Engineering. We are endowed with a faculty who are dedicated Editorial members and distinguished researchers that carry out cutting-edge research in all modern areas of chemical engineering, as well as in inter-disciplinary areas like nanosciences and technology, biosciences, soft matter physics, novel materials, high-performance computing and large multicentre studies of new therapies. It also provides state-of-the-art reviews on clinical and experimental therapies in chemical Engineering.
The journey through our website will provide you the information on our research efforts in science and engineering, the people, the place, the future plans and opportunities.
Austin Chemical Engineering is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles related to original and novel fundamental research in the field of Chemical Engineering.
This document provides information on organic asparagus production, including variety selection, site preparation, weed, insect and disease management. Key points:
1) Variety selection is important, with all-male hybrids like 'Jersey Giant' yielding much more than older varieties. Soil pH between 6.5-7.5 and amendments before planting also improve growth.
2) Weed control is a major challenge, requiring elimination of perennials before planting and a combination of cultivation, mulching, cover crops and flaming for annual weeds.
3) Pests like asparagus beetle and rust can reduce yields but can be managed through sanitation, crop rotation and resistant varieties.
This document provides information on organic asparagus production, including variety selection, site preparation, weed, insect and disease management. Key points:
1) Variety selection is important, with all-male hybrids like 'Jersey Giant' yielding much more than older varieties. Soil pH between 6.5-7.5 and amendments before planting also improve growth.
2) Weed control is a major challenge, requiring elimination of perennials before planting and a combination of cultivation, mulching, cover crops and flaming for annual weeds.
3) Pests like asparagus beetle and rust can reduce yields but can be managed through sanitation, crop rotation and resistant varieties.
Pratylenchus vulnus is a plant-pathogenic nematode that infects the roots of many plants, including Persian walnut, grapes, citrus, stone fruits, and berries. It causes lesions on roots that reduce plant vigor and yield. P. vulnus has a wide host range and is established throughout California, where it is a primary cause of tree decline. Management strategies include nematicides, hot water treatment of roots, and using tolerant rootstocks, though options are now more limited since the loss of methyl bromide and DBCP.
It is about the major pest of cabbage ways to tackle the pest in an organized manner with lesser environmental damage alongside with the help of IPM principles.
Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational Integrated Pest ManagementGardening
This document provides information on organic and biorational integrated pest management strategies for controlling cucumber beetles, a major pest of cucurbit crops. It begins by describing the six species of cucumber beetles found in the US and their life cycles. It then discusses the damage caused by cucumber beetles and organic control methods including cultural practices, trap crops, predators/parasites, and botanical/biorational insecticides. The document emphasizes using a combination of these methods within an integrated pest management approach to control cucumber beetles organically.
This document summarizes strategies for managing grasshopper populations, including cultural, biological, and physical controls. It discusses the grasshopper lifecycle and how weather impacts outbreaks. Cultural controls involve tillage, trap cropping, and maintaining biodiversity to support natural predators. Biological controls mentioned include the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana. Physical barriers can also be used, such as trap crops along field perimeters. The overall emphasis is on preventative, non-chemical approaches to integrated pest management.
This presentation was delivered at the 2011 Gulf Coast Fruit & Vegetable Conference on January 27th, organized by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. The presetation disccuses some trap cropping techniques for sustainable vegetable production. Various Extension IPM resources for farmers is also included in the slideshow.
General Information on Pest and Damage.docxDANIEL PAUL
The document provides information on the diamondback moth, a major pest of brassica crops worldwide. It describes the moth's damage to crops, host range, life cycle, and management strategies. The diamondback moth can destroy cabbage and kale crops through its caterpillar stage, which feeds on leaves and stems. Management includes cultural practices like crop rotation, intercropping, and sanitation as well as monitoring for economic thresholds.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for organic farming systems. It discusses preventative cultural practices as the foundation of organic pest management, including farm site selection, crop isolation/rotation, woody borders, and soil quality management. It also covers habitat enhancement strategies like intercropping, trap cropping, and conservation strips. The use of host plant resistance, biological control agents, and organic insecticides are also summarized. The document emphasizes that full integration of multiple complementary strategies is key to organic pest management.
