This document provides an introduction and overview of fiber optic communication systems. It discusses how fiber optic technology has evolved from merely transmitting light to now being used worldwide to transmit voice, video, and data signals over thin glass or plastic fibers. It notes the advantages of fiber optic systems over traditional copper cable, such as greater bandwidth, immunity to interference, smaller size, electrical isolation, and security. The document then provides more details on the basic components and operation of a fiber optic communication system. It concludes by listing some common applications of fiber optic technology for voice, video, data transmission, and sensing.
Over view of Transmission Technologies & Optical Fiber Communication Naveen Jakhar, I.T.S
Topics covered in this presentation:
GENERAL: History of Transmission Systems
Optical fiber communication,
History of OFC
Advantages
Applications
ITU-T Recommendations
Fiber optic principle
Windows of operation
Trends in OF Communication
Fiber classification
OF Cable Types
Optical Fiber transmission impairments
Optical Sources and Detectors
Optical Link Characterization and Design
Over view of Transmission Technologies & Optical Fiber Communication Naveen Jakhar, I.T.S
Topics covered in this presentation:
GENERAL: History of Transmission Systems
Optical fiber communication,
History of OFC
Advantages
Applications
ITU-T Recommendations
Fiber optic principle
Windows of operation
Trends in OF Communication
Fiber classification
OF Cable Types
Optical Fiber transmission impairments
Optical Sources and Detectors
Optical Link Characterization and Design
This presentation covers:
Concepts of optical fiber communication in detail
Total internal reflection
inter-modulation, dispersion effects in OFC
Impairments in OFC
Advantages in OFC
Different types of optical cables
OFC network elements : splitters, splices, connectors, lasers
optical sources and optical detectors
Optical Link Budget
Optical fiber Communication training reporthuzaifa027
This is the complete report of my summer training done in optical fiber installation and technician. You will find all the stuff related to optical fiber installation.
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
This presentation covers:
Concepts of optical fiber communication in detail
Total internal reflection
inter-modulation, dispersion effects in OFC
Impairments in OFC
Advantages in OFC
Different types of optical cables
OFC network elements : splitters, splices, connectors, lasers
optical sources and optical detectors
Optical Link Budget
Optical fiber Communication training reporthuzaifa027
This is the complete report of my summer training done in optical fiber installation and technician. You will find all the stuff related to optical fiber installation.
An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.
Describe the differences between the three major physical connection .pdfinfo309708
Describe the differences between the three major physical connection mediums: twisted-pair
cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
Solution
Below is the Difference Between Fiber Optic Cable, Twisted Pair and coaxial Cable :
Twisted Pair Cables
Twisted pair cable consists of a pair of insulated wires twisted together, which is adapted in the
field of telecommunication for a long time. With the cable twisting together, it helps to reduce
noise from outside sources and crosstalk on multi-pair cables. Twisted pair cable works well on
transferring balanced differential signals, the merits of which are extremely valuable in wide
bandwidth and high fidelity system. Basically, twisted pair cable can be divided into two types:
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP). The former serves as the most
commonly used one with merely two insulated wires twisted together. Any data communication
cables and normal telephone cables belong to this category. However, shielded twisted pair
distinguishes itself from UTP in that it consists of a foil jacket which helps to prevent crosstalk
and noise from outside source. It is typically used to eliminate inductive and capacitive coupling,
so it can be applied between equipment, racks and buildings. With the advancement of
technology, the twisted pair cables are now being phased out by more technically developed and
reliable media.
Coaxial Cables
Coaxial cable acts as a high-frequency transmission cable which contains a single solid-copper
core. A coaxial cable has over 80 times the transmission capability of the twisted-pair. It is
commonly used to deliver television signals and to connect computers in a network as well, so
people may get more familiar with this kind of cable. Coaxial cable has always been the
mainstay of high speed communication and has also been applied to network with 10 gigabit
links data centers, because it is proved to be cost efficient for short links within 10 m and for
residential network. Besides, it features anti-jamming capability, stable transmission of data and
money saving. Coaxial cable is widely employed in feedlines connecting radio transmitters and
receivers, computer network connection, digital audio and television signals distribution.
