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- 1. SUBMITTED TO: Mr.KUMAR BRAJESH SUBMITTEDBY; Pradeep Prasad=1402071047 Rahul =1402071050 Robin =1402071051 Santosh=1402071057 Satendar=1402071058 Yashpal singh=1402071065
- 2. Transmitting communications signals overhair thin strands of glass or plastic Not a "new" technology Concept a century old Used commercially since 1980
- 3. Fiber is theleast expensive, most reliable method for high speed and long distance communications AT&T promotional photo from 1970s
- 7. Fiber isthe least expensive, most reliable method for high speed and/or long distance communications While we already transmit signals at 100 Gigabits per second speeds, we have only started to utilize the potential bandwidth of fiber
- 8. Outside Plantvs Premises Installations
- 9. A glass opticalfiber is about twice the size of a human hair.
- 10. Fiber uses reflection(L) to contain light inside the core of the fiber (below). Core Cladding
- 15. Fiber opticsystems transmit using infrared light, invisible to the human eye, because it goes further in the optical fiber at those wavelengths.
- 17. Protects thefibers wherever they are installed May have 1 to >1000 fibers
- 18. Terminates thefibers Connects to other fibers or transmission equipment
- 19. Designing components Manufacturing fiber, lasers, etc. Designing systems Installing networks Training and teaching
- 23. SUBMITTED TO; MR. KUMAR BRAJESH ©2015, The Fiber Optic Association, Inc.
Editor's Notes
- #3 The first commercial fiber optic installation was in for telephone signals in Chicago, installed in 1976. The first long distance networks were operational in the early 1980s. By 1985, most of todays basic technology was developed and being installed in the fiber optic networks that now handle virtually all long distance telecommunications. FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 10
- #4 That tiny strand of optical fiber can carry more communications signals than the large copper cable in the background and over much longer distances. The copper cable has about 1000 pairs of conductors. Each pair can only carry about 24 telephone conversations a distance of less than 3 miles. The fiber cable carries more than 32,000 conversations hundreds or even thousands of miles before it needs regeneration. Then each fiber can simultaneously carry over 150 times more by transmitting at different colors (called wavelengths) of light. The cost of transmitting a single phone conversation over fiber optics is only about 1% the cost of transmitting it over copper wire! That’s why fiber is the exclusive medium for long distance communications.
- #5 Fiber is everywhere – on land and under the sea. Optical fiber is the backbone of the world’s communications – with undersea cables connecting the continents and landlines connecting everywhere else. Fiber is used in telecom, the Internet, CATV, wireless, security, oil and gas production, alternative energy, computer networks, etc. etc. etc. Telephones, including cellular wireless Internet LANs - local area networks CATV - for video, voice and Internet connections Utilities - management of power grid Security - closed-circuit TV and intrusion sensors Transportation – smart lights and highways Military – everywhere!
- #6 Fiber is everywhere – on land and under the sea. Optical fiber is the backbone of the world’s communications – with undersea cables connecting the continents and landlines connecting everywhere else. Fiber is used in telecom, the Internet, CATV, wireless, security, oil and gas production, alternative energy, computer networks, etc. etc. etc. Telephones, including cellular wireless Internet LANs - local area networks CATV - for video, voice and Internet connections Utilities - management of power grid Security - closed-circuit TV and intrusion sensors Transportation – smart lights and highways Military – everywhere!
- #7 Fiber is everywhere – on land and under the sea. Optical fiber is the backbone of the world’s communications – with undersea cables connecting the continents and landlines connecting everywhere else. Fiber is used in telecom, the Internet, CATV, wireless, security, oil and gas production, alternative energy, computer networks, etc. etc. etc. Telephones, including cellular wireless Internet LANs - local area networks CATV - for video, voice and Internet connections Utilities - management of power grid Security - closed-circuit TV and intrusion sensors Transportation – smart lights and highways Military – everywhere!