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
Similar to Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control Options (20)
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
Sistemas Avícolas Alternativos con Acceso a PasturaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe y compara sistemas avícolas alternativos y convencionales. Los sistemas alternativos incluyen aves con acceso a pasturas a través de casas fijas, casas portátiles, corrales de pastura u otros diseños que permiten a las aves expresar su comportamiento natural al aire libre. Estos sistemas son comúnmente a pequeña escala e integrados a granjas diversificadas. El acceso al exterior es una parte importante del bienestar de las aves y permite producción extensiva en comparación con los sistem
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
Este documento cubre el procesamiento de aves a pequeña escala, ya sea en la granja o en plantas pequeñas. Describe las etapas clave del procesamiento, como la inmovilización, matanza, sangrado, desplume, evisceración, enfriamiento y empaque. También compara el procesamiento a pequeña, mediana y gran escala, y explica cómo el acceso a instalaciones de procesamiento es crucial para los pequeños productores avícolas.
Planeando la Plantación de Vegetales para una Cosecha ContinuaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento ofrece consejos para planificar plantaciones sucesivas de vegetales con el fin de lograr una cosecha continua a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento. Explica que es importante mantener registros de plantaciones y cosechas anteriores para determinar las fechas óptimas de siembra. También destaca que el clima y las condiciones de la tierra afectan el crecimiento de los cultivos, por lo que es útil considerar las temperaturas ideales de germinación de cada vegetal. El documento incluye una tabla con esta información y un
Este documento trata sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en pastoreo. Explica que los rumiantes como vacunos, ovinos y caprinos pueden convertir plantas no comestibles para humanos en alimentos mediante la digestión de la celulosa. También destaca que la mayoría de las tierras son aptas solo para pastoreo, no para cultivo, y que el pastoreo es una forma eficiente de convertir la biomasa vegetal en alimentos como carne y leche. Además, resalta la importancia de entender la nutrición de los rumiantes considerando fact
Este documento trata sobre los requerimientos nutricionales para aves de pastura y cómo cubrirlos a través de diferentes ingredientes alimenticios comunes y poco comunes. Explica el valor nutritivo de ingredientes como el maíz, trigo, avena, harina de pescado y frijol soya, y discute consideraciones como la molienda, la formulación de raciones y la nutrición aplicada para diferentes tasas de crecimiento y estilos de alimentación.
Nuevos Mercados para Su Cosecha (audio version)ElisaMendelsohn
Pedro quiere vender sus productos agrícolas pero no puede vender todo en el mercado local y los comerciantes le ofrecen precios bajos. José le sugiere vender a instituciones como escuelas, hospitales y asilos de ancianos. José introduce a Pedro con el comprador de alimentos del hospital local. El comprador está interesado en comprar productos de la granja de Pedro y pide detalles sobre sus productos, precios y disponibilidad. Pedro comienza a vender lechuga al hospital y el comprador pide un volumen mayor, pero Pedro no puede
Los Escarabajos del Pepino: Manejo Integrado de Plagas — MIP Orgánico y Biora...ElisaMendelsohn
Los escarabajos del pepino son plagas importantes de cultivos de cucurbitáceas en los Estados Unidos. Transmiten enfermedades bacterianas y virales y causan daño directo al alimentarse de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos. Sus ciclos de vida y las medidas orgánicas de control como plantación tardía, cobertores flotantes, cultivos trampa e insecticidas botánicos deben ser comprendidos para implementar estrategias de manejo integrado efectivas.