Moreover, coaxial cable can effectively protect signals from being interfered by external
electromagnetic influence.
Fiber Optic Cables
Computing and data communications are fast-moving technologies. There comes a new
generation of transmission media—fiber optic cable. It refers to the complete assembly of fibers,
which contain one or more optical fibers that are used to transmit data. Each of the optical fiber
elements is individually coated by plastic layers and contained in a protective tube. Fiber optic
cable transmits data as pulses of light go through tiny tubes of glass, the transmission capacity of
which is 26,000 times higher than that of twisted-pair cable. When comparing with coaxial
cables, fiber optic cables ar.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Ch1 introduction
1. Lecture 1 : Introduction
May / 2013 1
Dr. Fath Elrahman Ismael Khalifa Ahmed
Sudan University of Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering
School of Electronics
Department of Communications
2. For years fiber optics has been merely a system for
piping light around corners and into inaccessible places
so as to allow the hidden to be seen. But now, fiber
optics has evolved into a system of significantly greater
importance and use.
Throughout the world it is now being used to transmit
voice, video, and data signals by light waves over
flexible hair-thin threads of glass or plastics.
Its advantages in such use, as compared to conventional
coaxial cable or twisted wire pairs, are fantastic.
As a result, light-wave communication systems or fiber
optics communication systems are one of the important
feature for today's communications.
9. • 1550 nm lowest loss but higher dispersion than 1300 nm.
• DSF developed to have low loss and low dispersion at
1550 nm.
Year Wavelength Bit rate
First generation 1978 850 nm 50-100
Mb/s
Second
generation
1985 1300 nm 1-2 Gb/s
Third generation -- 1550 nm > 2.5 Gb/s
Repeater
span
10-km
40-50 km
100-km
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
10. • At present the minimum attenuation for glass
fibers is reported to be 0.16 dB/km. There are
1500 nm systems operating with repeater spacing
of 150km.
• Alcatel has un-repeatered systems of 2.5 Gb/s and
622 Mb/s spanning distance of 511 km and 531 km
respectively.
• WDM systems operating at 1.28 Tbit/s (128
wavelengths at 10.7 Gbit/s each) is possible today
(Lucent Technology).
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
11. • An optical fiber communication system is similar
in basic concept to any type of communication
systems.
• Figure 1.1 shows a block diagram of a general
optical fiber communication system.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Figure 1.1
12. • Information source provides electrical signal to the
transmitter comprising of an electrical stage which drives
an optical source to modulate the light wave carrier.
• The optical source which convert electrical to optical
signal may be either a semiconductor injection laser diode
(ILD) or light emitting diode (LED).
• Transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable
and the receiver consists of an optical detector.
• Photodiodes (p-n, p-i-n, or avalanche) are utilized for the
detection of the optical signal or the optical to electrical
conversion.
• At present the signal processing is usually performed
electrically.
14. • Input digital signal from information source is
suitably encoded for optical transmission.
• Laser drive circuit directly modulates the intensity
of the semiconductor laser with the encoded
digital signal.
• A digital optical signal is launched into the optical
fiber cable.
• The avalanche photodiode detector (APD) is
followed by a front-end amplifier to provide gain,
linear signal processing and noise bandwidth
reduction.
• The signal obtained is then decoded to give the
original digital information.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
15. ¤ Enormous potential bandwidth
The optical carrier frequency in the range 1013 to 1016 Hz
yields a far greater potential transmission bandwidth than
metallic cable systems (i.e. coaxial cable bandwidth up to
around 500 MHz) or even millimeter wave radio systems (i.e
systems currently operating with modulation bandwidths of
700 MHz).
Potential BW:50 Tbit/s
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
16. ¤ Immunity to interference and crosstalk
Optical fibers are free from electromagnetic interference
(EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). Hence the
operation of an optical fiber communication system is
unaffected by transmission through an electrically noisy
environment and the fiber cable requires no shielding from
EMI.
The fiber cable is also not susceptible to lightning strikes
if used overhead rather than underground.