- #8 Singlemode fiber used in telecommunications and CATV has a bandwidth of greater than a terahertz. Standard systems today carry up to 64 channels of 10 gigabit signals - each at a unique wavelength. FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 10
- #9 “Fiber optics” is not all the same. “Outside plant” refers to fiber optics as used outdoors in telephone networks or CATV. “Premises” fiber optics is used in buildings and on campuses. Outside Plant: Telephone companies, CATV and the Internet all use lots of fiber optics, most of which is outside buildings. It hangs from poles, is buried underground, pulled through conduit or is even submerged underwater. Most of it goes relatively long distances, from a few thousand feet to hundreds of miles, over what we call “singlemode” fiber. Premises Cabling: By contrast, premises cabling involves cables installed in buildings for LANs or security systems. It involves short lengths, rarely longer than a few hundred to two thousand feet, of mostly “multimode” fiber. Both these applications are unique in the components they use, the installation methods and the testing procedures, but they share the basic principles we learn in this course. FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 10
- #10 A typical glass optical fiber is about twice the size of a human hair. Optical fiber is comprised of a light carrying core surrounded by a cladding which traps the light in the core by the principle of total internal reflection. Most optical fibers are made of glass, although some are made of plastic. The core and cladding are usually fused silica glass which is covered by a plastic coating called the buffer or primary buffer coating which protects the glass fiber from physical damage and moisture. There are some all plastic fibers used for specific applications. Glass optical fibers are the most common type used in communication applications. FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 11
- #11 When light passes through a boundary between two materials of different optical characteristics, the light rays bend creating the optical illusion you can see above. When the angle of incidence is low enough, the light ray is refracted enough to caue its reflection from the surface between the two materials, making the boundary a “morror” and trapping the light inside the original material. That’s how fiber works to guide light inside the core of the fiber. By making the core of the fiber of a material with a higher refractive index, we can cause the light in the core to be totally reflected at the boundary of the cladding for all light that strikes at greater than a critical angle determined by the difference in the composition of the materials used in the core and cladding. Many students are curious how fiber is made. Good explanations are available in the books, on the Fiber Optic Association website under “Tech Topics” and from most fiber manufacturers. FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 11
- #12 This animated GIF shows how total internal reflection captures and keeps light inside the core of the fiber. You can duplicate this experiment in your classroom using a short 25-30mm acrylic rod and a green laser pointer.
- #13 The mirror image you see of swimmer Ryan Lochte is a perfect example of total internal reflection.
- #14 Fiber Is extremely pure glass and very transparent – much more than typical window glass. If the ocean were as pure as optical fiber, you could use a telescope on a boat to see the Titanic, instead of having to send a remote piloted vehicle like Jason to view it. But fiber makes Jason work too! Dr. Robert Ballard’s group at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute that discovered the wreck of the Titanic used a special fiber optic cable connected to Jason to be able to view the shipwreck over 12000 feet under the surface of the Atlantic.
- #15 Fiber optic data is transmitted as pulses of light created by a transmitter with a laser or LED source and received by a photoelectric detector. Fiber optic transmission systems all consist of a transmitter which takes an electrical input and converts it to an optical output from a laser diode or LED. The light from the transmitter is coupled into the fiber with a connector and is transmitted through the fiber optic cable plant. The light is ultimately coupled to a receiver where a detector converts the light into an electrical signal which is then conditioned properly for use by the receiving equipment. Just as with copper wire or radio transmission, the performance of the fiber optic data link can be determined by how well the reconverted electrical signal out of the receiver matches the input to the transmitter. FOTM, Chapter 2, DVVC, Chapter 11
- #16 The ultra-pure glass used in making optical fiber has less attenuation (signal loss) at wavelengths (colors) in the infrared, beyond the limits of the sensitivity of the human eye. The fiber is designed to have the highest performance at these wavelengths. The particular wavelengths used, 850, 1300 and 1550 nm, correspond to wavelengths where optical light sources (lasers or LEDs) are easily manufactured. Some advanced fiber optic systems transmit light at several wavelengths at once through a single optical fiber to increase data throughput. We call this method “wavelength division multiplexing.”
- #17 How Does Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) Work? It is easy to understand WDM. Consider the fact that you can see many different colors of light - red, green, yellow, blue, etc., all at once. The colors are transmitted through the air together and may mix, but they can be easily separated using a simple device like a prism, just like we separate the "white" light from the sun into a spectrum of colors with the prism. The input end of a WDM system is really quite simple. It is a simple coupler that combines or multiplexes all the signal inputs into one output fiber. The demultiplexer separates the light at the end of the fiber. It shines the light on a grating (a mirror like device that works like a prism and looks similar to the data side of a CD) which separates the light into the different wavelengths by sending them off at different angles. Optics capture each wavelength and focuses it into another fiber, creating separate outputs for each wavelength of light. Current systems offer from 4 to 32 channels of wavelengths. The higher numbers of wavelengths has lead to the name “Dense” Wavelength Division Multiplexing or DWDM. FOTM, Chapter 3, DVVC, Chapter 10
- #18 Optical fibers are enclosed in cables for protection against the environment in which they are installed. Cables installed in trays in buildings require less protection than, for example, cables buried underground or placed under water. Cables will include strength members, typically a strong synthetic fiber called aramid fiber or Kevlar for its duPont trade name, which takes the stress of pulling the cable. The thin yellow fibers in the photo are the strength members. The outside of the cable is called the jacket. It is the final protection for the fibers and must withstand extremes of temperatures, moisture and the stress of installation. Some cables even have a layer of thin metal under the jacket to prevent rodents from chewing throught the cable. The colors you see above are color-coding so you can identify individual fibers in the cable.
- #19 When a fiber needs to be connected to another, it can be spliced permanently by “welding” it at high temperatures or with adhesives, or it can be terminated with a connector that makes it possible to handle the individual fiber without damage. Connectors align two fibers the size of a human hair such that little light is lost. Most connectors use ceramic cylinders about 2.5 mm in diameter with precisely aligned holes in the center that accept the fiber. Most connectors use adhesive to attach the fiber and the end is polished to a smooth finish. Putting connectors on the end of fibers is a job that requires patience, skill and good training. Fiber optic technicians are expected to be able to install connectors properly.
- #20 There are lots of jobs available in fiber optics. Each has unique requirements and requires different educational backgrounds. Designers: Most of those who design components have at least a undergraduate degree. For components like connectors, it would be in mechanical engineering. Optical components like fibers require knowledge of both optics and materials, so many designers will have degrees in physics, chemistry or materials.If you want to develop lasers or photodetectors, you should have a background in solid-state physics. Manufacturing jobs will have differing requirements depending on the technical nature of the job. Some require manual skills while others may require advanced technical education to understand the complicated manufacturing processes. Designers of fiber optic systems are usually electronic engineers. Fiber optic components are used like integrated circuits to develop communications systems. Installers must be skilled in the process of pulling cables, then splicing and terminating them. It requires more manual dexterity than the other jobs, plus a basic understanding of how the systems work.
- #21 Facilities where fiber optic components (fiber, connectors, hardware) are manufactured need many highly educated and skilled workers. They operate machines costing as much as millions of dollars that make the precision components and test the quality of the products.
- #22 Before a fiber optic system is installed, designers figure out what communications links are needed, where it should be run and what components like cables are appropriate. The final design is documented and used by the installers to build the system.
- #23 Workers who install telephone and CATV fiber optic networks do much of their work outdoors, braving year-round weather. They operate big machines that dig trenches and lay and/or pull cables. Then they bring the ends of the cables into special trucks or trailers where lengths of cable are spliced together and tested. Outside plant installations require more hardware (and more investment in the tools and test equipment.) Pullers, splicers, OTDRs and even splicing vans are the tools of the trade for OSP contractors. FOTM, Chapter 9,12,13,15, DVVC, Chapter 11, 14