Las Crónicas Orgánicas No. 1: No Tenga Pánico Vuélvase OrgánicoElisaMendelsohn
Este documento presenta la historia de Pedro, un agricultor, que aprende sobre los beneficios de la agricultura orgánica a través de una visita a una granja orgánica y conversaciones con agricultores orgánicos. Pedro descubre que la agricultura orgánica fomenta la biodiversidad en el suelo y los cultivos, lo que ayuda a controlar plagas de forma natural. Aprende que el uso de pesticidas químicos puede dañar a los organismos benéficos en el suelo y los cultivos. Finalmente, Pedro decide convertir
La Certificación para Granjas Orgánicas y el Programa Orgánico NacionalElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe los requisitos para la certificación orgánica de granjas y el Programa Orgánico Nacional de los EE.UU. Los agricultores que quieran vender sus productos como orgánicos deben obtener la certificación de un agente acreditado. La certificación asegura a los consumidores que los productos cumplen con las normas orgánicas. El Programa Orgánico Nacional estableció normas uniformes para la certificación y acredita agentes certificadores. Los agricultores deben cumplir con las normas de producción e
Jardinería Comercial: Consideraciones para Producción de Frutas y VerdurasElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona consideraciones para iniciar un negocio de jardinería comercial. Explica que se debe desarrollar un plan de negocios que incluya un plan de marketing enfocado en los mercados. También discute opciones de mercado como mercados de productores, ventas directas, restaurantes e instituciones. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de aprender técnicas de producción a través de talleres, conferencias u observando otros productores.
Guía Ilustrada para la Producción de Ovinos y CaprinosElisaMendelsohn
Este documento es una guía ilustrada para la producción de ovinos y caprinos. Proporciona información sobre la selección de animales, la alimentación y el pastoreo, el cuidado de animales jóvenes y de cría, la sanidad, el equipo y el manejo, y la comercialización de productos de ovinos y caprinos. La guía describe las características deseables para una buena conformación en ovinos y caprinos, y ofrece consejos sobre cómo proveer una dieta y pastoreo saludables para estos animales.
Este documento proporciona una guía sobre métodos orgánicos para producir fresas. Cubre técnicas como el control de malezas mediante acolchado de plástico negro, fertilización orgánica, y control biológico de plagas. También discute sistemas de producción como la plantación en camellones con plástico y la producción en túneles, y provee recursos adicionales sobre certificación orgánica y recomendaciones de variedades por estado. La producción orgánica de fresas puede requerir más esf
Este documento describe el equipamiento básico necesario para una pequeña granja avícola, enfocándose en los sistemas de bebederos y comederos. Explica que los bebederos son cruciales para el bienestar de las aves y deben proveer agua limpia de manera confiable para prevenir enfermedades y la muerte de los pollos. También discute brevemente consideraciones para cercos, perchas y cajas nido.
Este documento describe el proceso de certificación orgánica según las normas del Programa Nacional Orgánico del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Explica que la certificación permite vender, representar y etiquetar productos como orgánicos, y que involucra inspecciones anuales realizadas por un certificador acreditado para verificar el cumplimiento de las normas. También destaca algunos de los beneficios de la certificación, como mantener mejores registros que ayudan a identificar y resolver problemas de producción con mayor facilidad.
Este documento trata sobre el manejo sostenible de suelos. Explica las propiedades básicas del suelo y los pasos para mejorar y mantener la calidad del suelo de manera sostenible. Cubre temas como la importancia de la materia orgánica y los organismos del suelo, técnicas para mejorar el suelo como el compost y la labranza reducida, y ejemplos de agricultores que han tenido éxito mejorando la calidad de sus suelos.
El Manejo de Gallineros para la Producción AlternativaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona información sobre el manejo del medio ambiente en la producción avícola alternativa. Explica que tanto el área interior como el exterior son importantes para el bienestar de las aves. Detalla la importancia de la ventilación, temperatura, iluminación y lecho dentro del gallinero. Además, enfatiza que la producción alternativa a menudo ocurre a pequeña escala y puede ser certificada orgánica, requiriendo ciertas prácticas especiales en comparación con la avicultura convencional.
Este documento describe los cuatro pasos que los productores y procesadores orgánicos deben seguir para prepararse adecuadamente para su inspección de certificación orgánica anual. El primer paso es leer las secciones pertinentes de las Normas Orgánicas Nacionales según el tipo de operación. El segundo paso es revisar su Plan de Sistema Orgánico. El tercer paso es revisar la comunicación de la agencia certificadora del año pasado. El cuarto paso es organizar todos los registros requeridos usando las listas proporcionadas. La public
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. Cultural and Physical Controls
A combination of several strategies can help keep CPB populations under control. Crop rotation
can delay CPB population buildup, but will not prevent an infestation unless fields are fairly well
isolated. The effects of crop rotation and field proximity on populations of CPB and incidence of early
blight (Alternaria solani) were quantified in a study done in the early 1990s (3). The researchers noted
that the infestations of both these pests were inversely related to the distances between rotated fields
and the nearest locations where potatoes were planted the previous season. In other words, the
farther this season’s potato field is from last season’s potato field, the fewer the pest problems.
Research at Cornell University demonstrated the efficacy of flame technology in controlling over-
wintering CPBs. The most effective time for flaming is between plant emergence and 8 inches in
height. Taller plants are less heat-tolerant and the canopy shields many of the pests. Best control is
achieved on warm, sunny days when beetles are actively feeding on top of the plants. In trials,
flaming resulted in 90% control of overwintering adult CPB, whereas chemical insecticides pro-
vided only 25–50% control. Flaming also reduced egg hatch by 30% (4).
For more information on propane flame weeding, including specifications and sources
of flame weeders, see the ATTRA publications Flame Weeding for Agronomic Crops
and Flame Weeding for Vegetable Crops.
CPB can be excluded from crops with the use of “floating row covers,” a thin fabric spun from
a synthetic material. The product allows air and moisture to travel through it, while preventing
pest species access to the plants. For more information on row covers, see the ATTRA publication
Season Extension Techniques for Market Gardeners.
Another exclusion strategy is the use of plastic-lined trenches as a barrier to CPBs entering a
potato field (5). Beetles can walk on clean plastic mulch at an angle, but once the plastic is coated
with fine soil particles, this becomes impossible. Trenches with walls sloping at greater than 46°
will retain an average of 84% of all adults caught under field conditions. A potato field surrounded
by plastic-lined trenches might see its population of overwintered adult beetles reduced by nearly
half. Small numbers of beetles escape from the trenches during periods of rain, but once the plastic
dries, footing again becomes impossible for the insects. Further details on this strategy are pre-
sented in the 16-minute video from Cornell Cooperative Extension, mentioned above.
In a similar vein, Canadian researchers have developed a portable field-edge trap to keep CPBs
from entering potato or tomato fields after overwintering (6). The first prototype was constructed
from sheet metal, and a subsequent version was made of extruded plastic. The design, which re-
ceived a U.S. patent, makes it easy for beetles to crawl up the sides, where they eventually fall into
the trap. Dozens of CPBs per linear foot were trapped during field tests.
According to another study, mulching with wheat or rye straw may reduce the CPB’s ability to
locate potato fields, and the mulch creates a microenvironment that favors CPB predators (7). In
the first half of the season, soil predators—mostly ground beetles—climb potato plants to feed on
second- and third-instar larvae of the CPB. In the second half of the season, ladybird beetles and
green lacewings are the predominant predators, feeding on eggs and on first and second instars.
Mulched plots supported greater numbers of predators compared to non-mulched plots, resulting
in significantly less defoliation by CPB. Tuber yields were increased by a third.
A mechanical strategy that stimulated considerable interest in the late 1980s and early ‘90s was
the bug vacuum. These were rather large, tractor-drawn machines that sucked insects from the
crop plants and killed them, usually by shattering them against the fan housing. One particular
unit—the beetle eater—was intended for use on CPB in potatoes. Interest in insect vacuums was
not long-lived. Problems were noted with soil compaction, loss of beneficial insects, and lack of
efficacy on heavier pests deep within crop canopies (8). A few machines, however, remain in com-
PAGE 2 //COLORADO POTATO BEETLE: ORGANIC CONTROL OPTIONS
3. mercial use (9). For further information, request the ATTRA publication Bug Vacuums for Organic Crop
Protection.
Varietal Resistance
Several genetically-engineered potato varieties are available to commercial growers, but these
are not permitted in certified organic production. A few traditional potato varieties (e.g., ‘Russet
Burbank’) seem to be more tolerant of CPB than others, but none of them can be considered “resis-
tant.”
The April 1989 issue of National Gardening highlighted research on planting early-maturing
varieties that develop potato tubers before CPB populations explode (10). It lists seven varieties that
mature in 75 to 88 days—Caribe, Norland, Pungo, Redsen, Sunrise, Superior, and Yukon Gold—
and illustrates the growth stage of the potatoes versus CPB emergence and larval development.
This practice may prove especially beneficial to growers in northern regions, where cooler tempera-
tures slow insect development.
Biological Control
CPB has several natural enemies, but they are rarely seen in commercial potato fields because of
heavy pesticide use and lack of habitat to support them. Even under organic growing conditions,
where natural enemies are more abundant, they will probably not completely control the CPB. The
generalist predators—ladybird beetles, lacewings, predatory stink bugs, spiders, etc.—provide some
control. There are also a number of CPB parasites. Doryphorophaga doryphorae and D. coberrans
are two species of fly that parasitize CPB larvae; a wasp, Edovum puttleri, parasitizes eggs.
Increasing habitat for natural enemies by providing pollen and nectar sources along field bor-
ders or by planting insectary strips in the field can increase the effectiveness of these biological
controls. ATTRA has more information on this technique in the Farmscaping to Enhance Biological
Control publication. As mentioned above under “Cultural and Physical Controls,” mulching also
favors CPB predators.
Botanicals
A few commercial botanical preparations are available for use on CPB. Rotenone is derived from
the roots of a South American plant. Since it is somewhat slow at killing pests, it is often combined
with pyrethrum for a faster “knockdown.” Plant protection is relatively brief, usually lasting two
days or less. Rotenone must be used with caution as it is quite toxic to fish and swine. Rotenone is a
restricted material, one that should be used only when other, less severe options fail to exert adequate
control. Be certain to read the label directions for specific instructions and cautions.
Various products with the active ingredient azadirachtin (from neem tree seeds) have some
efficacy against CPB in the early crop stages. These include Neemix™, BioNeem™, and Margosan-
O™. However, spray concentrations of 1% and greater may cause phytotoxicity on potato plants
(11). Furthermore, though they were once considered benign to beneficial insects, neem products
have demonstrated some negative impacts. Washington State research has found neem to be toxic
to ladybeetles, especially in their early larval stages (12). Meanwhile, research in Maine found
neem less effective than Bacillus thuringiensis (see “Biopesticides” on page 4) (13).
Pyola™ is a natural insecticide product that combines canola oil with pyrethrins. It is recom-
mended for use on cucumber beetles, flea beetles, Mexican bean beetles, squash bugs, aphids, mites,
and CPB (14). However, since much of the canola oil on the market is derived from genetically
engineered plants, this product may or may not be acceptable for organic production. Growers
should contact their certifying agent before purchase and use.
//COLORADO POTATO BEETLE: ORGANIC CONTROL OPTIONS PAGE 3
4. A number of herbs and herbal extracts are also reputed to repel or inhibit CPB, though research
has been far from thorough. Among the plants believed to have some effect are: catnip, tansy, sage
(15), hemp (16), oak extract (17), wild potato (Solanum chacoense) (18), and citrus oils (19).
Biopesticides
Several biopesticide products based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have become avail-
able in recent years. M-One™, made from B. thuringiensis ssp. san diego, is genetically engineered and
therefore is not allowed in certified organic production. Novodor™, produced by Valent USA Corp.
(20), contains B. thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis, a form of Bt that is not genetically engineered and can be
used by organic producers in most states. One source of Novodor is Peaceful Valley Farm Supply
(21).
Bt is effective only if ingested by the pest, and then only in the larval stage. Furthermore, Bt
sprays are generally effective only against newly hatched CPB larvae. Applications should be made
within one to two days whenever one or both of two criteria are met:
• densities of egg masses reach or exceed 4 per 50 vines and at least 25% of the oldest masses have
hatched or are hatching;
• densities of small larvae reach the treatment threshold of 76 per 50 plants or stems (22).
Bt is most effective if applied when daytime temperatures reach or exceed 75°F, because larval
feeding is then increased (22).
Another biopesticide, Mycotrol™, is based on the fungal agent Beauveria bassiana. Like Bt, B.
bassiana is a naturally occurring organism. Unlike Bt, B. bassiana is effective against all larval and
adult stages of CPB. Furthermore, once B. bassiana is applied, it can continue to propagate and
provide a significant level of CPB control throughout the remainder of the season. The most signifi-
cant limitation of B. bassiana appears to be its sensitivity to high temperatures. Mycotrol works best
between 70 and 80°F. Growth of the organism is much slower at warmer temperatures (23). As a
result, this may be a poor option for growers in southern states during much of the growing season.
Emerald BioAgriculture Corp. (24), the manufacturer of Mycotrol™, recommends spraying
when hatching occurs in 20–25% of the egg masses—timing similar to that for Bt. A possible
strategy involves combining Bt with B. bassiana for optimum efficacy. While Bt is effective at killing
early-instar larvae, it will also slow the growth of larger larvae and make them more susceptible to
the fungus (23).
Parasitic nematodes are another control option. Commercial formulations of Heterorhabditis
species are available and have been shown to be more pathogenic (25) to the CPB than Steinernema
species of nematodes, which are also commercially available.
References
1) Metcalf, R.L., and R.A. Metcalf. 1993. Destructive and Useful Insects, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, NY. p. 14.43–14.45.
2) Hollingsworth, Craig S., et al. (ed.) 1986. Potato Production in the Northeast: A Guide to
Integrated Pest Management. Cooperative Extension, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
MA. p. 355.
3) Weisz, R., et al. 1994. Distance rotation and border crops affect Colorado potato beetle (Co-
leoptera: Chrysomelidae) colonization and population density and early blight (Alternaria
solani) severity in rotated potato fields. Journal of Economic Entomology. June. p. 723-729.
4) Moyer, Dale. 1992. Fabrication and Operation of a Propane Flamer for Colorado Potato Beetle
Control. Cornell Cooperative Extension—Suffolk Co., Riverhead, NY. February. 7 p.
5) Boiteau, G., et al. 1994. Development and evaluation of a plastic trench barrier for protection
of potato from walking adult Colorado potato beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of
Economic Entomology. October. p. 1325–1331.
PAGE 4 //COLORADO POTATO BEETLE: ORGANIC CONTROL OPTIONS
5. 6) Anon. 2001. Field-Edge Trap for Colorado Potato Beetles. HortIdeas. March. p. 32–33.
7) Brust, G.E. 1994. Natural enemies in straw-mulch reduce Colorado potato beetle populations
and damage in potato. Biological Control. Vol. 4, No. 2. p. 163–169.
8) Moore, Jim. 1990. Sweeping fields controls some pests. American Vegetable Grower. March.
p. 10–11.
9) Birt, Kathy. 2000. Bug off! Spudman. May-June. p. 26–27.
10) Ruttle, Jack. 1989. Speedy spuds beat beetles. National Gardening. April. p. 55–57, 76, 77.
11) Olkowski, Wm., et al. 1992. IPM options for Colorado potato beetle. The IPM Practitioner.
September. p. 1–21.
12) Banken, Julie, and John Stark. 1998. Multiple routes of pesticide exposure and the risk of
pesticides to biological controls: A study of neem and the sevenspotted lady beetle (Co-
leoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 91, No. 1. p. 1-6.