Moreover, it is fairly easy to ensure that there is no
optical interference between fibers and hence, unlike
communication using electrical conductors, crosstalk is
negligible, even when many fibers are cabled together.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
17. ¤ Small size and weight
Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often no
greater than the diameter of a human hair. Hence, even when
such fibers are covered with protective coatings they are far
smaller and much lighter than corresponding copper cables.
This is a tremendous boom towards the alleviation of duct
congestion in cities, as well as allowing for an expansion of
signal transmission within mobiles such as aircraft, satellites
and even ships.
RG-19/U 22.6 dB/km at 100 MHz 1110 kg/km
Silica Fiber 5 dB/km 6 kg/km
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
18. ¤ Electrical Isolation
Optical fibers which are fabricated from glass or polymer
are electrical insulators and therefore, unlike their metallic
counterparts, they do not exhibit earth loop and interface
problems. Furthermore, this property makes optical fiber
transmission ideally suited for communication in electrically
hazardous environments as the fibers create no arcing or
spark hazard at abrasions or short circuits.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
19. ¤ Signal security
The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly
and therefore they provide a high degree of signal security.
Unlike copper cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be
obtained from a fiber in a non-invasive manner (i.e.
without drawing optical power from the fiber). Therefore,
in theory, any attempt to acquire a message signal
transmitted optically may be detected. This feature is
obviously attractive for military, banking and general data
transmission (i.e. computer network) applications.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
20. ¤ Low transmission loss
The development of optical fibers has resulted in the
production of optical fiber cables which exhibit very low
attenuation or transmission loss in comparison with the best
copper conductors. Fibers have been fabricated with losses as
low as 0.2 dB km-1 .
It facilitates the implementation of communication links with
extremely wide repeater spacing (long transmission distances
without intermediate electronics). thus reducing both system
cost and complexity.
Silica Fiber 100 MHz 4 dB/km
RG-19/U 500 MHz 14 dB/km
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
21. ¤ Ruggedness and flexibility
Although protective coatings are essential, optical fibers
may be manufactured with very high tensile strengths.
Perhaps surprisingly for a glassy substance, the fibers may
also be bent to quite small radius or twisted without
damage. Furthermore, cable structures have been
developed which have proved flexible, compact and
extremely rugged. These optical fiber cables are generally
superior in terms of storage, transportation, handling and
installation than corresponding copper cables whilst
exhibiting at least comparable strength and durability.
22. ¤ System reliability and ease of maintenance
These features primarily stem from the low loss property
of optical fiber cables which reduces the requirement for
intermediate repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the
transmitted signal strength. Hence with fewer repeaters,
system reliability is generally enhanced in comparison
with conventional electrical conductor systems.
Furthermore, the reliability of the optical components is
no longer a problem with predicted lifetimes of 20-30
years now quite common. Both these factors also tend
to reduce maintenance time and costs.
23. ¤Potential low cost
The glass which generally provides the optical fiber
transmission medium is made from sand-not a scarce
resource. So, in comparison with copper conductors,
optical fibers offer the potential for low cost line
communication. Overall system cost when utilizing optical
system optical system are substantially less than those for
equivalent electrical line systems because of the low loss
and wideband properties of optical transmission.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
25. Voice
1. Telephone trunk for high data
inter-office
inter-city
transoceanic
2. Subscriber service
fiber-to-the home (FTTH)
broadband services
(multimedia, video, etc. )
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
26. Video
1. Broadcast Television
live events
TV mini cameras
2. CATV
source-to-headend trunk lines
distributions
subscriber taps
3. Surveillance
4. Remote monitoring
5. Fiber-guided missile
6. Fiber-to-the home
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
27. Data
1. Computers
CPU to peripherals
CPU to CPU
2. Interoffice data links
3. Local Area Network (LAN)
4. Fiber-to-the home
5. Aircraft and ship wiring - reduced weight
6. Satellite ground stations
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
28. Sensors
1. Gyroscope
2. Hydrophone-acoustic measurements in water
3. Position
4. Temperature
5. Electric and Magnetic Fields
6. Medical
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS