XML Schemas

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XML Schemas

Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:
Explain the concept of XML schema
Identify the advantages of XML schema over DTDs
Define XML schema elements
Create simple and complex type elements
Use of compositors with XML schema elements
Apply restrictions on simple type elements
Extend complex type elements
Creating reusable types and schemas
Explain the concept of SAX
Explain the concept of DOM

Introduction to XML Schema
How can I get rid
of large DTDs that
are hard to read
and maintain?

Introduction to XML Schema (Contd.)

Let us create an XML schema file, employee.xsd, for an XML file,
employee.xml, and add the reference of schema file in the XML file.
<?xml version="1.0"
encoding="utf-8"?>
<employee xmlns="mynamespace"
xmlns:xsi=http://www.w3.org/2001/
XMLSchema-instance
xsi:schemaLocation="mynamespace
employee.xsd">
<firstname>John</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</employee>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xs:schema targetNamespace="mynamespace"
elementFormDefault="qualified"
xmlns="mynamespace employee.xsd"
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<xs:element name="employee">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="firstname"
type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="lastname"
type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
employee.xsd employee.xml

The <schema> element is the root element of every XML Schema and
contains some attributes.
The targetNamespace attribute defines the namespace of the XML
file that has to be validated.
The elementFormDefault attribute defines whether its local
elements must be qualified or unqualified in an XML document.
The xmlns attribute specifies the default namespace.
The attribute xmlns:xs specifies the namespace of the elements and
datatypes used in the schema.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xs:schema targetNamespace="<target_namespace>"
elementFormDefault="<qualified/unqualified>"
xmlns="<default_namespace>"
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
.................
.................
</xs:schema>

You can add reference of an XML schema in an XML file by using
attributes, as shown in the following code snippet:
The xmlns attribute defines the namespace of the elements declared
in the XML file.
The xmlns:xsi attribute specifies the instance of the schema that is
used for the XML document.
The xsi:schemaLocation attribute specifies the location of the
schema.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<emp xmlns="default_namespace"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-
instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="<namespace> <schema_file>"
..............
..............
</emp>

Advantages Over DTD
What are the
advantages of
using XML schema
over DTD?

Advantages Over DTD (Contd.)
XML schemas follow a universal standard that made data
communication over the Internet safe.
For example, a date like: "01-07-2015" can be interpreted as 7
January in some countries, whereas in other countries as 1 July.
However, an XML element accepts date in the fixed format "YYYY-
MM-DD" to ensure its correct interpretation.
XML schemas support data types that allow programmers to:
Specify the acceptable content in the document
Ensure the validity of data
Work with databases
Apply restrictions on data
Specify data formats
Convert data from one data type to another

Advantages Over DTD (Contd.)
You can define number and order of child elements using XML
schemas, but not with DTDs.
XML schemas support namespaces, whereas DTDs do not support
namespaces.
XML schemas can be also extended, therefore, you can:
Reuse an XML schema in other schemas.
Drive your own data types from the standard types.
Add the reference of multiple schemas in a single XML
document.

Defining Elements
How can I define
an element in an
XML schema?

Defining Elements (Contd.)
XML schemas define the elements of XML files.
You can use the XML syntax to define elements in an XML schema file.
To define an element, you can use the following syntax:
The following code snippet depicts some examples of defining
elements:
<xs:element name="<element_name>" type="data_name"/>
<xs:element name="firstname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="lastname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="dob" type="xs:date"/>
<xs:element name= "age" type="xs:numeric"/>

Simple and Complex Types
You can define two types of elements in XML schemas. These are:
Element Types
Simple Complex

Simple and Complex Types (Contd.)
Simple Type:
Is an XML element that contains only text.
Cannot contain other elements or attributes.
To define a simple type element, you can use the following syntax:
Some common built-in data types that XML schema supports are:
xs:string
xs:decimal
xs:integer
xs:boolean
xs:date
xs:time
<xs:element name="<element_name>" type="data_name"/>

You can also specify default or fixed value for a simple element.
The default value is implicitly assigned to the element if a specific
value is not provided.
The following code snippet shows an example of specifying default
value for an element:
If you specify a fixed value for an element, you cannot provide another
value for that element in your XML document.
The specified value is automatically assigned to the element.
<xs:element name="city" type="xs:string"
default="New York"/>
<xs:element name="city" type="xs:string"
fixed="New York"/>

XSD Attributes:
Are used to provide additional information about an element.
Are defined with name and type properties in an XSD document.
The syntax of defining an attribute is shown as follows:
The following code snippet shows an example of defining an
attribute:
<xs:attribute name="<attribute_name>"
type="<data_type>" use="<type_of_use>"/>
<xs:attribute name="ID" type="xs:string"
use="required"/>