13) Murray, Kathleen. 1997. Utilization of a Neem Product in a Reduced Synthetic Chemical
Insecticide Management Program for Colorado Potato Beetle. Sustainable Agriculture Net-
work. November. <http://www.sare.org/projects/san_db_viewer.asp?id=91>.
14) Anon. No date. Pyola™. Gardens Alive Online Store. <http://www.gardensalive.com/
item_display.asp?ProductNumber=8101&HOME=1>.
15) Grossman, Joel. 1989. Herbal folklore tested. Common Sense Pest Control. Spring. p. 4.
16) Anderman, Robbie. 2000. Hemp leaf tea discourages potato bugs. Eco-Farm & Garden.
Winter. p. 29.
17) Williams, Greg, and Pat Williams. 1986. Oak extracts inhibit Colorado potato beetle feeding.
HortIdeas. August. p. 86.
18) Williams, Greg, and Pat Williams. 1988. Leptine vs. Colorado potato beetles. HortIdeas.
February. p. 15.
19) Ellis, Barbara, and Fern Marshall Bradley. 1992. The Organic Gardener’s Handbook of Natural
Insect and Disease Control. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. p. 471.
20) Valent USA Corp., 1333 N. California Blvd., Suite 600, Walnut Creek, CA 94596. Tel: (800)
682-5368. Fax: (925) 256-2776 <http://www.valent.com>.
21) Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, P.O. Box 2209, Grass Valley, CA 95945. Tel: (530) 272-4769. E-
mail: contact@groworganic.com. <http://www.groworganic.com/>.
22) Tingey, Ward, and William Smith. 1990. Directions for Agents/Specialists Regarding Cryolite
Section 18. Cooperative Extension Service, Cornell University, Utica, NY. <http://
pmep.cce.cornell.edu/regulation/nysdec-lib/section18/dir.cryolite.18.90.html>.
23) Jones, Richard. 1999. Bad news for beetles. American Vegetable Grower. February. p. 12, 14.
24) Emerald BioAgriculture Corp., P.O. Box 4109, Butte, MT 59702-4109. Tel: (800) 383-4310. E-
mail: info@emeraldbio.com. <http://www.emeraldbio.com/>.
25) Berry, R.E., J. Liu, and G. Reed. 1998. Comparison of endemic and exotic entomopathogenic
nematode species for control of Colorado potato beetle (Cleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of
Economic Entomology. Vol. 90, No. 6. p. 1528–1533.
//COLORADO POTATO BEETLE: ORGANIC CONTROL OPTIONS PAGE 5
6. Additional Resources
Alternative Methods for Controlling the Colorado Potato Beetle
West Virginia University Extension Service
http://www.wvu.edu/~exten/infores/pubs/pest/altmeth.pdf
Provides information on the life cycle of CPB and offers alternative control strategies.
Colorado Potato Beetle Management
Compiled by Ralph DeGregorio
http://www.fuzzylu.com/greencenter/q39/beetle.htm
Describes several methods of managing CPB.
Colorado Potato Beetle
University of Minnesota
http://www.vegedge.umn.edu/vegpest/cpb.htm
Describes biology and life cycle of CPB, as well as management options. Includes a chart identifying
resistant potato varieties.
Colorado Potato Beetle
University of Rhode Island
http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/colpotbeetle.html
Describes the CPB and offers cultural and biological control options.
Colorado Potato Beetle in the Home Garden
Ohio State University Extension
http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2204.html
A factsheet providing useful information to help growers identify and manage CPB.
By George Kuepper
NCAT Agriculture Specialist
Edited by Richard Earles
Formatted by Gail M. Hardy
March 2003
061705 CT107/114
The electronic version of Colorado Potato Beetle:
Organic Control Options is located at:
HTML
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/coloradopotato.html
PDF
http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/copotbeetl.pdf
PAGE 6 //COLORADO POTATO BEETLE: ORGANIC CONTROL OPTIONS