Complex Type:
Elements include other elements and/or attributes.
For example, to define a complex type, person name, with two
other elements, first name and last name, you can use the
following code snippet:
<xs:element name="person_name">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

You can also create a complex type and reuse it in several other
complex element, as shown in the following code snippet:
<xs:element name="student" type="person_name"/>
<xs:element name="employee" type="person_name"/>
<xs:complexType name="person_name">
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

Complex type elements are of the following types:
ComplexType
Empty Elements
Elements Only
Text Only
Mixed

Empty Elements:
Can only have attributes, but not text.
For example, you want to define a complex type empty element,
employee, with an attribute, emp id as an integer value, you can
use the following code snippet:
<xs:complexType>
<xs:attribute name="empid" type="xs:positiveInteger"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

Elements Only:
Can contain other elements only.
For example, you want to define a complex type, employee name,
with two other elements, first name and last name, you can use the
In the preceding code snippet, the <xs:sequence> tag specifies
that the first name and last name elements must appear in the given
order inside the employee_name element.
<xs:element name="employee_name">
<xs:complexType><xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence></xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

Text Only:
Can only contain text and attributes.
The simpleContent element must be defined to specify the
content for the element.
An extension or a restriction element must be used within
the simpleContent element to expand or to limit the content of
the element.
<xs:element name="contact_number">
<xs:complexType><xs:simpleContent>
<xs:extension base="xs:integer">
<xs:attribute name="country" type="xs:string" />
</xs:extension>
</xs:simpleContent></xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

Mixed:
Can contain attributes, elements, and text.
is defined by setting the mixed attribute to "true" inside the
complexType element.
<xs:element name="order">
<xs:complexType mixed="true">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="pname" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="orderid"
type="xs:positiveInteger"/>
<xs:element name="orderdate" type="xs:date"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

Use of Compositors
What are
compositors?

Use of Compositors (Contd.)
Compositors are one of the widely used XSD standards that specify the
XML document structure.
You can use compositors to describe the composition of child
elements within a parent element in an XML document.
They are generally used with complex type element.
They are used to control the use of elements in an XML document.
When compositors are used appropriately, they offer comprehensive
and robust data models.

There are seven major compositors in XML, which are divided into three
categories.
Compositors
Order
All
Choice
Sequence
Occurrence
Min Occurs
Max Occurs
Group
Element
Attribute

Order Compositors:
Are used to used to define the order of the elements.
The <all> compositor specifies that the child elements of an element
can appear in any order, and each child element must appear only once.
<xs:complexType>
<xs:all>
<xs:element name="firstname“ type="xs:string"/>
</xs:all>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

You can use the <choice> compositor to specify that either one child
element or another can occur.
<xs:complexType>
<xs:choice>
</xs:choice>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

The <sequence> compositor is used to specify that the child elements
must appear in the given order.
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

Occurrence Compositors:
Specify the maximum or minimum number of occurrences of an element
in an document.
You can use the using the <maxOccurs> compositor to specify the
maximum number of occurrences of an element.
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="full_name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="contact_number"
type="xs:integer" maxOccurs="3"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

You can specify the minimum number of occurrences of an element in an
document using the <minOccurs> compositor.
You can also specify that an element can occur any number of times by
specifying maxOccurs="unbounded" .
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="full_name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="contact_number"
type="xs:integer" maxOccurs="3" minOccurs="0"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

Group Compositors:
Are use to specify the related sets of elements.
You can define an element group and refer it in another XML schema, as
shown in the following code snippet.
<xs:group name="empgroup">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element
name="firstname"
type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="lastname"
type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="doj"
type="xs:date"/>
</xs:sequence></xs:group>
<xs:element name="emp"
type="empinfo"/>
<xs:complexTypename="empinfo">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:group ref="empgroup"/>
<xs:element name="city"
type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence></xs:complexType>
Group Definition Group Reference

You can define an attribute group and refer it in another XML schema, as
shown in the following code snippet.
<xs:attributeGroup
name="empattrgroup">
<xs:attribute
name="firstname"
type="xs:string"/>
<xs:attribute
name="lastname"
type="xs:string"/>
<xs:attribute name="doj"
type="xs:date"/>
</xs:attributeGroup>
<xs:complexType>
<xs:attributeGroup
ref="empattrgroup"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
Group Definition Group Reference

Restriction on Simple Types

Restriction on Simple Types (Contd.)
You can apply restrictions on simple element types to specify the
acceptable values of XML elements or attributes.
In XML, restrictions on XML elements are known as facets.
TypesofRestrictions
Restrictions on Values
Restrictions on a Set of Values
Restrictions on a Series of Values
Restrictions on Whitespace Characters
Restrictions on Length
Restrictions for Data types

Restrictions on Values:
You can apply restriction on the value of an element. For example, the age of
an employee cannot be less than 21 and greater 60.
<xs:element name="emp_age">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:integer">
<xs:minInclusive value="21"/>
<xs:maxInclusive value="60"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

Restrictions on a Set of Values:
You can apply restriction on an XML element such that the element can only
accept a value from a set of specified values.
For example, you can specify a job role element that can only accept one of
the values: Sales, Management, and Operations.
<xs:element name="job_role">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:string">
<xs:enumeration value="Sales"/>
<xs:enumeration value="Management"/>
<xs:enumeration value="Operations"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

Restrictions on a Series of Values:
You can apply restrictions on a series of numbers or letters that can be used by
using the pattern constraint.
For example, you define the contact element that can accept only 10 digit
values such that the first digit should not be 0, and other digits must be from 0
to 9.
<xs:element name="contact">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:integer">
<xs:pattern value="[1-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]
[0-9][0-9][0 9][0-9][0-9][0-9]"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

Similarly, you can also apply restrictions on character values.
For example, you can define an element, lcase that can only accept a
lowercase letter from a-z.
<xs:element name="lcase">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:pattern value="[a-z]"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

For example, you define an element password that can accept exactly 10
characters in a row and those characters can be lowercase or uppercase letters
from a to z or a number from 0 to 9:
<xs:element name="password">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:pattern value="[a-zA-Z0-9]{8}"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

Restrictions on Whitespace Characters:
You can specify how whitespaces are treated for an element by using the
whiteSpace constraint.
The whiteSpace constraint may accept one of the following values:
 preserve: Leaves all the whitespace characters as they are.
 replace: Replaces all the whitespace characters with spaces.
 Collapse: Replaces line feeds, tabs, spaces, carriage returns are with
spaces and multiple spaces with a single space and removes leading
and trailing spaces.

For example, if you want to define a full_name element such that the
whitespaces are not removed by the XML processor, you can use the
<xs:element name="full_name">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:whiteSpace value="preserve"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

Restrictions on Length:
You can limit the length of the value of an element by using the
maxLength and minLength constraints.
For example, you want to define an element, password, that have
minimum 6 letters and maximum 14 letters, you can use the following
code snippet:
<xs:element name="password">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:minLength value="6"/>
<xs:maxLength value="14"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

Restrictions on Data Types:
Some of the common restrictions that you can apply on data types are
listed in the following table.
Constraints Description
enumeration Specifies a set of acceptable values.
fractionDigits Specifies the maximum number of decimal
digits, must be equal to or greater than 0.
length Specifies the length of the value of an element.
maxExclusive Specifies the upper bound of a numeric value
that must be less than the specified value.
maxInclusive Specifies the upper bound of a numeric value
that must be less than or equal to the specified
value.
maxLength Specifies the maximum number of allowed
characters.
minExclusive Specifies the lower bounds of a numeric value
that must be greater than the specified value.

Constraints Description
minInclusive Specifies the lower bounds of a numeric value that
must be greater than or equal to the specified value.
minLength Specifies the minimum number of allowed
characters.
pattern Specifies a sequence of characters that are allowed.
totalDigits Specifies the number of allowed digits.
whiteSpace Specifies how to treat whitespaces.

Extending Complex Types
You can take an existing entity and add more specific information to it
as per your requirement.
In programming languages, this concept is known as inheritance or sub
classing.
Inheritance or sub classing saves development time and effort.
The same concept is also applied in XSD standard.
You can take an existing complex type element and extend it to add
more information.

Extending Complex Types (Contd.)
Consider that you have a complex element personal_info defined as
follows:
<xs:element name="personal_info">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="first_name" type="xs:string"/>
<xs:element name="last_name" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

Now, you want to define two more elements, home_address and
office_address.
The addresses also contain the first name and last name of the person.
Instead of defining the first name and last name elements inside the
home_address and office_address elements, you can extend the
personal_info element to reuse the existing information by using the
<xs:extension> element.
You can define home_address by extending personal_info, as:
<xs:complexType name="home_address">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="personal_info">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="line1" type="xs:string"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>
home_address Element

Similarly, you can define the office_address element as:
<xs:complexType name="home_address">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="personal_info">
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexType>
office_address Element

If you want to use only some specific elements from a complex type
element, you can use the <xs:restriction> element.
For example, you want to create a new element first_name, you can
restrict the personal_info type by using the <xs:restriction>
element, as:
<xs:complexType name="first_name">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:restriction base="personal_info">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="first_name" type="xs:string" />
</xs:sequence>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:complexType>
first_name Element

Creating Reusable Types
Can I create an XML
schema and reuse
it in other XML
schemas?

Creating Reusable Types (Contd.)
If you want to create some elements that can be reused on
multiple files in your project, you should define these elements in
a separate XML schema, and refer it in other schemas whenever
required.
You can create an XML schema and reuse it in other schemas
with the help of the <xs:import> element.
For example, suppose, you have an XML schema, info.xsd that
defines the first name and last name of a person.
Now, you want to create a new schema, empinfo.xsd that also
contains the first name and last name of the person.
In this case, you can provide the reference of the info.xsd schema
in the empinfo.xsd and reuse the elements defined in the info.xsd
schema.

The following code snippet shows the XML markup of info.xsd
schema:
You can reuse this schema in another schema with the help of
<xs:import> element.
<xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:tns="http://example.org/person"
targetNamespace="http://example.org/person">
<xsd:complexType name="personal_info">
<xsd:sequence>
<xsd:element name="first_name" type="xsd:string"/>
<xsd:element name="last_name" type="xsd:string"/>
</xsd:sequence>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:schema>
info.xsd

The following code snippet shows the XML markup of
empinfo.xsd schema:
<xs:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:basetns="http://example.org/person"
xmlns:tns="http://example.org/person/derived"
targetNamespace="http://example.org/person/derived">
<xs:import namespace="http://example.org/person"
schemaLocation="info.xsd"/>
<xs:complexType name="empInfo">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="basetns:personal_info">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="contact_num"
type="xs:numeric"/>
<xs:element name="doj" type="xs:date"/>
<xs:sequence>
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:schema>
empinfo.xsd

Identifying SAX
SAX stands for Simple API for XML.
It is an Application Programming Interface (API) to interpret
XML-based Web files or the Web files that use XML.
The API interprets the XML markup and describe the collection of
data.
SAX provides an alternative way to DOM for interpreting the XML
file.
It is a simpler interface in comparison to DOM and does not
require in-memory resource for processing.

SAX (Contd.)
It is used where large number of files need to be processed.
You can use SAX to search small pieces of information in a large
document and abort processing when the information is found.
SAX is also capable to build DOM trees.
Developers can also traverse DOM trees to create SAX streams as well.

DOM
The XML DOM is used to represent an XML document as a tree like
structure.
The DOM tree is called as the node-tree.
The DOM tree represents a hierarchical relationship between the nodes
of the tree.
The tree starts with the root node branches out to the text node to the
lowest level of the tree.
Each node of the tree can be accessed from the tree.
The content of the tree can be modified or deleted.
A new element can be also inserted in a DOM tree.

DOM (Contd.)
The parent, children, and sibling terms are used to specify relationships
between nodes in a DOM tree.
A parent node have children.
Nodes that are at the same level are known as siblings.
The top node is known as the root node.
Each DOM tree has only one root node.
Each node except root node has a parent node.
A parent node can have any number of children.
A node that has no children is known as leaf node.
Nodes that have the same parent are known as siblings.

Text:
ASP.NET
Text:
Benson
Text:
Kelly Bond
Text:
XML
Root Node
Sibling Nodes
Data
Parent-Child
Relationship
DOM (Contd.)
A sample XML DOM tree is shown as follows.
Book
Book 1
AuthorTitle
Book 2
Title Author

Summary
XML schema, similar to DTDs, describes and validates the structure
of an XML document.
XML schemas are written in XML itself.
The targetNamespace attribute defines the namespace of the
XML file that has to be validated.
The attribute xmlns:xs specifies the namespace of the elements
and datatypes used in the schema.
XML schemas support data types that allow users to:
Specify the acceptable content in the document
Ensure the validity of data
Work with databases
Apply restrictions on data
Specify data formats
Convert data from one data type to another

Summary (Contd.)
XML schemas can be also extended, therefore, you can:
Reuse an XML schema in other schemas.
Drive your own data types from the standard types.
Add the reference of multiple schemas in a single XML document.
You can define two types of elements in XML schemas. These are:
Simple Type
Complex Type
You can use XSDs to specify the structure of markup in an XML
document at different levels.
Compositors are one of the widely used XSD standards that specify
the XML document structure.
When compositors are used appropriately, they offer comprehensive
and robust data models.

Summary (Contd.)
In XML, restrictions on XML elements are known as facets. Types of
restrictions are:
Restrictions on Values
Restrictions on a Set of Values
Restrictions on a Series of Values
Restrictions on Whitespace Characters
Restrictions on Length
Restrictions for Datatypes
You can create an XML schema and reuse it in other schemas with
the help of the <xs:import> element.
SAX stands for Simple API for XML.
SAX provides an alternative way to DOM for interpreting the XML
file.

Summary (Contd.)
The XML DOM is used to represent an XML document as a tree like
structure.
The DOM tree represents a hierarchical relationship between the
nodes of the tree.

XML Schemas

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